Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

The Role of Time Preferences in Compliance With COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors in Iran: A Quasi-hyperbolic Discounting Approach: Moslem Soofi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Shahin Soltani, Zahra Alipoor, Behzad Karamimatin; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(3):326-335. Published online February 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.453

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the role of time preferences in compliance with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preventive behaviors in an adult population of Iran.
Methods
A web-based questionnaire was utilized to conduct a cross-sectional survey of 672 Iranian adults. The parameters of time preferences were estimated using a quasi-hyperbolic discounting model, and the relationship between COVID-19 preventive behaviors and time preferences was examined using a probit regression model.
Results
A significant association was observed between the preventive behaviors of COVID-19 and the levels of patience and present-biased preferences among the study participants. Individuals who exhibited low levels of patience were found to be 12.8 percentage points less inclined to follow preventive behaviors compared to those with high levels of patience. The likelihood of having good preventive behaviors of COVID-19 was found to decrease by 14.3 percentage points among individuals with a present bias as opposed to those with a bias toward future.
Conclusions
Patience and present-biased preferences are important determinants of adopting preventive behaviors against COVID-19. These behavioral characteristics should be considered in the design of control and prevention programs. Considering people’s discounting behavior and time (in)consistency in their preferences in the design of COVID-19 policy interventions can provide valuable insights for developing tailored public health policy interventions.; Summary

Key Message
This study explored how time preferences—patience and present bias—affect compliance with COVID-19 preventive behaviors among Iranian adults. Using a web-based survey and quasi-hyperbolic discounting model, it found that those with low patience or present-biased preferences were less likely to follow preventive measures than those with high patience or future-oriented preferences. The findings highlight the need to consider time preferences in designing effective public health interventions to improve adherence to preventive measures.

Association of Sedentary Lifestyle With Skeletal Muscle Strength and Mass in US Adolescents: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2014): Kun-Hee Oh, Jin-Young Min, Kang Seo, Kyoung-Bok Min; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(3):278-288. Published online January 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.614

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Excessive sedentary behavior in youth is a major global issue, contributing to the rise in childhood obesity and metabolic diseases. International public health authorities have issued guidelines recommending that children and adolescents limit their daily sedentary time, including screen time. However, to date, no studies have explored the relationship between sedentary behavior as an exposure factor and skeletal muscle strength and mass as outcomes in this population. The present study investigated the association of sedentary behavior with handgrip strength (HGS) and appendicular lean mass (ALM) among United States adolescents.
Methods
A total of 1449 adolescent participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2014) were included. Information on sedentary behavior, specifically daily sedentary time, was obtained through a self-reported questionnaire. Muscular parameters, including HGS and ALM, were measured. To adjust for differences in body size, these parameters were divided by body mass index (BMI) and weight. Linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between daily sedentary time and each muscular parameter, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, annual family income, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA).
Results
The linear regression analyses revealed negative associations between daily sedentary time and all muscular parameters, apart from absolute ALM. These included HGS (β, -0.265; standard error [SE], 0.074; p=0.001), HGS/BMI (β, -0.021; SE, 0.004; p<0.001), HGS/weight (β, -0.008; SE, 0.002; p<0.001), ALM/BMI (β, -0.008; SE, 0.003; p=0.010), and ALM/weight (β, -0.003; SE, 0.001; p=0.005).
Conclusions
After adjusting for MVPA, daily sedentary time was inversely associated with HGS, HGS/BMI, HGS/weight, ALM/BMI, and ALM/weight in United States adolescents.

Summary

Korean summary
소아청소년기의 과도한 좌식 습관은 소아 비만 등의 건강문제를 초래하여 전세계적인 공중보건학적 이슈가 되었고, 이에 따라 다수의 공중보건 관련 가이드라인에서 소아청소년의 일일 좌식 시간을 제한할 것을 권고하고 있다. 미국 국민건강영양조사(NHANES) 자료를 이용하여 15-19세 청소년을 대상으로 일일 좌식 시간과 각 근육 관련 변수(악력, 상대적 악력, 사지골격근량, 상대적 사지골격근량)의 상관관계를 선형 회귀분석을 통해 분석하였으며, 나이, 성별, 인종, 연간 가구 소득, 중-고강도 신체활동을 공변량으로 보정하였다. 미국 청소년에서 중-고강도 신체활동을 보정한 뒤에도, 일일 좌식 시간과 악력, 악력/BMI, 악력/체중, 사지골격근량/BMI, 사지골격근량/체중은 각각 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다.

