Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

Effects of Income Level on the Association Between Hypertension and Depression: 2010-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: San Kang, Hyeon Chang Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(6):439-446. Published online October 8, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.337

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Objectives
This study analyzed the associations of hypertension (HTN) with symptoms and diagnosis of depression by income level among Korean adults.
Methods
This study was based on the 2010-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data; a total of 29 425 adults (aged 20 years or older) were analyzed. HTN was defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or use of hypertensive medications. Depression symptoms were evaluated based on a questionnaire about depression-related symptoms. A depression diagnosis was defined based on questionnaire responses indicating that a participant had been diagnosed with depression. Household income was divided into higher or lower income ranges based on the median income of the participants. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the associations between HTN and depression symptoms/diagnosis in the higher-income and lower-income groups.
Results
In the higher-income group, the odds ratio (OR) for the association between HTN and depression symptoms was 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97 to 1.37), and the OR for the association between HTN and depression diagnosis was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.13 to 1.76). In the lower-income group, the OR for the association between HTN and depression symptoms was 1.18 (95% CI, 1.04 to 1.34), whereas the OR for the association between HTN and depression diagnosis was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.97).
Conclusions
The associations of HTN with symptoms and diagnosis of depression differed by income level.

Summary

Citations

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Impacts of Anxiety and Depression on Clinical Hypertension in Low-Income US Adults
Rohan M. Shah, Sahil Doshi, Sareena Shah, Shiv Patel, Angela Li, Joseph A. Diamond
High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention.2023; 30(4): 337. CrossRef
Machine learning-based predictive modeling of depression in hypertensive populations
Chiyoung Lee, Heewon Kim, Gennady S. Cymbalyuk
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(7): e0272330. CrossRef
The Association between Plasma Concentration of Phytoestrogens and Hypertension within the Korean Multicenter Cancer Cohort
Juyeon Lee, Ju-Young Kang, Kwang-Pil Ko, Sue-Kyung Park
Nutrients.2021; 13(12): 4366. CrossRef

Measuring and Decomposing Socioeconomic Inequalities in Adult Obesity in Western Iran: Farid Najafi, Yahya Pasdar, Behrooz Hamzeh, Satar Rezaei, Mehdi Moradi Nazar, Moslem Soofi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(6):289-297. Published online October 29, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.062

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Obesity is a considerable and growing public health concern worldwide. The present study aimed to quantify socioeconomic inequalities in adult obesity in western Iran.
Methods
A total of 10 086 participants, aged 35-65 years, from the Ravansar Non-communicable Disease Cohort Study (2014-2016) were included in the study to examine socioeconomic inequalities in obesity. We defined obesity as a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 . The concentration index and concentration curve were used to illustrate and measure wealth-related inequality in obesity. Additionally, we decomposed the concentration index to identify factors that explained wealth-related inequality in obesity.
Results
Overall, the prevalence of obesity in the total sample was 26.7%. The concentration index of obesity was 0.04; indicating that obesity was more concentrated among the rich (p<0.001). Decomposition analysis indicated that wealth, place of residence, and marital status were the main contributors to the observed inequality in obesity.
Conclusions
Socioeconomic-related inequalities in obesity among adults warrant more attention. Policies should be designed to reduce both the prevalence of obesity and inequalities in obesity by focusing on those with higher socioeconomic status, urban residents, and married individuals.

