Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Volume 41(2); March 2008

English Abstracts

Use of Economic Evaluation in the Listing and Pricing of Pharmaceuticals.: Tae Jin Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):69-73.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.69

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To curb a rapid increase in expenditures for pharmaceuticals, the Korean government introduced a positive list system and a negotiation process for drug prices at the end of 2006. Economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals has begun to have a pivotal role in the listing and pricing of drugs for the Korean National Health Insurance. There are some points to discuss regarding the use of economic evaluation in the listing and pricing in the context of the Korean system. First, the listing and pricing processes have been fragmented, evoking complaints from pharmaceutical companies and delaying the access of new drugs to patients. Second, there is a concern that the positive list system may limit the range and availability of drugs for patients to choose for treatment. Third, the time schedule for de-listing of existing drugs may not be realistic. Fourth, it is not always easy to provide reliable evidence of cost-effectiveness due to a lack of materials. Fifth, there is no consensus on the range of the ICER (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) acceptable to the Korean society. In conclusion, in the near future, it will be necessary to evaluate the achievements that the economic evaluation has provided to the Korean society.

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Hye-kyung Jung, BoHyoung Jang, Youn Hee Kim, JooYeon Park, Sun Young Park, Mi-Hee Nam, Myung-Gyu Choi
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Current State and Challenges of Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation in Korea.: Sang Eun Choi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):74-79.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.74

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Since the positive listing system for prescription drug reimbursement has been introduced in Korea, the number of pharmacoeconomic evaluation studies has increased. However it is not clear if the quality of pharmacoeconomic evaluation study has improved. Due to the lack of randomized clinical studies in Korean health care setting, Korean economic evaluation studies have typically integrated the local cost data and foreign clinical data. Therefore methodological issues can be raised in regard to data coherence and consistency. But the quality of data was not questiened and the potential bias has not been investigated yet. Even though changes in policy have encouraged the undertaking of pharmacoeconomic evaluations, there is few public-side funding for validation study of cost-effectiveness models and data. Several companies perform economic evaluation studies to be submitted on behalf of their own products, but do not want the study results to be disclosed to the academic community or public. To improve the present conduct of pharmacoeconomic evaluations in Korea, various funding sources need to be developed, and, like other multidisciplinary areas, the experts in different fields of study should collaborate to ensure the validity and credibility of pharmacoeconomic evaluations.

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Guidelines for Economic Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals in Korea.: Eun Young Bae; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):80-83.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.80

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An economic evaluation is required in order to apply to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) for a listing in the national drug formulary. To assist companies in preparing the necessary documents, HIRA published guidelines for the economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals in 2006. The guidelines are composed of two parts: guidance an explanatory notes. Each guideline reflects the best practice which meets both the theoretical consensus within the academic community and local situations, like data availability. To enhance the transparency of evaluation, guidelines emphasize the reproducibility of data and analysis result. That is, all evaluation processes are required to be described in enough detail to be replicated by reviewers. With growing experience and theoretical development in this area, HIRA guidelines will be revised periodically.

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Global Activity of Cancer Registries and Cancer Control and Cancer Incidence Statistics in Korea.: Hai Rim Shin; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):84-91.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.84

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The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that cancer killed 7.6 million people in the world in 2005, and that 40% of all cancer deaths can be prevented. According to the WHO Global Action Plan Against Cancer (GAPAC), monitoring of cancer patients is the essential part of cancer control, and should be conducted through cancer registration. Originally, cancer registries were primarily concerned with the description of cancer patterns, trends of cancer occurrence, and etiology of cancer. In the last 20 years, cancer registries provided not only information on the incidence and characteristics of specific cancers, but also supplied the source of cancer control planning and evaluation and the care of individual cancer patients with survival. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) presents incidence data from populations all over the world every five year. Volume IX in the series (data for 1998-2002) has recently (November 2007) been published online at International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Nine data from Korea Central Cancer Registry (National data), Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, Incheon, Daejeon, Usan, Jejudo regional cancer registries were included in that volume. In this paper, the editorial process, the characteristics of national data, and quality indices in CI5 IX are being described. In addition, cancer control activities related to cancer registration in some selected countries are also presented.