Key Message
Since excessive sedentary behavior in youth is a global issue, contributing to the childhood obesity, international public health authorities issued guidelines recommending that adolescents limit their daily sedentary time. For eligible study population of U.S. adolescents aged 15-19 year-old of NHANES, linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between daily sedentary time and each muscular parameter (HGS, relative HGS, ALM, and relative ALM), adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, annual family income, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). After adjusting for MVPA, daily sedentary time was inversely associated with HGS, HGS/BMI, HGS/weight, ALM/BMI, and ALM/weight in U.S. adolescents.

Citations

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Teenagers with Obesity at the Gym: Recommendations for Physical Activity, Diet, and Supplementation—A Narrative Review
Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska, Małgorzata Wójcik, Paulina Mazur-Kurach, Dorota Drożdż, Anna Brzęk
Nutrients.2025; 17(11): 1798. CrossRef

Multi-group Causal Model of Mental Health Literacy and Helping Behavior Toward People at Risk of Depression Among Thai and Vietnamese Health Science Students: Anchalee Jansem, Ungsinun Intarakamhang, Charin Suwanwong, Krittipat Chuenphitthayavut, Sudarat Tuntivivat, Khuong Le, Le Thi Mai Lien, Pitchada Prasittichok; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(3):241-249. Published online January 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.449

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
Depression affects 23.3% of Thai and 15.2% of Vietnamese health science students, rates that exceed the global average of 4.4%. This study compared the causal models of mental health literacy and helping behavior toward individuals at risk of depression between these 2 groups.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2023 to October 2023 and included 422 students from Thailand and Vietnam, who were studying medicine, nursing, psychology, and physical therapy. Stratified random sampling was used to select 211 students from each country. Data collection was performed using a Likert scale, which showed total-item correlations ranging from 0.24 to 0.83 and Cronbach’s alpha values between 0.74 and 0.86. The data were analyzed using a structural equation model.
Results
The causal models were consistent with the empirical data. The helping behavior of students toward peers at risk of depression was significantly influenced by their mental health literacy (effect size [ES], 0.91). This influence was also mediated indirectly by self-efficacy (ES, 0.18), positive attitudes (ES, 0.29), and social support (ES, 0.77). Collectively, these factors accounted for 83% of the variance in helping behavior. Social support had a more pronounced effect on mental health literacy among Vietnamese students than among their Thai counterparts (ES, 0.46 vs. 0.27, p<0.05). Conversely, positive attitudes had a stronger influence among Thai students than among Vietnamese students (ES, 0.17 vs. 0.01, p<0.05).
Conclusions
The causal models of helping behavior among Thai and Vietnamese health science students exhibited no significant differences. However, improving mental health literacy is crucial, as it significantly impacts helping behavior.; Summary

Key Message
This study compared causal models of mental health literacy (MHL) and helping behavior toward people at risk of depression between Thai and Vietnamese health science students. Findings indicated that MHL significantly impacted helping behavior (effect size [ES], 0.91), mediated indirectly by self-efficacy (ES, 0.18), positive attitudes (ES, 0.29), and social support (ES, 0.77), with no significant differences in the overall causal models between groups. However, variations in effects were noted, such as social support having a more pronounced effect on MHL among Vietnamese students than their Thai counterparts (ES, 0.46 vs. 0.27), while positive attitudes had a stronger influence among Thai students (ES, 0.17) than Vietnamese (ES, 0.01).

Associations of Sex and Household Area With Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior During Total and Partial COVID-19 Lockdowns in Chile: A Study in Adults Aged 18-44 Years: Jairo Vanegas-López, Rodrigo Guzmán-Venegas, Gabriel Marzuca-Nassr, Claudio Muñoz-Poblete, Gonzalo Quiroz-Sandoval, Juan Silva-Urra, Andres Orellana-Uribe, Sebastián Dubó, Ignacio Sepúlveda, José Luis Márquez; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(2):177-187. Published online December 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.461

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic led to various intensities of lockdowns, affecting lifestyles globally. This study investigates the impact of partial lockdown versus total lockdown on adult physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior.
Methods
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from April 2020 to October 2020, with 493 participants included in the analysis.
Results
The analysis revealed no significant differences in total PA or total sitting time between partial lockdown and total lockdown scenarios. However, moderate physical activity (MPA) significantly decreased during total lockdowns, with more pronounced reductions among females than males. Notably, a positive correlation was found between household area and MPA, suggesting that larger living spaces may encourage more PA. A negative correlation was observed between sitting time and MPA during both types of lockdown.
Conclusions
Total lockdown conditions were associated with a significant decrease in MPA, highlighting sex disparities in PA responses. Living space size emerged as a crucial factor in maintaining PA levels during restricted conditions. This study emphasizes the need to consider environmental and demographic factors in public health strategies during prolonged periods of restricted movement.; Summary

Key Message
This study assessed the impact of partial and total COVID-19 lockdowns on physical activity and sedentary behavior in Chilean adults aged 18–44 years. Although total physical activity and sitting time did not significantly differ between lockdown types, moderate physical activity was significantly lower during total lockdowns, particularly among females. A positive association between household area and moderate activity suggests that public health strategies should consider gender and living conditions to mitigate the negative effects of prolonged restricted movement.

