Figure 1Distribution of intraocular pressure in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Table 1.Distribution of Intraocular pressure in various subgroups among subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus Mean±SD
Risk factors |
Over all (n=1377)
|
Men (n=731)
|
Women (n=646)
|
n |
IOP (mmHg) |
p |
n |
IOP (mmHg) |
p |
n |
IOP (mmHg) |
p |
Mean IOP |
|
14.8 ± 2.9 |
|
|
14.6 ± 2.9 |
|
|
15.0 ± 2.8 |
0.005 |
Demography |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40 - 49 |
385 |
14.7 ± 2.7 |
0.69 |
210 |
14.4 ± 2.6 |
0.59 |
175 |
15.1 ± 2.8 |
0.94 |
50 - 59 |
494 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
245 |
14.8 ± 3.1 |
|
249 |
15.1 ± 2.8 |
|
60 - 69 |
342 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
|
178 |
14.6 ± 3.0 |
|
164 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
70 + |
156 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
|
98 |
14.6 ± 3.1 |
|
58 |
15.0 ± 2.6 |
|
Duration of diabetes (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< 5 |
799 |
14.8 ± 2.8 |
0.51 |
403 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
0.21 |
396 |
14.9 ± 2.7 |
0.49 |
≥ 5 |
578 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
|
328 |
14.4 ± 2.9 |
|
250 |
15.1 ± 2.9 |
|
Nuclear cataract |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Absent |
1011 |
14.8 ± 0.438 |
0.44 |
550 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
0.57 |
461 |
15.1 ± 2.8 |
0.69 |
Present |
187 |
15.0 ± 0.439 |
|
93 |
14.8 ± 3.0 |
|
94 |
15.2 ± 2.1 |
|
Alcohol history |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Absent |
1074 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
0.002 |
428 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
0.06 |
646 |
15.0 ± 2.8 |
- |
Present |
303 |
14.4 ± 2.9 |
|
303 |
14.4 ± 2.9 |
|
0 |
- |
|
Refractive error |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Absent |
511 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
0.67 |
287 |
14.5 ± 3.0 |
0.64 |
224 |
15.0 ± 2.7 |
0.93 |
Present |
866 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
|
444 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
|
422 |
15.0 ± 2.8 |
|
Family history of glaucoma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Absent |
1371 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
0.92 |
727 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
0.50 |
224 |
15.0 ± 2.8 |
0.39 |
Present |
6 |
14.5 ± 2.8 |
|
4 |
13.5 ± 3.0 |
|
422 |
16.5 ± 0.71 |
|
Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non smoker |
1106 |
14.3 ± 2.9 |
0.001 |
460 |
14.3 ± 2.9 |
0.021 |
646 |
15.0 ± 2.8 |
- |
Smoker |
271 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
271 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
|
0 |
- |
|
Insulin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non user of insulin |
1310 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
0.46 |
698 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
0.42 |
612 |
15.0 ± 2.8 |
0.87 |
User of insulin |
67 |
15.1 ± 3.1 |
|
33 |
15.0 ± 3.3 |
|
34 |
15.1 ± 3.0 |
|
Anthropometry |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BMI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lean |
87 |
14.2 ± 2.9 |
0.19 |
66 |
14.2 ± 2.9 |
0.50 |
21 |
14.1 ± 3.1 |
0.38 |
Normal |
522 |
14.8 ± 3.0 |
|
365 |
14.7 ± 3.1 |
|
157 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
Overweight |
562 |
14.9 ± 2.7 |
|
258 |
14.5 ± 2.8 |
|
304 |
15.2 ± 2.7 |
|
Obese |
206 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
42 |
14.6 ± 2.8 |
|
164 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
Height (cm) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
≤ 156 |
586 |
15.0 ± 2.7 |
0.007 |
652 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
0.95 |
619 |
