Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Volume 51(1); January 2018

Special Article

Scientific Evidence for the Addictiveness of Tobacco and Smoking Cessation in Tobacco Litigation: Sungwon Roh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(1):1-5. Published online November 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.088

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Smokers keep smoking despite knowing that tobacco claims many lives, including their own and others’. What makes it hard for them to quit smoking nonetheless? Tobacco companies insist that smokers choose to smoke, according to their right to self-determination. Moreover, they insist that with motivation and willpower to quit smoking, smokers can easily stop smoking. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to discuss the addictive disease called tobacco use disorder, with an assessment of the addictiveness of tobacco and the reasons why smoking cessation is challenging, based on neuroscientific research. Nicotine that enters the body via smoking is rapidly transmitted to the central nervous system and causes various effects, including an arousal response. The changes in the nicotine receptors in the brain due to continuous smoking lead to addiction symptoms such as tolerance, craving, and withdrawal. Compared with other addictive substances, including alcohol and opioids, tobacco is more likely to cause dependence in smokers, and smokers are less likely to recover from their dependence. Moreover, the thinning of the cerebral cortex and the decrease in cognitive functions that occur with aging accelerate with smoking. Such changes occur in the structure and functions of the brain in proportion to the amount and period of smoking. In particular, abnormalities in the neural circuits that control cognition and decision-making cause loss of the ability to exert self-control and autonomy. This initiates nicotine dependence and the continuation of addictive behaviors. Therefore, smoking is considered to be a behavior that is repeated due to dependence on an addictive substance, nicotine, instead of one’s choice by free will.

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Casilda Sushanthi L, Archana Santhanam, Herald J. Sherlin, Gifrina Jayaraj, Kanchi Ravi Don
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Trajectory of Smoking and Incidence of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease among Korean Young Adult Men
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Original Articles

Concordance in the Health Behaviors of Couples by Age: A Cross-sectional Study: Seungmin Jeong, Sung-Il Cho; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(1):6-14. Published online November 27, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.137

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
To investigate concordance in the health behaviors of women and their partners according to age and to investigate whether there was a stronger correlation between the health behaviors of housewives and those of their partners than between the health behaviors of non-housewives and those of their partners.
Methods
We used data obtained from women participants in the 2015 Korea Community Health Survey who were living with their partners. The outcome variables were 4 health behaviors: smoking, drinking, eating salty food, and physical activity. The main independent variables were the partners’ corresponding health behaviors. We categorized age into 4 groups (19-29, 30-49, 50-64, and ≥ 65 years) and utilized multivariate logistic regression analysis, stratifying by age group. Another logistic regression analysis was stratified by whether the participant identified as a housewife.
Results
Data from 64 971 women older than 18 years of age were analyzed. Of the 4 health behaviors, the risk of smoking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.93 to 5.49) was highest when the participant’s partner was also a smoker. Similar results were found for an inactive lifestyle (aOR, 2.56; 95% CI, 2.45 to 2.66), eating salty food (aOR, 2.48; 95% CI, 2.36 to 2.62); and excessive drinking (aOR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.80 to 1.98). In comparison to non-housewives, housewives had higher odds of eating salty food.
Conclusions
The health behaviors of women were positively correlated with those of their partners. The magnitude of the concordance differed by age group.