Church Leaders’ Health Behaviors and Program Implementation in the Faith, Activity, and Nutrition Program in the United States: Kelsey R. Day, Sara Wilcox, Lindsay Decker, John Bernhart, Meghan Baruth, Andrew T. Kaczynski, Christine A. Pellegrini; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(2):146-155. Published online November 13, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.384

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
Church leaders are important to the success of faith-based health promotion interventions through the role modeling of health behaviors. However, clergy may be at a higher risk of chronic disease than their congregants and their health is understudied. This study examined church leaders’ health-related behaviors, differences in health behaviors by socio-demographic characteristics, and associations between health behaviors and church-level implementation of an ecological intervention.
Methods
Pastors (n=93) and church coordinators (n=92) reported body mass index (BMI), self-rated health, fruit and vegetable consumption (F&V), and physical activity (PA) at baseline and 12 months post-training in the intervention. Church coordinators reported program implementation for their church. Socio-demographic differences and associations between changes in health behaviors and program implementation were tested with regression models. Changes in health-related variables were examined using paired t-tests and McNemar’s test.
Results
Pastors (40.9% women, 41.9% Black/African American) had a mean BMI of 30.0 kg/m²; 23.7% met F&V guidelines and 45.2% met PA guidelines. Black/African American pastors were less likely to meet F&V guidelines and had lower self-rated health than their counterparts. Pastor PA improved over time, but pastor health behaviors were not associated with program implementation. Church coordinators’ (94.6% women, 39.1% Black/African American) mean BMI was 27.8 kg/m²; 27.2% met F&V guidelines and 62.0% met PA guidelines. Black/African American church coordinators had higher BMIs and lower self-rated health than their counterparts. Church coordinator F&V intake improved over time; self-rated health was positively associated with PA program implementation.
Conclusions
This study underscores the need for preventive interventions for church leaders.; Summary

Key Message
This study explored the health behaviors of church leaders, including differences by socio-demographics and changes in church leader health behaviors during the 12-month implementation of a faith-based physical activity and dietary intervention. Most Pastors did not meet fruit and vegetable (F&V) or physical activity (PA) guidelines. Pastor PA improved over time but was unrelated to program implementation. Most church coordinators did not meet F&V guidelines while over half met PA guidelines. Coordinators’ F&V intake improved, over time, and their self-rated health correlated with program implementation. This study underscores the need for preventive interventions for church leaders.

The Development of an Assessment Instrument for Behavior Toward Hypoglycemia Risk Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outpatients in Jakarta, Indonesia: Putu Rika Veryanti, Rani Sauriasari, Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika, Berna Elya, Muhammad Ikhsan Mokoagow; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(1):31-43. Published online November 13, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.313

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument for assessing patients’ behavior toward the risk of hypoglycemia through self-assessment. Insufficient education and supervision of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) outpatients by healthcare providers is a significant concern, affecting their behavior during the treatment process. Additionally, inappropriate behavior typically increases the risk of hypoglycemia. To mitigate this risk, several studies have recommended evaluating patients’ behavior, necessitating the development of a new instrument.
Methods
The study procedures were conducted in 3 stages: instrument development (face and content validity, stage I), construct validity and reliability test (stage II), and criterion validity (stage III). Stage I involved 5 healthcare practitioners, including internal medicine doctors, nurses, dietitians, and pharmacists in hospitals and community health centers. Stage II included 20 respondents using a 1-shot test method. Stage III involved 237 type 2 DM outpatients at Central General Hospital (RSUP) in Jakarta, employing a cross-sectional design and consecutive sampling.
Results
The results indicated that the developed instrument was valid and reliable, comprising 9 domains (29 questions). These domains included behavior toward blood glucose monitoring, diet, physical activity, medication, assistance from healthcare providers, hypoglycemia management, self-care, family support, and insulin use. Furthermore, poor behavior was found to increase the risk of hypoglycemia by 2.36 times.
Conclusions
Based on these results, the developed instrument could be effectively used to evaluate behavior toward hypoglycemia among type 2 DM outpatients, confirming its validity and reliability.; Summary

Key Message
The development of an assessment instrument for behavior toward hypoglycemia risk among type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients in Jakarta, Indonesia have been carried out. The instrument contains 9 domains, included behavior toward blood glucose monitoring, diet, physical activity, medication, assistance from healthcare providers, hypoglycemia management, self-care, family support, and insulin use. Poor behavior was found to increase the risk of hypoglycemia by 2.36 times. The instrument developed is valid and reliable.

