1Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
2Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines.
Copyright © 2013 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
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2005 | 2010 | |
---|---|---|
Total | 24 278 (100) | 6073 (100) |
Income1 | 1 321 905±16 404 | 2 244 000±124 700 |
Age | 43.2±0.16 | 45.1±0.45 |
Age-gender interaction terms | ||
Male | ||
19-34 | 3229 (17.6) | 488 (8) |
35-44 | 2737 (11.9) | 601 (9.9) |
45-64 | 3880 (15.1) | 937 (15.4) |
65-74 | 1052 (3.5) | 425 (7) |
≥75 | 361 (1.3) | 175 (2.8) |
Female | ||
19-34 | 3771 (16.7) | 756 (12.5) |
35-44 | 2921 (11.5) | 715 (11.8) |
45-64 | 4184 (15.2) | 1245 (20.6) |
65-74 | 1390 (4.5) | 501 (8.2) |
≥75 | 753 (2.7) | 230 (3.8) |
Self-assessed health | ||
Very good | 1075 (4.8) | 294 (4.8) |
Good | 9716 (41.9) | 1852 (30.5) |
Fair | 8444 (34.6) | 2657 (43.75) |
Poor | 4348 (16.2) | 1063 (17.55) |
Very poor | 695 (2.5) | 207 (3.4) |
The number of chronic diseases | ||
0 | 7852 (34.8) | 3887 (64) |
1 | 5964 (25.3) | 1195 (19.67) |
2 | 3764 (15.2) | 615 (10.13) |
3 | 2372 (9.2) | 238 (3.9) |
≥4 | 4326 (15.5) | 138 (2.3) |
Activity limitation | ||
Yes | 2302 (8.3) | 736 (12.12) |
No | 21 976 (91.7) | 5337 (87.88) |
Educational attainment | ||
Elementary school or below | 5627 (19.7) | 1547 (25.47) |
Middle school | 2644 (10.2) | 665 (10.95) |
High school | 9585 (42.6) | 2001 (32.95) |
College or above | 6422 (27.5) | 1860 (30.63) |
Occupational status | ||
Unemployed | 9839 (40) | 2433 (40.06) |
Employed | 14 439 (60) | 3640 (59.94) |
Region of residence | ||
Urban | 19 442 (81.4) | 4730 (77.89) |
Rural | 4836 (18.6) | 1343 (22.11) |
Medicaid status | ||
Yes | 947 (3.7) | 154 (2.5) |
No | 23 331 (96.3) | 5919 (97.5) |
Private insurance | ||
Yes | 16 845 (70.3) | 4372 (72) |
No | 7433 (29.7) | 1701 (28) |
Outpatient care utilization2 | ||
Probability of visits | 6874 (28.3) | 2130 (35.1) |
Average number of visits (at least one visit) | 2.11±0.024 | 1.84±0.046 |
Health centers | 1.32±0.054 | 1.23±0.086 |
Physician clinics | 1.94±0.026 | 1.77±0.043 |
Hospitals | 1.69±0.068 | 1.77±0.115 |
Dentists | 2.03±0.07 | 1.55±0.057 |
LTMPs | 2.57±0.092 | 2.31±0.129 |
General hospitals | 1.38±0.035 | 1.24±0.047 |
Inpatient care utilization3 | ||
Probability of hospitalization | 2355 (10) | 666 (11) |
Average number of inpatient days (at least one day) | 16.5±0.60 | 13.8±0.81 |
Physician clinics | 10.81±0.63 | 12.01±1.84 |
Hospitals | 16.54±1.15 | 13.49±1.431 |
General hospitals | 18.1±0.87 | 13.572±0.99 |
Outpatient expenditure per use1,2 | 25 782±1602 | 32 710±4376 |
Inpatient expenditure per day1,3 | 152 442±5326 | 217 524±31 202 |
2005 |
2010 |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Probability |
Number1 |
Total |
Probability |
Number1 |
Total |
|||||||
CM | HI | CM | HI | CM | HI | CM | HI | CM | HI | CM | HI | |
Outpatient care utilization2 | -0.1041* | 0.0121 | -0.0368* | -0.0018 | -0.1438* | 0.0069 | -0.0638* | 0.0006 | -0.0409 | -0.0094 | -0.1047* | -0.0135 |
Health centers | -0.4832* | -0.2410* | -0.0356* | -0.0468* | -0.5107* | -0.2797* | -0.3517* | -0.1268 | -0.0282 | -0.0222 | -0.3799* | -0.1333 |
Physician clinics | -0.1079* | 0.0017 | -0.0309* | 0.0008 | -0.1412* | 0.0009 | -0.0677* | 0.0020 | -0.0420* | -0.0052 | -0.1094* | -0.0101 |
Hospitals | -0.1457* | -0.0240 | 0.0096 | 0.0140 | -0.1353* | -0.0143 | -0.1349* | -0.0952 | -0.0139 | 0.0543 | -0.1488* | -0.0818 |
Dentists | 0.0266 | 0.0856* | -0.0134 | -0.0106 | 0.0125 | 0.0808 | 0.0788 | 0.0670 | -0.0525 | -0.0590* | 0.0263 | 0.0094 |
LTMPs | -0.1152* | 0.0328 | -0.0426 | -0.0263 | -0.1592* | 0.0086 | -0.0260 | 0.0489 | -0.0280 | 0.0342 | -0.0540 | 0.0555 |
General hospitals | -0.1349* | 0.0863* | -0.0184 | -0.0040 | -0.1550* | 0.0859* | -0.1588* | -0.0664 | -0.0124 | -0.0044 | -0.1712* | -0.0855 |
Inpatient care utilization3 | -0.1027* | -0.0090 | -0.1678* | -0.1108* | -0.2722* | -0.1116* | -0.0695* | -0.0260 | -0.0429 | -0.0458 | -0.1123 | -0.0589 |
Physician clinics | -0.0625* | -0.0570* | -0.0647* | -0.0269 | -0.1212* | -0.0644 | -0.0254 | -0.0445 | 0.0843 | 0.0911 | 0.0589 | 0.0359 |
Hospitals | -0.1542* | -0.0960* | -0.2443* | -0.1573* | -0.3832* | -0.2748* | -0.0208 | 0.0274 | -0.1173 | -0.0839 | -0.1240 | -0.1103 |
General hospitals | -0.1056* | 0.0778* | -0.1256* | -0.0794* | -0.2462* | -0.0095 | -0.1288* | -0.0595 | -0.0433 | 0.0130 | -0.1722* | -0.0584 |
Outpatient expenditure per use2 | -0.0730* | 0.0361* | 0.0107* | 0.0103* | 0.0053* | 0.0025 | 0.0156* | 0.0088* | ||||
Inpatient expenditure per day3 | -0.1034* | -0.0030 | 0.0101* | 0.0101* | -0.0558 | -0.0065 | 0.0051* | 0.0076* |
The logarithm of the positive medical expenditure was employed in the second stage of the two-part model.
CM, concentration index for actual health care utilization; HI, horizontal inequity index; LTMPs, licensed traditional medical practitioners.
1 At least one visit/day or positive amounts of expenditure.
2 During the past two weeks.
3 During the past one year.
* p<0.05.