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Let’s Enjoy an Evening on the Couch? A Daily Life Investigation of Shared Problematic Behaviors in Three Couple Studies
Theresa Pauly, Janina Lüscher, Corina Berli, Christiane A. Hoppmann, Rachel A. Murphy, Maureen C. Ashe, Wolfgang Linden, Kenneth M. Madden, Denis Gerstorf, Urte Scholz
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.2024; 50(5): 733. CrossRef
Between- and Within-Couple Concordance for Health Behaviors Among Japanese Older Married Couples: Examining the Moderating Role of Working Time
Kazuhiro Harada, Kouhei Masumoto, Shuichi Okada
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine.2024; 31(2): 215. CrossRef
The refusal of COVID-19 vaccination and its associated factors: a meta-analysis
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The refusal of COVID-19 vaccination and its associated factors: a systematic review
Fredo Tamara, Jonny K. Fajar, Gatot Soegiarto, Laksmi Wulandari, Andy P. Kusuma, Erwin A. Pasaribu, Reza P. Putra, Muhammad Rizky, Tajul Anshor, Maya Novariza, Surya Wijaya, Guruh Prasetyo, Adelia Pradita, Qurrata Aini, Mario V.P.H. Mete, Rahmat Yusni, Ya
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Mitchell Conery, Struan F. A. Grant
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Evidence of correlations between human partners based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses of 22 traits and UK Biobank analysis of 133 traits
Tanya B. Horwitz, Jared V. Balbona, Katie N. Paulich, Matthew C. Keller
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Similarities in cardiometabolic risk factors among random male-female pairs: a large observational study in Japan
Naoki Nakaya, Kumi Nakaya, Naho Tsuchiya, Toshimasa Sone, Mana Kogure, Rieko Hatanaka, Ikumi kanno, Hirohito Metoki, Taku Obara, Mami Ishikuro, Atsushi Hozawa, Shinichi Kuriyama
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Determinants of successful lifestyle change during a 6-month preconception lifestyle intervention in women with obesity and infertility
Matty D. A. Karsten, Anne M. van Oers, Henk Groen, Meike A. Q. Mutsaerts, Mireille N. M. van Poppel, Anouk Geelen, Cornelieke van de Beek, Rebecca C. Painter, Ben W. J. Mol, Tessa J. Roseboom, Annemieke Hoek
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Identifying Adverse Events Using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision Y Codes in Korea: A Cross-sectional Study: Minsu Ock, Hwa Jung Kim, Bomin Jeon, Ye-Jee Kim, Hyun Mi Ryu, Moo-Song Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(1):15-22. Published online January 4, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.118

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
The use of administrative data is an affordable alternative to conducting a difficult large-scale medical-record review to estimate the scale of adverse events. We identified adverse events from 2002 to 2013 on the national level in Korea, using International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10) Y codes.
Methods
We used data from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC). We relied on medical treatment databases to extract information on ICD-10 Y codes from each participant in the NHIS-NSC. We classified adverse events in the ICD-10 Y codes into 6 types: those related to drugs, transfusions, and fluids; those related to vaccines and immunoglobulin; those related to surgery and procedures; those related to infections; those related to devices; and others.
Results
Over 12 years, a total of 20 817 adverse events were identified using ICD-10 Y codes, and the estimated total adverse event rate was 0.20%. Between 2002 and 2013, the total number of such events increased by 131.3%, from 1366 in 2002 to 3159 in 2013. The total rate increased by 103.9%, from 0.17% in 2002 to 0.35% in 2013. Events related to drugs, transfusions, and fluids were the most common (19 446, 93.4%), followed by those related to surgery and procedures (1209, 5.8%) and those related to vaccines and immunoglobulin (72, 0.3%).
Conclusions
Based on a comparison with the results of other studies, the total adverse event rate in this study was significantly underestimated. Improving coding practices for ICD-10 Y codes is necessary to precisely monitor the scale of adverse events in Korea.

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Development of the Korean Patient Safety Incidents Code Classification System
Eun Young Choi, Jeehee Pyo, Young-Kwon Park, Minsu Ock, Sukyeong Kim
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Use of a hospital administrative database to identify and characterize community-acquired, hospital-acquired and drug-induced acute kidney injury
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Associations of the Neighborhood Environment With Substance Use: A Cross-sectional Investigation Among Patients in Compulsory Drug Detention Centers in Thailand: Suneerat Yangyuen, Manop Kanato, Udomsak Mahaweerawat; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(1):23-32. Published online January 4, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.141