The Influence of Family Adversities on Longitudinal Changes in Physical Inactivity Among Korean Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Tae Kyoung Lee, Jing Zhu, Young Mi Kim, Ze-Kai Jiang, Meilin Zhang, Won Ha Choi, Tae-Young Pak, Hana Song; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(5):443-450. Published online August 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.236

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
Lack of physical activity has a critical effect on the physical and mental health of adolescents. This study examined the influence of family adversities on the longitudinal changes in physical inactivity among adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods
The study used multi-wave data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, including 2590 Korean adolescents aged 12-14 years. The longitudinal trajectory of physical inactivity among adolescents and the effects of related factors were estimated using a latent growth modeling method.
Results
Our results revealed a significant increase in physical inactivity among adolescents over time. At the onset of the pandemic, approximately one-seventh of Korean middle schoolers reported a lack of physical activity. However, 3 years later, during the quarantine, nearly one-fifth of these adolescents reported a significant increase in their physical inactivity. Initially, low level parental education was predictive of adolescents’ physical inactivity, but this effect diminished over time, becoming statistically insignificant by the end of the 3-year period. Moreover, the increase in physical inactivity over the 3 years was significantly influenced by parental rejection.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that adolescents who experience parental rejection are more likely to report an increase in sedentary behaviors in contexts such as the COVID-19 pandemic.; Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 팬데믹 기간 동안 청소년의 신체 활동 변화와 신체 활동 부족에 대한 부정적 가정 환경의 영향을 조사했다. 한국 청소년 2,590명을 대상으로 한 3년간의 종단 패널 데이터를 잠재 성장 모형으로 분석하여 신체 활동 부족의 변화를 추적하였다. 그 결과, 팬데믹 기간 동안 청소년들의 신체 활동 부족이 현저히 증가했으며, 부모의 거부가 이러한 증가에 유의한 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다.

Key Message
This study examined the impact of family adversities on the longitudinal changes in physical inactivity among 2,590 Korean adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the 3-year period, physical inactivity increased significantly, with parental rejection playing a key role in this rise. While low parental education initially predicted higher levels of inactivity, its influence diminished over time.

Predictors and Prevalence of Alcohol and Cannabis Co-use Among Filipino Adolescents: Evidence From a School-based Student Health Survey: Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III, Jerico B. Ogaya, Victor C. Cañezo Jr., Roland A. Niez, Florante E. Delos Santos, Melchor M. Magramo, Ann Rosanie Yap-Tan, Francis Ann R. Sy, Omar Kasimieh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(3):288-297. Published online May 9, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.052

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
This study explored the prevalence and predictors of alcohol and cannabis co-use among 9263 Filipino adolescents, using data from the 2019 Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS).
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional secondary analysis of the GSHS, targeting adolescents aged 13-17 years and excluding cases with incomplete data on alcohol and cannabis use. Our analysis employed the bivariate chi-square test of independence and multivariable logistic regression using Stata version 18 to identify significant predictors of co-use, with a p-value threshold set at 0.05.
Results
The weighted prevalence of co-users was 4.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4 to 5.3). Significant predictors included male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.50; 95% CI, 3.31 to 6.10; p<0.001) and being in a lower academic year, specifically grade 7 (aOR, 4.08; 95% CI, 2.39 to 6.99; p<0.001) and grade 8 (aOR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.30 to 3.72; p=0.003). Poor sleep quality was also a significant predictor (aOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.29 to 2.44; p<0.001), as was a history of attempted suicide (aOR, 5.31; 95% CI, 4.00 to 7.06; p<0.001). Physical inactivity was associated with lower odds of co-use (aOR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.62; p<0.001). Additionally, non-attendance of physical education classes (aOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.05; p=0.021), infrequent unapproved parental checks (aOR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.80; p=0.024), and lower parental awareness of free-time activities (aOR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.87; p=0.005) were associated with higher odds of co-use. Factors not significantly linked to co-use included age group, being in grade 9, always feeling lonely, having no close friends, being bullied outside school, and whether a parent or guardian understood the adolescent’s worries.
Conclusions
The findings highlight the critical need for comprehensive interventions in the Philippines, addressing not only physical inactivity and parental monitoring but also focusing on sex, academic grade, participation in physical education classes, sleep quality, and suicide attempt history, to effectively reduce alcohol and cannabis co-use among adolescents.

