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Original Article
- Modern Contraception and Anaemia Among Reproductive-age Women in India: Results From a Household Survey
- Mihir Adhikary, Poulami Barman, Bharti Singh, Abhishek Anand
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(4):339-346. Published online June 19, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.504
- 12,661 View
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- 3 Web of Science
- 4 Crossref
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Abstract
Summary
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Supplementary Material - Objectives
Chronic anaemia is a significant health concern, particularly among women of childbearing age. Factors such as menstrual blood loss, childbirth, inadequate nutrition, closely spaced pregnancies, and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding increase the risk of anaemia. This study investigated whether current contraceptive methods are associated with anaemia in Indian women of reproductive age.
Methods
Cross-sectional data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey, conducted in 2019-2021, were used for this investigation. We included only non-pregnant and non-amenorrhoeic women in our analysis, resulting in a final analytical sample of 673 094 women aged 15-49. Bivariate cross-tabulations and multivariable logistic regression were employed to analyse the data.
Results
The prevalence of anaemia was 57%, and the adjusted regression models found no significant association between the use of any contraceptive methods and women’s haemoglobin status. Women using traditional contraceptive methods had 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 1.11) times higher odds of having anaemia. Among the modern methods, other than injectables, all other methods—such as an intrauterine device, barrier use, and sterilisation—were associated with higher odds of anaemia compared to women who used contraceptive pills.
Conclusions
This study explored the relationship between modern contraceptives and haemoglobin levels in India, revealing that injectables were associated with a notable reduction in the odds of anaemia, whereas traditional contraceptives and other modern methods exhibited positive associations with anaemia. These findings prompt policymakers to focus on anaemia reduction and safe contraceptives. More research is needed to inform decisions, given the scant literature. -
SummaryKey Message
This study investigated the association between contraceptive methods and anaemia in Indian women of reproductive age using data from the 2019-2021 National Family Health Survey. Results indicated that traditional contraceptives and several modern methods, except injectables, were associated with higher odds of anaemia. These findings suggest the need for policymakers to focus on anaemia reduction and the promotion of safer contraceptive options.Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Spatial Heterogeneity and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Anaemia Among Indian Women
Deepak Kumar, Abhishek Kumar, Suraj Maiti, Hemkhothang Lhungdim, Shamreen Naaz
Anemia.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - The effect of early marriage and witnessing parental violence in childhood on Anemia status of Women in India: some insights from NFHS 5
Tanusree Mishra
SN Social Sciences.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Spatial patterns and determinants of anaemia among women of reproductive age in Assam in Northeast India based on the National Family Health Survey 2019–2021
Princi Gogoi, Manash Jyoti Nath
Discover Public Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Hormonal contraceptive use and anaemia: a nation-wide pharmacoepidemiological study from Northern Europe
Sofie Ekroos, Elena Toffol, Oskari Heikinheimo, Jari Haukka, Mikko Arvas
European Journal of Epidemiology.2025; 40(8): 925. CrossRef
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