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Ten Year Trend of Cancer Incidence in Seoul, Korea: 1993-2002.: Myung Hee Shin, Hyun Kyung Oh, Yoon Ok Ahn; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):92-99.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.92

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Effective cancer prevention and control measures can only be done when dependable data on the cancer incidence is available. The Seoul Cancer Registry (SCR) was founded to provide valid, comparable and representative cancer incidence data for Koreans. We aimed to compare the cancer incidence in the first (1993-1997) and second term (1998-2002) of the SCR, and we analyzed the annual incidence trend during that 10 years. METHODS: The SCR detects potential cancer cases through the Korean Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) data, the health insurance claims, the individual hospital's discharge records and the death certificates. About 87% of the SCR data is registered through the KCCR. The rest of the data is registered by SCR registrars who visit about 70~80 mid-sized hospitals in Seoul to review and abstract the medical records of the potential cancer patients. RESULTS: The total number of new cancer cases was higher in 1998~2002 than in 1993~1997 by 20.6% for men and 18.4% for women, respectively. The age-standardized rate (ASR) of total cancer per 100,000 increased 1% (from 295.4 to 298.3) for men and 5.1% (from 181.5 to 190.7) for women, between the two periods. The commonest cancer sites during 1998-2002 for men were stomach, liver, bronchus/lung, colorectum, bladder and prostate, and the commonest cancer sites for women were breast, stomach, colorectum, cervix uteri, thyroid and bronchus/lung. Compared with the ASRs in 1993, the ASRs in 2002 increased for colorectum (58.4% for men, 27.1% for women), prostate (81.5%), breast (58.3% for women), thyroid (141% for women), and bronchus/lung (15.4% for women). The ASRs for stomach (-18.7% for men, -20.7% for women) and uterine cervix cancer (-39.7%) had decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The cancer incidence is increasing in Seoul, Korea, especially for the colorectum and prostate for men, and for the breast, colorectum, bronchus/lung and thyroid for women.

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Factors Associated with Gastric Cancer Screening of Koreans Based on a Socio-ecological Model.: Sang Soo Bae, Heui Sug Jo, Dong Hyun Kim, Yong Jun Choi, Hun Jae Lee, Tae Jin Lee, Hye Jean Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):100-106.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.100

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
We measured behavioral factors associated with Koreans receiving gastric cancer screening based on a socio-ecological model, in part to develop strategies to improve cancer screening rates. METHODS: A telephone survey was conducted with 2,576 people chosen through stratified random sampling from April 1- May 31, 2004. Collected information included gastric cancer screening, socio-demographic factors, and socio-ecological factors at intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and public policy levels. RESULTS: Among 985 survey respondents (380 men and 605 women), 402 had received gastric cancer screening. Logistic analysis was performed to compare those screened and unscreened. 'Age' was the only demographic factor that showed a statistically significant association with getting screening. People in their fifties (OR=1.731, 95% CI=1.190-2.520) and sixties (OR=2.098, 95% CI=1.301-3.385) showed a higher likelihood of getting screened, compared to those in the forties. 'Accessibility to a medical institution' was a significant factor related to having gastric cancer screening at the intrapersonal level. At the interpersonal level, recommendations by family members to be screened and a family practice of routine cancer screening were significantly related. People with frequent education about cancer screening or with stronger social feelings that cancer screening is necessary also demonstrated significantly higher tendencies to be screened. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, a socio-ecological model seems appropriate for explaining gastric cancer screening behavior and associated factors. Health planners should develop integrated strategies to improve cancer screening rates based on socio-ecological factors, especially at the interpersonal and community levels.