Summary

Key Message
This cross-sectional study examines the prevalence and key predictors of alcohol and cannabis co-use among 9263 Filipino adolescents using data from the 2019 Global School-based Student Health Survey. Significant predictors of co-use include male sex, lower academic grade, poor sleep quality, history of attempted suicide, physical inactivity, non-attendance in physical education classes, infrequent parental checks, and low parental awareness of adolescents' activities, with a weighted co-use prevalence of 4.2%. The study underscores the need for comprehensive interventions addressing these factors to reduce substance co-use among Filipino adolescents.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Comparing self-rated health among exclusive e-cigarette users and traditional cigarette smokers: an analysis of the Health Survey for England 2019
Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Duaa Abdullah Bafail
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2025; 20(2): 441. CrossRef
Self-rated health differences between exclusive e-cigarette users and exclusive cigarette smokers: evidence from the 2017–2019 Scottish Health Survey
Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno, Isaac Olushola Ogunkola
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2025; 20(3): 771. CrossRef
Prevalence, drug education, and other associated factors of current illicit drug use among a nationally representative sample of school-aged adolescents in the Philippines in 2019
Supa Pengpid, Karl Peltzer, Lyndon Esconde Santos, Earl Francis Infante Mallari
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence Rates, Perceptions of Risk, and Motivations for Nonmedical Cannabis Use in Pediatric Pain
Joe Kossowsky, Christine Greco, Bridget A. Nestor, Camila Koike, Nicole Tacugue, Andreas M. Baumer, Elissa R. Weitzman
JAMA Network Open.2025; 8(5): e2512870. CrossRef
Prevalence, demographic, socio-economic, and lifestyle factors associated with cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use: evidence from the 2017–2021 Scottish Health Survey
Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Duaa Abdullah Bafail, Oluwatobi Ebenezer Oni
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2024; 19(8): 2151. CrossRef

Using the Health Belief Model to Predict Tuberculosis Preventive Behaviors Among Tuberculosis Patients’ Household Contacts During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Border Areas of Northern Thailand: Nantawan Khamai, Katekaew Seangpraw, Parichat Ong-Artborirak; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(3):223-233. Published online May 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.453

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has exacerbated the rate of tuberculosis (TB) infection among close contacts of TB patients in remote regions. However, research on preventive behaviors, guided by the Health Belief Model (HBM), among household contacts of TB cases is scarce. This study aimed to employ the HBM as a framework to predict TB preventive behaviors among household contacts of TB patients in the border areas of Northern Thailand.
Methods
A cross-sectional study with multi-stage random sampling was conducted in Chiang Rai Province. The study included 422 TB patients’ household contacts aged 18 years or older who had available chest X-ray (CXR) results. A self-administered questionnaire was used to conduct the survey.
Results
The participants’ mean age was 42.93 years. Pearson correlation analysis showed that TB preventive behavior scores were significantly correlated with TB knowledge (r=0.397), perceived susceptibility (r=0.565), perceived severity (r=0.452), perceived benefits (r=0.581), self-efficacy (r=0.526), and cues to action (r=0.179). Binary logistic regression revealed that the modeled odds of having an abnormal CXR decreased by 30.0% for each 1-point score increase in preventive behavior (odds ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.61 to 0.79).
Conclusions
HBM constructs were able to explain preventive behaviors among TB patients’ household contacts. The HBM could be used in health promotion programs to improve TB preventive behaviors and avoid negative outcomes.; Summary

Key Message
- Tuberculosis knowledge and the Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs are associated with preventive behaviors that affect CXR results among pulmonary TB patients’ household contacts. - The HBM could be used in health promotion programs to improve TB preventive behaviors and avoid negative outcomes.

Behavioral Predictors Associated With COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Korea: Minsoo Jung; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(1):28-36. Published online November 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.381