Summary

Citations

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Worse becomes the worst: obesity inequality, its determinants and policy options in Iran
Fatemeh Toorang, Parisa Amiri, Abolghassem Djazayery, Hamed Pouraram, Amirhossein Takian
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Socioeconomic inequality and urban-rural disparity of antenatal care visits in Bangladesh: A trend and decomposition analysis
Biplab Biswas, Nishith Kumar, Md. Matiur Rahaman, Sukanta Das, Md. Aminul Hoque, Benojir Ahammed
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(3): e0301106. CrossRef
Measurement and Decomposition of Socioeconomic Inequality in Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Analysis of the RaNCD Cohort Study in the West of Iran
Moslem Soofi, Farid Najafi, Shahin Soltani, Behzad Karamimatin
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2023; 56(1): 50. CrossRef
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Behnaz Abiri, Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi, Shirin Amini, Mojtaba Akbari, Farhad Hosseinpanah, Seyed Ataollah Madinehzad, Mahdi Hejazi, Amirreza Pouladi Rishehri, Alvand Naserghandi, Majid Valizadeh
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Association of a pro-inflammatory diet with type 2 diabetes and hypertension: results from the Ravansar non-communicable diseases cohort study
Samira Arbabi Jam, Shahab Rezaeian, Farid Najafi, Behrooz Hamzeh, Ebrahim Shakiba, Mehdi Moradinazar, Mitra Darbandi, Fatemeh Hichi, Sareh Eghtesad, Yahya Pasdar
Archives of Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Decomposition of Socioeconomic Inequality in Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence in the Adult Population: A Cohort-based Cross-sectional Study in Northwest Iran
Farhad Pourfarzi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2022; 55(3): 297. CrossRef
The socio-economic inequality in body mass index: a PERSIAN cohort-based cross-sectional study on 20,000 Iranian adults
Farhad Pourfarzi, Satar Rezaei, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian, Foad Dibazar
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jinpeng Xu, Guomei Tian, Ting Zhang, Hongyu Zhang, Jian Liu, Qi Shi, Jiale Sun, Haixin Wang, Bokai Zhang, Qunhong Wu, Zheng Kang
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Establishing hematological reference intervals in healthy adults: Ravansar non‐communicable disease cohort study, Iran
Mehdi Moradinazar, Farid Najafi, Yahya Pasdar, Behrooz Hamzeh, Ebrahim Shakiba, Mary Kathryn Bohn, Khosrow Adeli, Zohreh Rahimi
International Journal of Laboratory Hematology.2021; 43(2): 199. CrossRef
Socioeconomic - related inequalities in overweight and obesity: findings from the PERSIAN cohort study
Farid Najafi, Shahin Soltani, Behzad Karami Matin, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Satar Rezaei, Moslem Soofi, Yahya Salimi, Mehdi Moradinazar, Mohammad Hajizadeh, Loghman Barzegar, Yahya Pasdar, Behrooz Hamzeh, Ali Akbar Haghdoost, Reza Malekzadeh, Hossein Poustchi,
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Banu BEYAZ SİPAHİ
Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
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Lívia Madeira Triaca, Anderson Moreira Aristides dos Santos, Cesar Augusto Oviedo Tejada
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Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Oral Health of People Aged 15-40 Years in Kurdistan, Iran in 2015: A Cross-sectional Study: Ghobad Moradi, Ardavan Moinafshar, Hemen Adabi, Mona Sharafi, Farideh Mostafavi, Amjad Mohamadi Bolbanabad; J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(5):303-310. Published online July 25, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.035

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of dental caries among an urban population. Methods: This study was conducted among 2000 people 15-40 years of age living in Kurdistan, Iran in 2015. Using a questionnaire, data were collected by 4 trained dental students. The dependent variable was the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF) index. Using principal component analysis, the socioeconomic status (SES) of families was determined based on their household assets. Inequality was measured using the concentration index; in addition, the Oaxaca analytical method was used to determine the contribution of various determinants to the observed inequality. Results: The concentration index for poor scores on the DMF index was -0.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.40 to -0.36); thus, poor DMF indices had a greater concentration in groups with a low SES (p<0.001). Decomposition analysis showed that the mean prevalence of a poor DMF index was 43.7% (95% CI, 40.4 to 46.9%) in the least privileged group and 14.4% (95% CI, 9.5 to 9.2%) in the most privileged group. It was found that 85.8% of the gap observed between these groups was due to differences in sex, parents’ education, and the district of residence. A poor DMF index was less prevalent among people with higher SES than among those with lower SES (odds ratio, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.52). Conclusions: An alarming degree of SES inequality in oral health status was found in the studied community. Hence, it is suggested that inequalities in oral health status be reduced via adopting appropriate policies such as the delivery of oral health services to poorer groups and covering such services in insurance programs.