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Song-Ei Yang, Nam-Kyung Han, Sun-Mi Lee, Tae-Hyun Kim, Woojin Chung
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Study on the Factors Related With Intention of Cancer Screening Among Korean Residents
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Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2015; 27(2): NP2133. CrossRef
Colorectal Cancer Screening in Korean Workers
Su Ho Park, Gwang Suk Kim
Cancer Nursing.2014; 37(4): 278. CrossRef
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Jongwon Lee, Mauricio Carvallo
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Nam Soo Hong, Sin Kam
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The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Gastric Cancer Screening in the Population of a Metropolitan Area
Hyun-Suk Oh, Sun A Kim, Sun-Seog Kweon, Jung-Ae Rhee, So-Yeon Ryu, Min-Ho Shin
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Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention.2012; 13(8): 3773. CrossRef
Relationships between Knowledge about Early Detection, Cancer Risk Perception and Cancer Screening Tests in the General Public Aged 40 and Over
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Asian Oncology Nursing.2012; 12(1): 52. CrossRef
Behavioral risk factors and use of preventive screening services among spousal caregivers of cancer patients
Ki Young Son, Sang Min Park, Chi Hoon Lee, Geum Jeong Choi, DaeGeun Lee, SeoungHee Jo, Se Hoon Lee, BeLong Cho
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The Association between Obesity Indices in Adolescence and Carotid Intima-media Thickness in Young Adults: Kangwha Study.: Yoo Jung Lee, Chung Mo Nam, Hyeon Chang Kim, Nam Wook Hur, Il Suh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):107-114.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.107

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OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to investigate the association between obesity indices (body mass index, weight, waist-hip ratio and waist circumference) in adolescents and the carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) in early adulthood. We also wanted to identify the best predictor for C-IMT among these obesity indices. METHODS: This study used community-based prospective cohort study, known as the Kangwha Study, and the data we used were from subjects who were 16-years old in 1996 (defined as "adolescencec") and 25 years-old in 2005 (defined as "early adulthoodc"). The 256 subjects (113 men and 143 women) who were used for analysis participated in both follow-ups, and they underwent B-mode ultrasonography of the carotid arteries at the early adulthood follow-up. Obesity indices were defined as the body mass index, weight, waist-hip ratio and waist circumference. The C-IMT was defined as the mean of the maximal IMT of each common carotid artery. The C-IMT and obesity indices associations were evaluated via multivariable regression, logistic regression and the receiver-operator characteristic curve analyses. RESULTS: In men, all the obesity indices in adolescence were showed to have statistically significant positive association with C-IMT in early adulthood. However, no such relationship was showed in women. On multiple regression and logistic regression analysis, the waist-hip ratio showed the biggest relationship with the C-IMT among the 4 obesity indices. However, there were no statistical significant differences and no best predictor was found. For the women, the obesity incidences and C-IMT showed no relationships. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that obesity in adolescence was related to an increase C-IMT in healthy young Korean men.