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
This study investigated the impact of socioeconomic factors and sexual orientation-related attributes on the rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and infection among men who have sex with men (MSM).
Methods
A web-based survey, supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea, was conducted among paying members of the leading online portal for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer and questioning (LGBTQ+) community in Korea. The study participants were MSM living in Korea (n=942). COVID-19 vaccination and infection were considered dependent variables, while sexual orientation-related characteristics and adherence to non-pharmacological intervention (NPI) practices served as primary independent variables. To ensure analytical precision, nested logistic regression analyses were employed. These were further refined by dividing respondents into 4 categories based on sexual orientation and disclosure (or “coming-out”) status.
Results
Among MSM, no definitive association was found between COVID-19 vaccination status and factors such as socioeconomic or sexual orientation-related attributes (with the latter including human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] status, sexual orientation, and disclosure experience). However, key determinants influencing COVID-19 infection were identified. Notably, people living with HIV (PLWH) exhibited a statistically significant predisposition towards COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, greater adherence to NPI practices among MSM corresponded to a lower likelihood of COVID-19 infection.
Conclusions
This study underscores the high susceptibility to COVID-19 among PLWH within the LGBTQ+ community relative to their healthy MSM counterparts. Consequently, it is crucial to advocate for tailored preventive strategies, including robust NPIs, to protect these at-risk groups. Such measures are essential in reducing the disparities that may emerge in a post–COVID-19 environment.

Summary

Korean summary
한국에서 남성 동성애자의 코로나-19 예방접종과 그들의 사회경제적 지위 또는 성적 지향과 관련된 요인 사이에는 명확한 연관성이 없었지만, HIV에 감염된 남성 동성애자는 코로나-19의 감염 위험이 유의미하게 높았다. 또한, 남성 동성애자의 비약물적 중재 실천율이 높을수록 그들의 코로나-19 감염 가능성은 감소하는 경향이 있었다. 이 연구는 LGBTQ+ 커뮤니티 내의 HIV 양성 동성애자와 같은 취약한 집단을 보호하고 포스트 코로나-19 환경에서 성 소수자 간의 건강 격차를 줄이기 위한 강력한 맞춤형 예방 전략의 필요성을 강조한다.

Key Message
While there were no clear associations between COVID-19 vaccination and socioeconomic or sexual orientation-related factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Korea, individuals living with HIV (PLWH) had a significantly higher risk of COVID-19 infection. Additionally, greater adherence to non-pharmacological intervention (NPI) practices was linked to a reduced likelihood of COVID-19 infection among MSM. This study emphasizes the need for tailored preventive strategies, including robust NPIs, to protect at-risk groups like PLWH within the LGBTQ+ community and reduce health disparities in a post-COVID-19 environment.

Citations

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Health of Korean sexual and gender minorities: a narrative review of quantitative studies
Heesung So, Ssirai Kim, Sun Young Lee
The Ewha Medical Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessing COVID-19 Vulnerability Among HIV-positive Men Who Have Sex With Men in Korea: The Role of Vaccination and Sexual Behaviors
Minsoo Jung
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(4): 370. CrossRef

Health Behaviors Before and After the Implementation of a Health Community Organization: Gangwon’s Health-Plus Community Program: Joon-Hyeong Kim, Nam-Jun Kim, Soo-Hyeong Kim, Woong-Sub Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(6):487-494. Published online August 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.121

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
Community organization is a resident-led movement aimed at creating fundamental social changes in the community by resolving its problems through the organized power of its residents. This study evaluated the effectiveness of health community organization (HCO), Gangwon’s Health-Plus community program, implemented from 2013 to 2019 on residents’ health behaviors.
Methods
This study had a before-and-after design using 2011-2019 Korea Community Health Survey data. To compare the 3-year periods before and after HCO implementation, the study targeted areas where the HCO had been implemented for 4 years or longer. Therefore, a total of 4512 individuals from 11 areas with HCO start years from 2013 to 2016 were included. Complex sample multi-logistic regression analysis adjusting for demographic characteristics (sex, age, residential area, income level, education level, and HCO start year) was conducted.
Results
HCO implementation was associated with decreased current smoking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57 to 0.95) and subjective stress recognition (aOR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.97). Additionally, the HCO was associated with increased walking exercise practice (aOR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.71), and attempts to control weight (aOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.64). No significant negative changes were observed in other health behavior variables.
Conclusions
The HCO seems to have contributed to improving community health indicators. In the future, a follow-up study that analyzes only the effectiveness of the HCO through structured quasi-experimental studies will be needed.

Summary

Korean summary
건강주민운동은 지역사회 건강지표 향상에 기여한 것으로 보여진다. 따라서 주민참여형 건강증진사업이 주민들의 건강을 향상하기 위해서는 주민이 주체가 되어 조직화된 힘으로 지역사회의 근본적인 변화를 만들어가는 주민운동의 관점으로 시행될 필요가 있다.

Key Message
The Health Community Organization (HCO) appears to contribute to the enhancement of community health indicators. Therefore, in order to improve the health of residents through community-based participatory health promotion programs, it is necessary to implement them from the perspective of the HCO in which residents organize themselves as a mobilized force to bring about fundamental changes in the community.