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Ashkan Negintaji Zardak, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Faezeh Eslamipour, Bahareh Tahani
BMC Oral Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi.2023; 11(3): 1816. CrossRef
Investigation of the awareness status of HIV/AIDS and socioeconomic inequalities in women 15–54 years old in Iran: study of Iran’s Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey (IrMIDHS)
Ghobad Moradi, Elham Goodarzi, Ardeshir Khosravi, Farideh Mostafavi, Yousef Veisani
Journal of Public Health.2021; 29(5): 1143. CrossRef
Socioeconomic Inequality in Dental Caries Experience Expressed by the Significant Caries Index: Cross-Sectional Results From the RaNCD Cohort Study
Moslem Soofi, Behzad Karami-Matin, Ali Kazemi-Karyani, Shahin Soltani, Hosein Ameri, Mehdi Moradi-Nazar, Farid Najafi
International Dental Journal.2021; 71(2): 153. CrossRef
Evaluating the quality of care for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the HbA1c: A national survey in Iran
Ghobad Moradi, Azad Shokri, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Bushra Zareie, Bakhtiar Piroozi
Heliyon.2021; 7(3): e06485. CrossRef
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The International Journal of Health Planning and Management.2021; 36(5): 1861. CrossRef
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Elahe Najafi, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, Maryam Moeeni
BMC Oral Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Satar Rezaei, Halasa-Rappel Yara A.
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry.2020; Volume 12: 319. CrossRef
Incidence and Intensity of Catastrophic Health-care Expenditure for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Care in Iran: Determinants and Inequality

Bakhtiar Piroozi, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Ghobad Moradi, Hossein Safari, Shahnaz Ghafoori, Yadolah Zarezade, Farzam Bidarpour, Satar Rezaei
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2020; Volume 13: 2865. CrossRef
Decomposing socioeconomic inequality in dental caries in Iran: cross-sectional results from the PERSIAN cohort study
Farid Najafi, Satar Rezaei, Mohammad Hajizadeh, Moslem Soofi, Yahya Salimi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Shahin Soltani, Sina Ahmadi, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Behzad Karami Matin, Yahya Pasdar, Behrooz Hamzeh, Mehdi Moradi Nazar, Ali Mohammadi, Hossein Poustchi, Na
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Shigeo Ishikawa, Tsuneo Konta, Shinji Susa, Kenichiro Kitabatake, Kenichi Ishizawa, Hitoshi Togashi, Atsushi Tsuya, Yoshiyuki Ueno, Isao Kubota, Hidetoshi Yamashita, Takamasa Kayama, Mitsuyoshi Iino
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Bakhtiar Piroozi, Bushra Zarei, Bayazid Ghaderi, Hossein Safari, Ghobad Moradi, Satar Rezaei, Mahfooz Ghaderi, Shina Amirhosseini, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad
International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare.2019; 12(4): 249. CrossRef
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Manoelito Ferreira SILVA JUNIOR, Maria da Luz Rosário de SOUSA, Marília Jesus BATISTA
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Mehrnoosh Abtahi, Sina Dobaradaran, Sahand Jorfi, Ali Koolivand, Mohammad Reza Mohebbi, Ahmad Montazeri, Shokooh Sadat Khaloo, Saeed Keshmiri, Reza Saeedi
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Gloria C. Mejia, Hawazin W. Elani, Sam Harper, W. Murray Thomson, Xiangqun Ju, Ichiro Kawachi, Jay S. Kaufman, Lisa M. Jamieson
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The Impact of Educational Status on 10-Year (2004-2014) Cardiovascular Disease Prognosis and All-cause Mortality Among Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients in the Greek Acute Coronary Syndrome (GREECS) Longitudinal Study: Venetia Notara, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Yannis Kogias, Petros Stravopodis, Antonis Antonoulas, Spyros Zombolos, Yannis Mantas, Christos Pitsavos; J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(4):220-229. Published online June 24, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.005

