- A study on heavy metal concentration of cosmetics on the market.
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Hun Lee, Yoo Jung Yoo, Myoung Hee Park, Jung Ho Kim, Yong Hee Lee, Chan Seok Moon, Yong Shik Hwang, Deog Hwan Moon
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Korean J Prev Med. 1998;31(4):666-679.
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 Abstract
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- This study aims at providing the fundamental data on the field of cosmetics by comparing heavy metal concentration in terms of domestic / foreign products, items, companies and colors. This study has determined the concentration of chromium, lead, mangagnese, nickel, copper and vanadium in cosmetics such as moisturizer, concealer, foundation (Ivory-yellow), compact powder (Ivory-yellow), lip color (Red, brown), eye shadow (Red, brwon and dark green) and eye liner (Black) manufactured by five domestic cosmetic companies and five foreign cosmetic companies on the market. The samples have been collected in cosmetic stores in Pusan from Dec. lst 1996 to Jan. 3lst 1997. The results are as follows : 1. The heavy metal concentration in cosmetics was 2.42ng/g for chromium, 0.82ng/g for lead, 4.49ng/g for manganese, 1.69ng/g for nickel, 0.53ng/g for copper, and 0.51ng/g for vanadium, respectively. 2. Lead and vanadium concentration were significantly higher in domestic cosmetics than foreign cosmetics(p<0.05). 3. The mean(GM) concentrations of heavy metal were different significantly (p<0.01) when classified with cosmetic items. The highest means shown at eye shadow in Cr (14.96ng/g), Cu (1.32ng/g), V (1.28ng/g), and Ni (8.30ng/g), compact powder in Pb(2.50ng/g), eye liner in Mn(90.62ng/g). 4. The mean(GM) concentrations of heavy metal were different significantly (p<0.01) among colored cosmetics. The highest mean concentration of Cr, Ni, Cu and V were dark green- colored cosmetics, that of Mn was black-colored cosmetics, and that of Pb was ivory yellow-colored cosmetics.
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Summary
- Risk factors of work-related low back pain in manufacturing workers.
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Dae Hwan Kim, Jung Ho Kim, Hae Lim Shin, Jin Ho Chun, Yong Wan Kim, Chae Un Lee
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Korean J Prev Med. 1993;26(1):20-36.
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Abstract
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- Work-related low back pain is one of the major factors that cause the loss of working power especially in actively working age, therefore controlling the work-related low back pain is one of the major issues in the field of industrial safety and health. This study was performed for detecting the risk factors and proposing the efficient control program of the work-related low back pain. The subjects were male workers employed at the manufacturing industry in Pusan with longer than 6 month's working duration. The data was collected by self-reported questionnaire and interview from May 1 to October 31, 1992. The contents of questionnaire were as follows : the experience of low back within the recent one month, general characteristics(age, marital status, education level, religion, regular exercise), physical characteristics(height, weight), employment status(working duration, daily working hours, rest during work, satisfaction for the job), type of work and working environments(posture, forward bending, lifting and movement, satisfaction for table and chair). The result was analyzed for 608 entire respondents by case-control comparative method. The number of cases was 152 with a history of work-related low back pain, so the relative frequency of self-reported work-related low back pain was 25.0%, and the number of controls was 344 without any history of low back pain. As a result, two characteristics of the employment status(working duration, satisfaction for the job) and all characteristics of type of work and working environments showed a statistical significance between the case and control groups(p<0.01). The Odds ratios of these variables for Work-related low back pain were calculated. They were 7.88 for the satisfaction for chair, 7.86 for lifting and movement, 3.31 for satisfaction for table, and 2.22 for bending forward(p<0.01). And for the multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that unsatisfaction for table was independent risk factor for Work-related low back pain. In summary, though this study was based upon the self-reported questionnaire and the subjective complaints, the satisfaction for chair, lifting and movement, satisfaction for table, and bending forward concerned with the type of work and working environments were considered as the main factors causing the work-related low back pain, and the work-related low back pain may be preventable by the ergonomic control of these factors.
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