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Comparative analysis of oral health behaviour and utilisation of oral health care services in the general population and among patients with non-communicable diseases in Korea: a repeated cross-sectional survey conducted from 2008 to 2022
Jeehee Pyo, Hyeran Jeong, Noor Afif Mahmudah, Young-Kwon Park, Minsu Ock, Pracheth Raghuveer
PLOS One.2025; 20(4): e0321816. CrossRef
Prevalence and trends of cigarette smoking among adults with HIV infection compared with the general population in Korea
Boyoung Park, Yoonyoung Jang, Taehwa Kim, Yunsu Choi, Kyoung Hwan Ahn, Jung Ho Kim, Hye Seong, Jun Yong Choi, Hyo Youl Kim, Joon Young Song, Shin-Woo Kim, Hee Jung Choi, Dae Won Park, Young Kyung Yoon, Sang Il Kim
Epidemiology and Health.2024; 46: e2024097. CrossRef

Associations Between Conventional Healthy Behaviors and Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From the 2020 Community Health Survey in Korea: Rang Hee Kwon, Minsoo Jung; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(6):568-577. Published online October 14, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.351

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
Many studies have shown that social distancing, as a non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) that is one of the various measures against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is an effective preventive measure to suppress the spread of infectious diseases. This study explored the relationships between traditional health-related behaviors in Korea and social distancing practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
Data were obtained from the 2020 Community Health Survey conducted by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (n=98 149). The dependent variable was the degree of social distancing practice to cope with the COVID-19 epidemic. Independent variables included health-risk behaviors and health-promoting behaviors. The moderators were vaccination and unmet medical needs. Predictors affecting the practice of social distancing were identified through hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results
Smokers (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.924) and frequent drinkers (aOR, 0.933) were more likely not to practice social distancing. A greater degree of physical activity was associated with a higher likelihood of practicing social distancing (aOR, 1.029). People who were vaccinated against influenza were more likely to practice social distancing than those who were not (aOR, 1.150). However, people with unmet medical needs were less likely to practice social distancing than those who did not experience unmet medical needs (aOR, 0.757).
Conclusions
Social distancing practices were related to traditional health behaviors such as smoking, drinking, and physical activity. Their patterns showed a clustering effect of health inequality. Therefore, when establishing a strategy to strengthen social distancing, a strategy to protect the vulnerable should be considered concomitantly.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 코로나-19 판데믹 기간 동안 한국사회에서 전통적인 건강 행태와 의료이용 행태가 사회적 거리두기 실천과 어떻게 연관되는지 탐구하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 흡연과 음주 같은 건강위험 행태는 사회적 거리두기의 실천 가능성을 낮추었고 운동과 같은 건강증진 행태는 사회적 거리두기의 실천 가능성을 높였다. 아울러 인플루엔자 백신 접종을 받은 집단은 미접종 집단에 비하여 사회적 거리두기의 실천 가능성이 높았다. 따라서 사회적 거리두기와 같은 방역정책을 수립할 때 인구집단의 건강행태 특성을 고려할 필요가 있다.

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Physical Distancing for Gay Men from People Living with HIV During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Minsoo Jung
Journal of Homosexuality.2025; 72(2): 194. CrossRef
Unveiling the dynamics of HIV transmission among young homosexual and bisexual men in Korea
Minsoo Jung
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Behavioral Predictors Associated With COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Korea
Minsoo Jung
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(1): 28. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Adherence to Social Distancing among Adults Aged 19–44 Years: Insights from a Nationwide Survey during COVID-19 Pandemic
Eun Jung Kim, Mikyong Byun
Medicina.2024; 60(5): 827. CrossRef
Assessing COVID-19 Vulnerability Among HIV-positive Men Who Have Sex With Men in Korea: The Role of Vaccination and Sexual Behaviors
Minsoo Jung
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(4): 370. CrossRef
Change in prevalence of smoking during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic among middle-aged and older adults in Canada: a cohort study of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Jayati Khattar, Urun Erbas Oz, Vanessa De Rubeis, Margaret de Groh, Ying Jiang, Lauren Griffith, Laura N Anderson
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Characteristics of imported and domestic malaria cases in Gyeonggi Province, Korea
Sunghee Hong, Jihye Kim, Soo-Nam Jo, Jong-Hun Kim, Boyoung Park, Bo Youl choi
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Non-rigorous versus rigorous home confinement differently impacts mental health, quality of life and behaviors. Which one was better? A cross-sectional study with older Brazilian adults during covid-19 first wave
Lucimere Bohn, Pedro Pugliesi Abdalla, Euripedes Barsanulfo Gonçalves Gomide, Leonardo Santos Lopes da Silva, André Pereira dos Santos
Archives of Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Association Between Sleep Quality and Anxiety in Korean Adolescents: Hyunkyu Kim, Seung Hoon Kim, Sung-In Jang, Eun-Cheol Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(2):173-181. Published online February 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.498