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130 Download
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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The association between educational status and 10-year risk for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and all-cause mortality was evaluated.
Methods
From October 2003 to September 2004, 2172 consecutive ACS patients from six Greek hospitals were enrolled. In 2013 to 2014, a 10-year follow-up (2004-2014) assessment was performed for 1918 participants (participation rate, 88%). Each patient’s educational status was classified as low (<9 years of school), intermediate (9 to 14 years), or high (>14 years).
Results
Overall all-cause mortality was almost twofold higher in the low-education group than in the intermediate-education and high-education groups (40% vs. 22% and 19%, respectively, p<0.001). Additionally, 10-year recurrent ACS events (fatal and non-fatal) were more common in the low-education group than in the intermediate-education and high-education groups (42% vs. 30% and 35%, p<0.001), and no interactions between sex and education on the investigated outcomes were observed. Moreover, patients in the high-education group were more physically active, had a better financial status, and were less likely to have hypertension, diabetes, or ACS than the participants with the least education (p<0.001); however, when those characteristics and lifestyle habits were accounted for, no moderating effects regarding the relationship of educational status with all-cause mortality and ACS events were observed.
Conclusions
A U-shaped association may be proposed for the relationship between ACS prognosis and educational status, with participants in the low-education and high-education groups being negatively affected by other factors (e.g., job stress, depression, or loneliness). Public health policies should be aimed at specific social groups to reduce the overall burden of cardiovascular disease morbidity.

Summary

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Amalie H. Simoni, Jan B. Valentin, Kristian H. Kragholm, Henrik Bøggild, Svend E. Jensen, Søren P. Johnsen
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Birinder S. Cheema, Zumin Shi, Rhiannon L. White, Evan Atlantis
Journal of Physical Activity and Health.2023; 20(10): 971. CrossRef
Socioeconomic inequity in incidence, outcomes and care for acute coronary syndrome: A systematic review
Amalie H. Simoni, Juliane Frydenlund, Kristian H. Kragholm, Henrik Bøggild, Svend E. Jensen, Søren P. Johnsen
International Journal of Cardiology.2022; 356: 19. CrossRef
Low educational status correlates with a high incidence of mortality among hypertensive subjects from Northeast Rural China
Shasha Yu, Xiaofan Guo, GuangXiao Li, Hongmei Yang, Liqiang Zheng, Yingxian Sun
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Irrational beliefs trigger depression and anxiety symptoms, and associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress markers in the 10-year diabetes mellitus risk: the ATTICA epidemiological study
Christina Vassou, Ekavi N. Georgousopoulou, Christina Chrysohoou, Mary Yannakoulia, Christos Pitsavos, Mark Cropley, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos
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Factors Determining Children’s Private Health Insurance Enrolment and Healthcare Utilization Patterns: Evidence From the 2008 to 2011 Health Panel Data: Jawoon Shin, Tae-Jin Lee, Sung-il Cho, Seung Ah Choe; J Prev Med Public Health. 2015;48(6):319-329. Published online November 16, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.15.057

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Parental socioeconomic status (SES) exerts a substantial influence on children’s health. The purpose of this study was to examine factors determining children’s private health insurance (PHI) enrolment and children’s healthcare utilization according to PHI coverage.
Methods
Korea Health Panel data from 2011 (n=3085) was used to explore the factors determining PHI enrolment in children younger than 15 years of age. A logit model contained health status and SES variables for both children and parents. A fixed effects model identified factors influencing healthcare utilization in children aged 10 years or younger, using 2008 to 2011 panel data (n=9084).
Results
The factors determining children’s PHI enrolment included children’s age and sex and parents’ educational status, employment status, and household income quintile. PHI exerted a significant effect on outpatient cost, inpatient cost, and number of admissions. Number of outpatient visits and total length of stay were not affected by PHI status. The interaction between PHI and age group increased outpatient cost significantly.
Conclusions
Children’s PHI enrolment was influenced by parents’ SES, while healthcare utilization was affected by health and disability status. Therefore, the results of this study suggest disparities in healthcare utilization according to PHI enrollment.

Summary

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Uptake and determinants of private health insurance enrollment in a country with heavily subsidised public healthcare: A cross-sectional survey in East Coast Malaysia
Mohd Adli Abd Khalim, Surianti Sukeri, Gopal Ashish Sharma
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Felician Andrew Kitole, Robert Michael Lihawa, Eliaza Mkuna
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Felician Andrew Kitole, Robert Michael Lihawa, Thobias Edward Nsindagi, Felister Y. Tibamanya
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Variation in Meal-skipping Rates of Korean Adolescents According to Socio-economic Status: Results of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey: Seri Hong, Hong Chul Bae, Hyun Soo Kim, Eun-Cheol Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2014;47(3):158-168. Published online May 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.3.158

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

To identify and evaluate the trend of meal-skipping rates among Korean adolescents with their contributing causes and the influence of household income level on meal skipping.