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
To identify the associations of characteristics of the neighborhood environment with substance abuse among clients receiving treatment for drug abuse in Thailand.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted of 1128 drug addicts from 28 neighborhoods who were receiving treatment at all 7 compulsory drug detention centers in Thailand. A trained interviewer conducted structured interviews with the subjects about substance use and the perceived neighborhood environment in their community. A multilevel logistic regression model was applied to estimate the effects of the neighborhood environment on substance use.
Results
The majority of participants, 53.8% only used methamphetamine pills, 31.3% used other illicit drugs as well as methamphetamine pills, and 14.9% used an illicit drug other than methamphetamine. Three neighborhood characteristics were associated with substance use. A 1-unit increase in the perceived neighborhood cohesion score was associated with a 15% reduction in methamphetamine pill use and an 11% reduction of the use of both methamphetamine pills and another illicit drug. Conversely, a 1-unit increase in perceived neighborhood crime predicted 19 and 14% increases in the use of methamphetamine pills and the use of both methamphetamine pills and another illicit drug, respectively. In addition, a 1-unit increase in the scores for stigma surrounding addiction corresponded to a 25% increase of the use of methamphetamine pills and a 12% increase in the use of both methamphetamine pills and another illicit drug.
Conclusions
Substance use among drug addicts was influenced by characteristics of the neighborhood environment. Therefore, prevention and intervention strategies should be designed based on a consideration of the impact of neighborhood context on substance use behaviors.

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Holly Horan, Alyssa Thompson, Kendall Willard, Emmily Mobley, Justin McDaniel, Ellen Robertson, Shanna McIntosh, David L. Albright
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Paranee Ninkron, Shamsudeen Yau, Narongsak Noosorn
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The Perceived Neighborhood Crime and Hazardous Alcohol Use Among Youth in University of the Northeastern Thailand Context
Suneerat Yangyuen, Suwimon Songklang, Udomsak Mahaweerawat, Chatchada Mahaweerawat
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Drug use among agriculture-related workers in Thailand
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Spatial Inequalities in the Incidence of Colorectal Cancer and Associated Factors in the Neighborhoods of Tehran, Iran: Bayesian Spatial Models: Kamyar Mansori, Masoud Solaymani-Dodaran, Alireza Mosavi-Jarrahi, Ali Ganbary Motlagh, Masoud Salehi, Alireza Delavari, Mohsen Asadi-Lari; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(1):33-40. Published online January 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.167

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with the spatial distribution of the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the neighborhoods of Tehran, Iran using Bayesian spatial models.
Methods
This ecological study was implemented in Tehran on the neighborhood level. Socioeconomic variables, risk factors, and health costs were extracted from the Equity Assessment Study conducted in Tehran. The data on CRC incidence were extracted from the Iranian population-based cancer registry. The Besag-York-Mollié (BYM) model was used to identify factors associated with the spatial distribution of CRC incidence. The software programs OpenBUGS version 3.2.3, ArcGIS 10.3, and GeoDa were used for the analysis.
Results
The Moran index was statistically significant for all the variables studied (p<0.05). The BYM model showed that having a women head of household (median standardized incidence ratio [SIR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 2.53), living in a rental house (median SIR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.96), not consuming milk daily (median SIR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.94) and having greater household health expenditures (median SIR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.68) were associated with a statistically significant elevation in the SIR of CRC. The median (interquartile range) and mean (standard deviation) values of the SIR of CRC, with the inclusion of all the variables studied in the model, were 0.57 (1.01) and 1.05 (1.31), respectively.
Conclusions
Inequality was found in the spatial distribution of CRC incidence in Tehran on the neighborhood level. Paying attention to this inequality and the factors associated with it may be useful for resource allocation and developing preventive strategies in atrisk areas.