15.1 ± 2.8 |
0.06 |
> 156 |
791 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
|
79 |
14.6 ± 2.8 |
|
27 |
14.0 ± 3.0 |
|
Weight (kg) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< 57.5 |
410 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
0.50 |
208 |
14.7 ± 3.1 |
0.08 |
163 |
14.8 ± 2.8 |
0.26 |
≥ 57.5 |
967 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
|
523 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
|
483 |
15.1 ± 2.8 |
|
Axial length (mm) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< 22.6 |
565 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
0.25 |
257 |
14.3 ± 2.9 |
0.03 |
308 |
15.0 ± 2.7 |
0.97 |
≥ 22.6 |
786 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
465 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
|
321 |
15.1 ± 2.9 |
|
Hypertension |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
499 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
0.03 |
300 |
14.4 ± 2.9 |
0.10 |
199 |
14.9 ± 2.8 |
0.33 |
Yes |
878 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
431 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
|
447 |
15.1 ± 2.8 |
|
Systolic BP (mmHg) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< 130 |
401 |
14.4 ± 2.9 |
0.001 |
242 |
14.1 ± 2.8 |
0.003 |
159 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
0.21 |
≥ 130 |
976 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
489 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
|
487 |
15.1 ± 2.8 |
|
Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< 80 |
429 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
0.27 |
241 |
14.4 ± 2.9 |
0.17 |
188 |
15.0 ± 2.8 |
0.94 |
≥ 80 |
948 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
490 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
|
458 |
15.0 ± 2.8 |
|
Biochemical |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< 200 |
883 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
0.30 |
511 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
0.95 |
372 |
14.9 ± 2.8 |
0.36 |
≥ 200 |
493 |
14.9 ± 2.8 |
|
219 |
14.6 ± 2.8 |
|
274 |
15.2 ± 2.8 |
|
Serum high density lipoproteins (mg/dL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
≥ 60 |
1327 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
0.56 |
715 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
0.93 |
612 |
15.0 ± 2.8 |
0.72 |
< 60 |
49 |
15.0 ± 2.9 |
|
15 |
14.7 ± 3.1 |
|
34 |
15.2 ± 2.8 |
|
Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< 150 |
848 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
0.37 |
448 |
14.5 ± 2.9 |
0.56 |
400 |
14.9 ± 2.7 |
0.46 |
≥150 |
528 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
282 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
|
246 |
15.1 ± 2.9 |
|
HbA1c (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normal (< 5.6) |
97 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
0.31 |
49 |
14.9 ± 3.1 |
0.72 |
48 |
14.5 ± 2.8 |
0.06 |
Good to Fair (5.6 - 8.0) |
654 |
14.7 ± 2.8 |
|
346 |
14.5 ± 2.9 |
|
308 |
14.8 ± 2.7 |
|
Poor (≥ 8.1) |
626 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
336 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
|
290 |
15.3 ± 2.9 |
|
Albuminuria |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No micro / macroalbuminuria |
1123 |
14.8 ± 2.8 |
0.43 |
594 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
0.96 |
529 |
14.9 ± 2.7 |
0.09 |
Microalbuminuria |
217 |
15.0 ± 3.1 |
|
115 |
14.5 ± 3.2 |
|
102 |
15.6 ± 2.9 |
|
Macroalbuminuria |
37 |
14.5 ± 2.7 |
|
22 |
14.5 ± 2.9 |
|
15 |
14.5 ± 2.6 |
|
FBS (mg/dL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< 126 |
402 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
0.85 |
226 |
14.6 ± 3.1 |
0.94 |
176 |
15.0 ± 2.6 |
0.97 |
≥ 126 |