Methods

Using 2008, 2010, and 2012 data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey of 222 662 students, a cross-sectional study with subgroup analysis was performed. We calculated odds ratios for skipping each meal 5 or more times in a week by household socio-economic status using a multiple logistic regression model. The secular change in the meal-skipping rates by the students' family affluence scale was analyzed by comparing the meal-skipping students within each subgroup and odds ratios for the same event over time.

Results

Through 2008 to 2012, most of the meal-skipping rates generally showed a continuous increase or were almost unchanged in both sexes, except for breakfast skipping in several subgroups. Students in low-income households not living with both parents had the highest meal-skipping rates and odds ratios for frequent meal skipping. In a time-series subgroup analysis, the overall odds ratios for the same event increased during 2008 to 2012, with a slight reduction in the gap between low and higher income levels with regard to meal skipping during 2010 to 2012.

Conclusions

Household socio-economic status and several other factors had a significant influence on Korean adolescent meal-skipping rates. Although the gap in eating behavior associated with household socio-economic differences is currently decreasing, further study and appropriate interventions are needed.

Summary

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Kyeong Sook Yim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(5): 464. CrossRef

Socioeconomic Status and Number of Children Among Korean Women: The Healthy Twin Study: Jinseob Kim, Joohon Sung; J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(1):50-60. Published online January 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.1.50

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate whether the birth rate is associated with socioeconomic status in the women of the Republic of Korea, where the birth rate is rapidly decreasing.

Methods

This study included 732 females from the Healthy Twin Study, a family-twin cohort. The participants were classified into 3 socioeconomic groups according to their average income, education, and occupation. The association between socioeconomic status and number of children was assessed using gamma regression analysis with a generalized linear mixed model, adjusting for the age group, smoking/alcohol status, and family relationships.

Results

The group with the highest education level had significantly fewer children compared with the group with the lowest education level (p=0.004). However, no significant associations were found according to household income level. The non-manual labor group had significantly fewer children compared with those working as homemakers (p=0.008).

Conclusions

This study aimed to explain the causal relationship between socioeconomic status and number of children. Associations between some socioeconomic status and number of children were found in Korea.

Summary

Citations

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Social Determinants of Smoking Behavior: The Healthy Twin Study, Korea: Youn Sik Kim, Hansoo Ko, Changgyo Yoon, Dong-Hun Lee, Joohon Sung; J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(1):29-36. Published online January 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.1.29

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to identify any influence of socioeconomic status on smoking and smoking cessation in a situation where genetic factors are controlled.

Methods

The sample for this study was 2502 members of the twins and families cohort who participated in the Korean Healthy Twins Study from 2005 to 2009. Groups of brothers or sisters, including twins and fraternal twins, were compared in terms of smoking and smoking cessation behaviors according to differences in socioeconomic status and gender.

Results

In a situation with complete control of genetic factors, results showed that the daily smoking amount, cumulative smoking amount, and dependence on nicotine decreased with higher-status occupations, and the rate of smoking and amount of cumulative smoking decreased with higher levels of education. Regarding smoking cessation behavior, a higher level of education was associated with a lower smoking cessation rate, and no significant gender differences were found.

Conclusions

Environmental factors had a stronger influence on smoking behavior than did genetic factors. Genetic factors had greater influence on smoking cessation than did environmental factors; however, this requires verification in further studies.

Summary

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English Abstracts

Socioeconomic Inequity in Self-Rated Health Status and Contribution of Health Behavioral Factors in Korea.: Minkyung Kim, Woojin Chung, Seungji Lim, Soojin Yoon, Jakyoung Lee, Eunkyung Kim, Lanju Ko; J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(1):50-61.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.1.50

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The study is investigated socioeconomic variations in self-rated health status and contribution of health behavioral factors in Korea. METHODS: A nationally representative sample (2,800 men and 3,230 women aged 20-64 years) from the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Surveys was analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Self-rated health was lower among lower socioeconomic groups compared with higher socioeconomic groups, with gender being irrelevant. This association was attenuated when health behavioral and socio-demographic factors were adjusted. When each health behavioral factor was considered separately, mediators such as smoking in men, and stress or exercise in women explained a large part of the decreased socioeconomic health inequalities. CONCLUSIONS: In Korea, subjective health inequalities arise from different socioeconomic status, but this difference is decreased by health behavioral factors. Therefore, socioeconomic inequity in self-rated health status can be corrected more effectively by promotional health behaviors.