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Adeylson Guimarães Ribeiro, Allini Mafra da Costa, Talita Fernanda Pereira, Denise Peixoto Guimarães, José Humberto Tavares Guerreiro Fregnani
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Ali Ghorbani Ranjbary, Jalil Mehrzad, Nasrollah Rahbar, Hesam Dehghani
Molecular Biology Reports.2023; 50(10): 8589. CrossRef
Mapping the prevalence of cancer risk factors at the small area level in Australia
James Hogg, Jessica Cameron, Susanna Cramb, Peter Baade, Kerrie Mengersen
International Journal of Health Geographics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Sharifah Saffinas Syed Soffian, Azmawati Mohammed Nawi, Rozita Hod, Huan-Keat Chan, Muhammad Radzi Abu Hassan
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(19): 10486. CrossRef
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Perceptions About Alcohol Harm and Alcohol-control Strategies Among People With High Risk of Alcohol Consumption in Alberta, Canada and Queensland, Australia: Diana C. Sanchez-Ramirez, Richard C. Franklin, Donald Voaklander; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(1):41-50. Published online December 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.112

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
To explore alcohol perceptions and their association hazardous alcohol use in the populations of Alberta, Canada and Queensland, Australia.
Methods
Data from 2500 participants of the 2013 Alberta Survey and the 2013 Queensland Social Survey was analyzed. Regression analyses were used to explore the association between alcohol perceptions and its association with hazardous alcohol use.
Results
Greater hazardous alcohol use was found in Queenslanders than Albertans (p<0.001). Overall, people with hazardous alcohol were less likely to believe that alcohol use contributes to health problems (odds ratio [OR], 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27 to 0.78; p<0.01) and to a higher risk of injuries (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.90; p<0.05). Albertans with hazardous alcohol use were less likely to believe that alcohol contributes to health problems (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.92; p<0.05) and were also less likely to choose a highly effective strategy as the best way for the government to reduce alcohol problems (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.91; p=0.01). Queenslanders with hazardous alcohol use were less likely to believe that alcohol was a major contributor to injury (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.77; p<0.01).
Conclusions
Our results suggest that people with hazardous alcohol use tend to underestimate the negative effect of alcohol consumption on health and its contribution to injuries. In addition, Albertans with hazardous alcohol use were less in favor of strategies considered highly effective to reduce alcohol harm, probably because they perceive them as a potential threat to their own alcohol consumption. These findings represent valuable sources of information for local health authorities and policymakers when designing suitable strategies to target alcohol-related problems.

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Peer Smoking and Smoking-related Beliefs Among College Students in Bangladesh: Akiko Kamimura, Zobayer Ahmmad, Mu Pye, Bethany Gull; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(1):51-58. Published online January 22, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.146

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Smoking is a significant public health issue in Bangladesh. The purpose of this study was to examine peer smoking and smoking-related beliefs among college students in Bangladesh.
Methods
College students at two universities in Dhaka, Bangladesh participated in a self-administered survey in May and June 2017.
Results
First, being a current or former smoker is associated with lower levels of beliefs among respondents that they would not smoke even with smoker friends or nervousness, and lower levels of intentions that they would not smoke, while current smokers and former smokers have different smoking-related beliefs. Second, having smoker friends is associated with lower levels of intentions that they would not smoke. Third, higher levels of normative beliefs that it is important not to smoke are associated with higher levels of beliefs that they would not smoke even with smoker friends or nervousness, higher levels of intentions that they would not smoke, and higher levels of avoidance of smoking.
Conclusions
Smoking-related beliefs and perceived norms in individuals’ social networks are important components in promoting tobacco cessation in Bangladesh. But it is challenging to prevent or intervene in smoking because of the high rates of smoking in this country and the high prevalence of smokers in individuals’ social networks. Future studies should examine the most effective interventions to combat smoking in high-smoking social networks, such as using mobile apps or social media, and evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions.

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Correspondence

The Role of Risk-sharing Mechanisms in Finance Health Care and Towards Universal Health Coverage in Low-and Middle-income Countries of World Health Organization Regions: Ali Ahangar, Ali Mohammad Ahmadi, Amir Hossein Mozayani, Sajjad Faraji Dizaji; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(1):59-61. Published online January 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.199

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