- Prevalence and Predictors of Complementary Feeding Practices Among Children Aged 6-23 Months in Indonesia
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Siti Nurokhmah, Lucinda Middleton, Aryono Hendarto
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(6):549-558. Published online October 12, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.199
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 Abstract
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- Objectives
Poor complementary feeding practices have consistently contributed to the burden of child undernutrition in Indonesia. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and predictors of the time of the introduction of solid, semi-solid, and soft foods (ISSSF), minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD).
Methods
We analyzed 4804 last-born infants aged 6-23 months from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey, which employed multistage cluster random sampling. The outcomes were calculated based on the 2021 World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund guidelines. The predictors of the 4 complementary feeding indicators were assessed using multivariate Poisson regression with robust variance adjusting for potential confounders and study design.
Results
The prevalence of ISSSF, MDD, MMF, and MAD was 86.1%, 54.3%, 71.8%, and 37.6%, respectively, with younger children less likely to meet 3 out of the 4 outcomes. Parental education, the presence of a birth attendant, and maternal media consumption were among the predictors of MDD and MAD. Children from families with higher income were more likely to meet MDD than those from low-income households (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 1.28). Living in an urban area was positively associated with MMF (aPR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.15) and MAD (aPR, 1.12; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.24). In eastern regions, the prevalence of children achieving MDD and MAD was lower than in those living in Java and Bali.
Conclusions
It is crucial that more attention and efforts are made to improve the recommended practices throughout Indonesia, since the prevalence of adequate complementary feeding practices remains low.
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Summary
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by  - Determinants of appropriate complementary feeding practices among mothers of children aged 6–23 months in Bokoji town, Oromia region, Ethiopia
Abdurehman Kalu Tololu, Bekele Teshome, Hiwot Zelalem Fessaha, Abdene Weya Kaso
BMC Pediatrics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Prevalence and associated factors of complementary feeding practices of mothers having children 6–23 months in rural disadvantaged areas, Ben Tre province, Vietnam: a cross-sectional study
Thuy Ngoc Vuong, Hang Thi Diem Tran
BMC Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Factors associated with infant and young child feeding practices in children aged 6–23 months in Indonesia: A nationwide study
Iqlima Dwi Kurnia, Praba Diyan Rachmawati, Yuni Sufyanti Arief, Ilya Krisnana, Pratuma Rithpho, Hidayat Arifin
Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 78: 82. CrossRef
- Determinants of Optimal Breastfeeding Practices in Indonesia: Findings From the 2017 Indonesia Demographic Health Survey
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Siti Nurokhmah, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Dyah Intan Puspitasari
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(2):182-192. Published online February 23, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.448
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6,309
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212
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5
Web of Science
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7
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Abstract
PDFSupplementary Material
- Objectives
Understanding the factors influencing mothers’ decision to breastfeed their infants is essential to formulate effective breastfeeding interventions. This study explored the determinants of optimal breastfeeding indicators in Indonesia.
Methods
We used the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey to analyze factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), and continued breastfeeding at 1 year (CBF-1) and 2 years (CBF-2). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine bio-demographic, socio-cultural, and behavioral characteristics associated with breastfeeding after considering the survey design effect.
Results
The risk of delayed breastfeeding initiation was higher among infants who were born smaller, first-born children, were delivered via cesarean delivery, and did not have immediate skin-to-skin contact (p<0.01). Infant’s age, birth pattern, household wealth index, and the mother’s occupation and smoking status were predictors of EBF (p<0.05). CBF-1 was less common among first-time mothers and those working in the non-agricultural sector, mothers from wealthier families, and mothers who had cesarean deliveries (p<0.01). Infant’s age was negatively associated with CBF-2 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 0.99). Mothers attending college were less likely to practice CBF-2 than those with no education or primary education (aOR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.77). The absence of postnatal visits was a risk factor for CBF-1 and CBF-2 (p<0.05).
Conclusions
Breastfeeding interventions in Indonesia should pay particular attention to at-risk groups such as women from wealthier families, working outside the agricultural sector, and with a higher education level. Nutrition-sensitive programs (e.g., postnatal care and smoking cessation) should also be encouraged.
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Summary
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by - Concomitant Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Practices in India: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey 2019–21
Charu Tayal, Rajesh Sharma, Kusum Lata
Global Social Welfare.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Correlations between family characteristics and childcare in optimizing the growth of children under six years
Laili Rahayuwati, Desy Indra Yani, Sri Hendrawati, Arlette Suzy Setiawan, Damar Irza, Sherllina Rizqi Fauziah
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Duration and Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers in Urban and Semi-Rural Areas of Libreville and Lambaréné in Gabon
Steeve Minto'o, Fifi Claire Loembe, Midili Thècle Larissa, Mireille Mensan Pemba, Koumba Maniaga Raïssa, Mylène Mimbila-Mayi, Yolande Nzame, Essomo Murielle, Eliane Kuissi-Kamgaing, Jean Koko, Simon Ategbo
Archives of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.2024; 3(1): 1. CrossRef - Exclusive breastfeeding among Indonesian working mothers: does early initiation of breastfeeding matter?
Isyatun Mardhiyah Syahri, Agung Dwi Laksono, Maya Fitria, Nikmatur Rohmah, Masruroh Masruroh, Mara Ipa
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Partner and Household Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Practice: A Systematic Review
Supriatin Supriatin, Ni Made Dwi Yunica Astriani, Mochamad Heri, Mohamad Sadli
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN.2024; 22(2): 429. CrossRef - Trends and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Indonesia: A multivariate decomposition analysis
Siti Nurokhmah, Lucinda Middleton, Judhiastuty Februhartanty, Aryono Hendarto, Veincent Christian Pepito
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(11): e0294900. CrossRef - Association between Skin-to-Skin Contact Duration after Caesarean Section and Breastfeeding Outcomes
Juan Juan, Xiaosong Zhang, Xueyin Wang, Jun Liu, Yinli Cao, Ling Tan, Yan Gao, Yinping Qiu, Huixia Yang
Children.2022; 9(11): 1742. CrossRef
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