975 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
|
505 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
|
470 |
15.0 ± 2.9 |
|
CCT (microns) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< 511 |
466 |
14.5 ± 2.8 |
0.002 |
233 |
14.3 ± 2.9 |
0.07 |
233 |
14.6 ± 2.7 |
0.004 |
≥ 511 |
911 |
14.9 ± 2.9 |
|
498 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
|
413 |
15.3 ± 2.8 |
|
Pulse (Beats/min) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< 80 |
960 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
< 0.0001 |
529 |
14.4 ± 2.9 |
0.003 |
431 |
14.9 ± 2.8 |
0.06 |
≥ 80 |
417 |
15.2 ± 2.8 |
|
202 |
15.1 ± 2.8 |
|
215 |
15.3 ± 2.8 |
|
Diabetes complications |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diabetic retinopathy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Absent |
1130 |
14.8 ± 2.8 |
0.44 |
578 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
0.39 |
554 |
15.0 ± 2.7 |
0.77 |
Present |
247 |
14.7 ± 3.1 |
|
155 |
14.2 ± 3.1 |
|
92 |
15.1 ± 3.1 |
|
STDR |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Absent |
1333 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
0.54 |
702 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
0.23 |
631 |
15.0 ± 2.7 |
0.38 |
Present |
44 |
14.5 ± 3.1 |
|
29 |
13.9 ± 2.9 |
|
15 |
15.7 ± 3.2 |
|
CSME |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Absent |
1361 |
14.8 ± 2.9 |
0.29 |
722 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
0.62 |
639 |
15.0 ± 2.8 |
0.02 |
Present |
16 |
15.7 ± 3.1 |
|
9 |
14.1 ± 3.0 |
|
7 |
17.4 ± 2.2 |
|
Diabetic neuropathy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Absent |
1113 |
14.9 ± 2.8 |
0.008 |
581 |
14.7 ± 2.9 |
0.06 |
532 |
15.1 ± 2.8 |
0.09 |
Present |
251 |
14.4 ± 2.9 |
|
146 |
14.2 ± 2.9 |
|
105 |
14.6 ± 2.9 |
|
Table 2.Correlation with intraocular pressure
Variable |
r |
p |
Over All |
|
|
Age (y) |
-0.015 |
0.29 |
Duration of diabetes (y) |
-0.035 |
0.09 |
Weight (Kg) |
-0.012 |
0.33 |
Height (cm) |
-0.012 |
0.004 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) |
0.061 |
0.01 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
0.041 |
0.06 |
Pulse (Beats/min) |
0.074 |
0.003 |
CCT (μ) |
0.139 |
<0.001 |
Axial Length (mm) |
0.026 |
0.16 |
Serum Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
0.047 |
0.04 |
Serum high density lipoproteins (mg/dL) |
0.003 |
0.45 |
Serum Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
0.021 |
0.16 |
HbA1C (%) |
0.035 |
0.10 |
FBS (mg/dL) |
0.045 |
0.04 |
Men |
|
|
Age (y) |
0.014 |
0.35 |
Duration of diabetes (y) |
-0.061 |
0.05 |
Weight (Kg) |
-0.011 |
0.38 |
Height (cm) |
-0.029 |
0.215 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) |
0.076 |
0.02 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
0.057 |
0.06 |
Pulse (Beats/min) |
0.076 |
0.02 |
CCT (μ) |
0.12 |
0.00 |
Axial length (mm) |
0.057 |
0.06 |
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
0.013 |
0.36 |
Serum high density lipoproteins (mg/dL) |
-0.008 |
0.41 |
Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) |
0.027 |
0.23 |
HbA1C (%) |
-0.003 |
0.47 |
FBS (mg/dL) |
0.047 |
0.10 |
Women |
|
|
Age (y) |
-0.041 |
0.14 |
Duration of diabetes (y) |
0.025 |
0.26 |
Weight (kg) |
0.016 |
0.34 |
Height (cm) |
-0.027 |
0.24 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) |
0.029 |
0.23 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
0.015 |
0.35 |
Pulse (Beats/min) |
0.058 |
0.01 |
CCT (μ) |
0.182 |
<0.001 |
Axial length (mm) |
0.018 |
0.33 |
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
0.063 |
0.05 |
Serum high density lipoproteins (mg/dL) |
-0.008 |
0.41 |
Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) |
0.037 |
0.17 |
HbA1C (%) |
0.08 |
0.02 |
FBS (mg/dL) |
0.039 |
0.16 |
Table 3.Univariate associations with Intraocular Pressure (IOP) in participants of SN DREAMS 1