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Pentti Nieminen
BioMedInformatics.2022; 2(3): 434. CrossRef
Comparison analysis of childhood body mass index cut-offs in predicting adulthood carotid intima media thickness: Tehran lipid and glucose study
Farhad Hosseinpanah, Amirhosein Seyedhoseinpour, Maryam Barzin, Maryam Mahdavi, Erfan Tasdighi, Pooneh Dehghan, Amin Momeni Moghaddam, Fereidoun Azizi, Majid Valizadeh
BMC Pediatrics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Asian Cohort Studies on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood
Sun Jae Jung, Hyeon Chang Kim, Il Suh
Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2019; 1(1): 3. CrossRef
Carotid intima media thickness in obese children: is there an association with hyperlipidemia?
Zehra Esra Önal, Levent Soydan, Hatice Eren Öztürk, Çiğdem Sağ, Tamay Gürbüz, Çağatay Nuhoğlu, Mehmet Masum Şimşek
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis for the Patterns of Medical Care Utilization during 19 Years (1990-2008) and Its Related Factors in Hypertensive Patients Using National Patient Survey in Korea
Nam Wook Hur, Hyeon Chang Kim
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Hye Ah Lee, Hyesook Park
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2013; 46(4): 173. CrossRef
Longitudinal Standards for Height and Height Velocity in Korean Children and Adolescents: the Kangwha Cohort Study
Hyun Wook Chae, Il Suh, Ah Reum Kwon, Ye Jin Kim, Yong Hyuk Kim, Dae Ryong Kang, Ha Yan Kim, Sun Min Oh, Hyeon Chang Kim, Duk Hee Kim, Ho-Seong Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(10): 1512. CrossRef
Clinical characteristics of obese boys and girls in a high school: focused on abdominal fat indices, fatty liver and carotid intima-media thickness
Jung Eun Oh, Jiyoung Jung, Hae Soon Kim, Young Mi Hong, Jung Hyun Yoo, Young Whan Song, Jo Won Jung, Nam Su Kim, Chung Il Noh
Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2011; 54(7): 292. CrossRef
Association between Blood Pressure and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Sun Min Lim, Hyeon Chang Kim, Hoon Sang Lee, Joo Young Lee, Mina Suh, Song Vogue Ahn
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Serum Ferritin and Risk of the Metabolic Syndrome in Some Korean Rural Residents.: So Yeon Ryu, Ki Soon Kim, Jong Park, Myeng Guen Kang, Mi Ah Han; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):115-120.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.115

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OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between serum ferritin and the metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,444 adults over age 40 and under age 70 that lived in a rural area and participated in a survey conducted as part of the Korean Rural Genomic Cohort Study (KRGCS). The MS was defined as the presence of at least three of the followings: elevated blood pressure, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated serum triglycerides, elevated plasma glucose, or abdominal obesity. After adjustment for age, alcohol intake, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), odds ratios (ORs) for the prevalence of the MS by sex were calculated for quartiles of serum ferritin using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The MS was more common in those persons with the highest levels of serum ferritin, compared to persons with the lowest levels, in men (37.1% vs. 22.4%, p=0.006) and women (58.8% vs. 34.8, p<0.001). In both sexes, the greater the number of MS components presents, the greater the serum ferritin levels. After adjustment for age, alcohol intake, and menopausal status, the OR for metabolic syndrome, comparing the fourth quartile of ferritin with the first quartile, was 2.21 (95% confidence interval ; CI=1.26-3.87; p-trend=0.024) in men and 2.10 (95% CI=1.40-3.17; p-trend=0.001) in women. However, after further adjustment for BMI, hs-CRP, and ALT, the ORs were statistically attenuated in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Moderately elevated serum ferritin levels were not independently associated with the prevalence of the MS after adjusting for other risk factors. Further studies are needed to obtain evidence concerning the association between serum ferritin levels and the MS.

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Serum GGT and serum ferritin as early markers for metabolic syndrome
Eli Mohapatra, Ritu Priya, Rachita Nanda, Suprava Patel
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2020; 9(7): 3458. CrossRef
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Hea Shoon Lee, Eunmi Park
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Milton Fabian Suárez-Ortegón, Eduardo Ensaldo-Carrasco, Ting Shi, Stela McLachlan, José Manuel Fernández-Real, Sarah H. Wild
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Chizumi YAMADA, Noriaki KISHIMOTO, Nobushige YUKUMATSU, Asami TAKEDA, Tamae OGATA, Emiko KIKUCHI, Emiko KURODA, Shigeyuki MOTEGI, Naoaki ISHII, Yasuhiro NISHIZAKI
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Hyun Yoon, Jae Seong Go, Kang Uk Kim, Keon Woo Lee
The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2016; 48(4): 287. CrossRef
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Sachin Bongale, Yeshwanth G, Nagaraja V T
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Ferritin levels and risk of metabolic syndrome: meta-analysis of observational studies
Victoria Abril-Ulloa, Gemma Flores-Mateo, Rosa Solà-Alberich, Begoña Manuel-y-Keenoy, Victoria Arija
BMC Public Health.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Serum ferritin level is higher in male adolescents with obesity: results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010
Yeon Jin Jeon, In Ah Jung, Shin Hee Kim, Won-Kyoung Cho, Seung Hee Jeong, Kyoung Soon Cho, So Hyun Park, Min Ho Jung, Byung-Kyu Suh
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The Analysis of Health Related Behavior after Using Health Information on the Internet.: Heui Sug Jo, Hwa Jong Kim, Yea Li A Song; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):121-127.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.121