Summary

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Factors Affecting Adherence to National Colorectal Cancer Screening: A 12-Year Longitudinal Study Using Multi-Institutional Pooled Data in Korea
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The Sequential Mediating Effects of Dietary Behavior and Perceived Stress on the Relationship between Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Multicultural Adolescent Health
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Trend of Socioeconomic Inequality in Participation in Cervical Cancer Screening among Korean Women.: Soong Nang Jang, Sung il Cho, Seung Sik Hwang, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, So Young Im, Ji Ae Lee, Minah Kang Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(6):505-511.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.6.505

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
While cervical cancer is one of the leading cancers among women worldwide, there are a number of effective early detection tests available. However, the participation rates in cervical cancer screening among Korean women remain low. After the nationwide efforts in 1988 and thereafter to encourage participation in cervical cancer screening, few studies have investigated the effects of socioeconomic inequality on participation in cervical cancer screening. The purpose of this study was to investigate 1) the level of socioeconomic disparities in receiving cervical cancer screening by age group and 2) if there was an improvement in reducing these disparities between 1995 and 2001. METHODS: Using data from the Korean National Health Status, Health Behavior and Belief Survey in 1995, and the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1998 and 2001 (sample sizes of 2,297, 3,738, and 3,283), age-standardized participation rates were calculated according to education level, equivalized household income, and job status. Odds ratios and the relative inequality index (RII) were also calculated after controlling for age. RESULTS: Women with lower education levels were less likely to attend the screening test, and the disparities by education level were most pronounced among women aged 60 years and older. The RIIs among women 60 years and older were 3.64, 4.46, and 8.64 in 1995, 1998, and 2001, respectively. Higher rates of participation were reported among those in the highest income category, which was more notable among the middle aged women (40s and 50s). An inconsistent trend in the rate of participation in cervical cancer screening by occupational level was found. CONCLUSIONS: Indicators of socioeconomic position seem to have varying impacts on the inequalities in the rates of participation in cervical cancer screening according to age group. These results demonstrate the need for more aggressive and age-based interventions and policy programs to eliminate the remaining inequalities.

Summary

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Mi-Hyun Kim, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Hyoeun Kim, Yun-Mi Song
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Determinants of gastric cancer screening attendance in Korea: a multi-level analysis
Yunryong Chang, Belong Cho, Ki Young Son, Dong Wook Shin, Hosung Shin, Hyung-Kook Yang, Aesun Shin, Keun-Young Yoo
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The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Gastric Cancer Screening in the Population of a Metropolitan Area
Hyun-Suk Oh, Sun A Kim, Sun-Seog Kweon, Jung-Ae Rhee, So-Yeon Ryu, Min-Ho Shin
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Equity in health care: current situation in South Korea
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Trends in Cervical Cancer Mortality by Socioeconomic Status in Korean Women between 1998 and 2009
Mi-Hyun Kim, Yun-Mi Song, Bo-Kyoung Kim, Sung-Min Park, Gwang Pyo Ko
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2013; 34(4): 258. CrossRef
Socioeconomic disparity in cervical cancer screening among Korean women: 1998–2010
Minjee Lee, Eun-Cheol Park, Hoo-Sun Chang, Jeoung A Kwon, Ki Bong Yoo, Tae Hyun Kim
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Hyung-Kook Yang, Dong-Wook Shin, Seung-Sik Hwang, Juwhan Oh, Be-Long Cho
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Social Determinants of Smoking Behavior: The Healthy Twin Study, Korea
Youn Sik Kim, Hansoo Ko, Changgyo Yoon, Dong-Hun Lee, Joohon Sung
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2012; 45(1): 29. CrossRef
Factors Associated with the Use of Gastric Cancer Screening Services in Korea: The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008 (KNHANES IV)
Ji-Yeon Shin, Duk-Hee Lee
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Seung Cheol Kim, Yong Sang Song, Young-Tae Kim, Young Tak Kim, Ki-Sung Ryu, Bhavyashree Gunapalaiah, Dan Bi, Hans L Bock, Jong-Sup Park
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The Proportional Mortality Ratios of Specific-cause Mortality by Occupation and Education among Men Aged 20-64 in Korea (1993-2004).: Ki Hye Kim, Kyung Hak Lee, Sang Min Lee, Seung Yeon Lee, Ye Seung Lee, Kyoung Ree Lim, Jee Eun Chang, Sang Won Cho, Eun Hye Choi, Sung Tae Chung, Eunjeong Jin, Mia Son; J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(1):7-15.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.1.7