Risk factors |
Unadjusted
|
β
|
95% CI
|
SE |
p |
Lower bound |
Upper bound |
Over All |
|
|
|
|
|
Age (y) |
-0.004 |
-0.02 |
0.011 |
0.008 |
0.58 |
Duration of diabetes (y) |
-0.016 |
-0.041 |
0.008 |
0.013 |
0.19 |
Weight (Kg) |
-0.003 |
-0.017 |
0.011 |
0.007 |
0.66 |
Height (cm) |
-0.024 |
-0.041 |
-0.006 |
0.009 |
0.008 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) |
0.008 |
0.001 |
0.016 |
0.004 |
0.02 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
0.01 |
-0.003 |
0.024 |
0.007 |
0.13 |
Pulse (Beats/min) |
0.019 |
0.005 |
0.033 |
0.007 |
0.006 |
CCT (μ) |
0.011 |
0.007 |
0.016 |
0.002 |
<0.0001 |
Axial length (mm) |
0.061 |
-0.062 |
0.183 |
0.063 |
0.33 |
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
0.003 |
0.000 |
0.007 |
0.002 |
0.08 |
Serum high density lipoproteins (mg/dL) |
0.001 |
-0.014 |
0.016 |
0.008 |
0.91 |
Serum triglycerides (mmg/dL) |
0.001 |
-0.001 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
0.32 |
HbA1C (%) |
0.045 |
-0.024 |
0.115 |
0.035 |
0.20 |
FBS (mg/dL) |
0.002 |
0.000 |
0.005 |
0.045 |
0.09 |
Men |
|
|
|
|
|
Age (y) |
0.004 |
-0.016 |
0.024 |
0.01 |
0.70 |
Duration of diabetes (y) |
-0.027 |
-0.058 |
0.005 |
0.016 |
0.10 |
Weight (Kg) |
-0.003 |
-0.023 |
0.017 |
0.01 |
0.77 |
Height (cm) |
-0.013 |
-0.044 |
0.019 |
0.016 |
0.43 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) |
0.011 |
0.001 |
0.022 |
0.005 |
0.04 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
0.015 |
-0.004 |
0.034 |
0.01 |
0.12 |
Pulse (Beats/min) |
0.021 |
0.001 |
0.041 |
0.01 |
0.04 |
CCT (μ) |
0.01 |
0.004 |
0.016 |
0.003 |
0.001 |
Axial length (mm) |
0.131 |
-0.038 |
0.299 |
0.086 |
0.12 |
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
0.001 |
-0.005 |
0.007 |
0.003 |
0.73 |
Serum high density lipoproteins (mg/dL) |
-0.003 |
-0.025 |
0.02 |
0.011 |
0.82 |
Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) |
0.001 |
-0.001 |
0.003 |
0.001 |
0.46 |
HbA1C (%) |
-0.004 |
-0.102 |
0.094 |
0.05 |
0.99 |
FBS (mg/dL) |
0.002 |
-0.001 |
0.006 |
0.047 |
0.20 |
Women |
|
|
|
|
|
Age (y) |
-0.012 |
-0.035 |
0.011 |
0.012 |
0.29 |
Duration of diabetes (in years) |
0.013 |
-0.027 |
0.053 |
0.02 |
0.53 |
Weight (kg) |
0.004 |
-0.015 |
0.023 |
0.01 |
0.68 |
Height (cm) |
-0.013 |
-0.049 |
0.023 |
0.018 |
0.49 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) |
0.004 |
-0.006 |
0.014 |
0.005 |
0.47 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
0.004 |
-0.015 |
0.022 |
0.009 |
0.70 |
Pulse (Beats/min) |
0.014 |
-0.005 |
0.032 |
0.009 |
0.14 |
CCT (μ) |
0.015 |
0.009 |
0.021 |
0.003 |
<0.0001 |
Axial length (mm) |
0.041 |
-0.142 |
0.224 |
0.093 |
0.66 |
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
0.004 |
-0.001 |
0.009 |
0.003 |
0.11 |
Serum high density lipoproteins (mg/dL) |
-0.005 |
-0.026 |
0.016 |
0.011 |
0.63 |
Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) |
0.001 |
-0.001 |
0.004 |
0.001 |
0.35 |
HbA1C (%) |
0.1 |
0.003 |
0.197 |
0.049 |
0.04 |
FBS (mg/dL) |
0.002 |
-0.002 |
0.005 |
0.002 |
0.78 |
Table 4.Multivariate associations with intraocular pressure (IOP) in participants of SN-DREAMS 1
Risk factors |
Adjusted
|
p |
Coefficient (β) |
95% CI
|
Standard error |
Partial r2
|
Lower bound |
Upper bound |
Over All |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Height (cm) |
-0.028 |
-0.048 |
-0.007 |
0.01 |
0.005 |
0.007 |
Pulse (Beats/min) |
0.015 |
0.001 |
0.029 |
0.007 |
0.003 |
0.03 |
CCT (μ) |
0.011 |
0.007 |
0.016 |
0.002 |
0.018 |
<0.001 |
Model r2
|
|
|
|
|
0.037 |
<0.001 |
Men |
|
|
|
|
|
|
CCT (μ) |
0.01 |
0.004 |
0.016 |
0.003 |
0.014 |
0.002 |
Model r2
|
|
|
|
|
0.035 |
<0.02 |
Women |
|
|
|
|
|
|
CCT (μ) |
0.015 |
0.008 |
0.021 |
0.003 |
0.031 |
<0.001 |
Model r2
|
|
|
|
|
0.052 |
0.002 |