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OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the health information such as the general health information, the health product information, and the hospital information, and we wanted to identify the association between internet health information and the health related behavior by analyzing the process after people search the Internet. METHODS: A telephone survey with structured questionnaire was performed by trained surveyors. The respondents were sampled proportionate to the Korean demographic distribution with considering the city size and the populations' ages and gender. The survey was conducted from October 2006 to November 2006. RESULTS: Out of 3,758 successfully connected persons of age 20 or more, 871(23.2%) respondents had used Internet health information during the last year. The purposes of searching the Internet for health was, 1) to get general health information (717 cases, 81.0%), 2) shopping for health product (109 cases, 12.3%) and 3) seeking information about hospital selection (59 cases, 6.7%). Our research showed that the process after searching the Internet for health information depends on the purpose of the search. 68.8% of the searchers for general health information, 67% of the searchers for health product shopping and 64.4% of the searchers seeking information to guide hospital selection were satisfied with their Internet search. However one third of the respondents reported not being satisfied with the result of the search. CONCLUSIONS: Unsatisfied consumers with internet health information tended to ask lay referrals from others or they gave up seeking health information. The health information system should be improved to increase the accessibility and to provide reliable and effective information. Also, a more user-centric community is needed in order to strengthen the effective role of lay referrals among the internet users.

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Eui-Yul Choi, Mi-Hwa Jang
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Reference Interval of Serum Thyroid Hormones in Healthy Korean Adults.: Yoon Young Jang, Chang Yoon Kim, Tae Yoon Hwang, Kyung Dong Kim, Chae Hoon Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):128-134.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.128

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OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to determine the reference interval of serum thyroid hormones (TSH, FT(3), FT(4)) in healthy Korean adults. METHODS: Health examination data from 1,591 healthy Korean adults who visited an university hospital were analyzed. Patients with specific health conditions capable of altering laboratory results were excluded from the study. Serum thyroid hormones were measured using IMMULITE 2000 (DPC, USA, 2002). Subjects were 18-65 years old; 911 were male, and 690 were female. RESULTS: The arithmetic means of TSH, FT(3), and FT(4) values for male subjects were 1.28+/-1.84 micronIU/ml, 3.23+/-0.57 pg/ml, and 1.42+/-0.22 ng/dl, respectively. In female subjects, the arithmetic means of TSH, FT3, and FT4 values were 1.49+/-2.08 micronIU/ml, 3.08+/-0.54 pg/ml, and 1.29 +/-0.24 ng/dl, respectively. The arithmetic mean FT(4) value for males decreased with age (p<0.01). The arithmetic mean FT(3) value for females increased with age (p<0.01). The arithmetic mean thyroid hormone values of all study subjects differed significantly based on season. The arithmetic mean of male FT(4) decreased with increasing BMI (p<0.01). The arithmetic mean of female FT(3) increased with increasing BMI (p<0.01). The reference intervals recommended by the IMMULITE 2000 manufacturer are 0.40-4.00 micronIU/ml for TSH, 1.80-4.20 pg/ml for FT(3), and 0.80-1.90 ng/dl for FT(4) (same values for both genders). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant difference in the interval of thyroid hormones between males and females, but the reference interval of IMMULITE 2000 was not established by gender. There is a need to reestablish the reference interval for thyroid hormones in Korean healthy adults.

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