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the relationship of occupational class and educational background with proportional mortality ratios in Korea. METHODS: Mortality was investigated using the entire registered death data from 1993 to 2004, obtained from the Korean National Statistics Office. Proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) for specific diseases were calculated according to the occupational class and educational background of men aged 20-64. RESULTS: Manual workers were found to have higher PMRs for liver disease and traffic accidents, as did the lower educated group. Especially, this study showed trends of an increasing of the wide gap between lower and higher socioeconomic stati for liver disease, traffic accidents, diabetes mellitus and cerebral vascular disease. The mortality for cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, traffic accident and liver disease showed increasing trends according to the calendar year for the lower than the higher social class. CONCLUSIONS: The specific conditions that had higher PMRs in the Korean lower social class were liver disease and traffic accidents. Especially, there was an increasing trend for a widening of the gap between manual and nonmanual groups in relation to mortality from liver disease, diabetes mellitus and traffic accidents.

Summary

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Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2012; 45(1): 29. CrossRef
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Original Article

The Relationship of Social Class and Health Behaviors with Morbidity in Korea.: Mia Son; Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(1):57-64.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVE
To explore the relationship of social class and health behaviors with self-reported morbidity. METHODS: The 1995 General Household Survey in Korea was used to investigate self-reported morbidity. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship of social class and health behaviors with self-reported chronic disease and perceived general health. RESULTS: For chronic disease and general perceived health, age adjusted odds ratios were higher for manual workers, lower-educated group as well as those in the lower income group; this held true for both men and women. Health behaviours had little effect on the relationship between social class and morbidity. The relationship between health behaviors and morbidity was very weak. The lower social class expressed higher levels of negative health behaviors, although this relationship appeared to be very weak in Korea. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that an understanding of health differentials that addresses the issue of social inequalities in Korea is required.; Summary

English Abstract

The Effects of the Parents' Social Class on Infant and Child Death among 1995-2004 Birth Cohort in Korea.: Mia Son, Juhwan Oh, Yong Jun Choi, Jeong Ok Kong, Jisook Choi, Eunjeong Jin, Sung Tae Jung, Se Jin Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(6):469-476.

2,354 View
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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effect of parents' social class on infant and child mortality rates among the birth cohort, for the period of transition to and from the Koran economic crisis 1995-2004. METHODS: All births reported to between 1995 and 2004 (n=5,711,337) were analyzed using a Cox regression model, to study the role of the social determinants of parents in infant and child mortality. The results were adjusted for the parents' age, education and occupation, together with mother's obstetrical history. RESULTS: The crude death rate among those under 10 was 3.71 per 1000 births (21,217 deaths among 5,711,337 births) between 1995 and 2004. The birth cohorts from lower educated parents less than elementary school showed higher mortality rates compared with those from higher educated parents over university level (HR:3.0 (95%CI:2.8-3.7) for father and HR:3.4 (95%CI:3.3-4.5) for mother). The mother's education level showed a stronger relationship with mortality among the birth cohort than that of the fathers'. The gaps in infant mortality rates by parents' social class, and educational level became wider from 1995 to 2004. In particular, the breadth of the existing gap between higher and lower parents' social class groups has dramatically widened since the economic crisis of 1998. DISCUSSIONS: This study shows that social differences exist in infant and child mortality rates. Also, the gap for the infant mortality due to social class has become wider since the economic crisis of 1998.; Summary

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