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310 Download
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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
Anxiety disorder is among the most prevalent mental illnesses among adolescents. Early detection and proper treatment are important for preventing sequelae such as suicide and substance use disorder. Studies have suggested that sleep duration is associated with anxiety disorder in adolescents. In the present study, we investigated the association between sleep quality and anxiety in a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire was used to evaluate anxiety. The chi-square test was used to investigate and compare the general characteristics of the study population, and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between sleep quality and anxiety.
Results
In both sexes, anxiety was highly prevalent in participants with poor sleep quality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43 to 1.71 in boys; aOR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.42 in girls). Regardless of sleep duration, participants with poor sleep quality showed a high aOR for anxiety.
Conclusions
This study identified a consistent relationship between sleep quality and anxiety in Korean adolescents regardless of sleep duration.

Summary

Korean summary
청소년건강행태조사를 이용하여 청소년들의 수면의 질과 불안과의 연관성을 분석하였다. 좋지 않은 수면의 질은 불안감과 연관성이 있었으며 이 연관성은 대상자들의 수면시간과 상관없이 나타났다.

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Spatio-temporal Distribution of Suicide Risk in Iran: A Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis of Repeated Cross-sectional Data: Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari, Kamyar Mansori, Hajar Nazari Kangavari, Ahmad Shojaei, Shahram Arsang-Jang; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(2):164-172. Published online February 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.385

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
We aimed to estimate the space-time distribution of the risk of suicide mortality in Iran from 2006 to 2016.
Methods
In this repeated cross-sectional study, the age-standardized risk of suicide mortality from 2006 to 2016 was determined. To estimate the cumulative and temporal risk, the Besag, York, and Mollié and Bernardinelli models were used.
Results
The relative risk of suicide mortality was greater than 1 in 43.0% of Iran’s provinces (posterior probability >0.8; range, 0.46 to 3.93). The spatio-temporal model indicated a high risk of suicide in 36.7% of Iran’s provinces. In addition, significant upward temporal trends in suicide risk were observed in the provinces of Tehran, Fars, Kermanshah, and Gilan. A significantly decreasing pattern of risk was observed for men (β, -0.013; 95% credible interval [CrI], -0.010 to -0.007), and a stable pattern of risk was observed for women (β, -0.001; 95% CrI, -0.010 to 0.007). A decreasing pattern of suicide risk was observed for those aged 15-29 years (β, -0.006; 95% CrI, -0.010 to -0.0001) and 30-49 years (β, -0.001; 95% CrI, -0.018 to -0.002). The risk was stable for those aged >50 years.
Conclusions
The highest risk of suicide mortality was observed in Iran’s northwestern provinces and among Kurdish women. Although a low risk of suicide mortality was observed in the provinces of Tehran, Fars, and Gilan, the risk in these provinces is increasing rapidly compared to other regions.

Summary

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The effect of COVID-19 on completed suicide rate in Iran: an Interrupted Time Series study (ITS)
Azadeh Nouhi Siahroudi, Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari, Mahshid Namdari, Mohammad Hossein Panahi, Seyed Amirhosein Mahdavi, Ali Khademi
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Masoud Ghadipasha, Ramin Talaie, Zohreh Mahmoodi, Salah Eddin Karimi, Mehdi Forouzesh, Masoud Morsalpour, Seyed Amirhosein Mahdavi, Seyed Shahram Mousavi, Shayesteh Ashrafiesfahani, Roya Kordrostami, Nahid Dadashzadehasl
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Protection Motivation Theory and Rabies Protective Behaviors Among School Students in Chonburi Province, Thailand: Mayurin Laorujisawat, Aimutcha Wattanaburanon, Pajaree Abdullakasim, Nipa Maharachpong; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(6):431-440. Published online November 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.457

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183 Download
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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The aim of this study was to predict rabies protective behaviors (RPB) based on protection motivation theory (PMT) among fourth-grade students at schools in Chonburi Province, Thailand.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2020 to February 2021. A multistage sampling technique was used for sample selection. The questionnaire was divided into socio-demographic data and questions related to PMT and RPB. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using the EpiData program and inferential statistics, and the results were tested using the partial least squares model with a significance level of less than 5%.
Results
In total, 287 subjects were included, of whom 62.4% were girls and 40.4% reported that YouTube was their favorite media platform. Most participants had good perceived vulnerability, response efficacy, and self efficacy levels related to rabies (43.9, 68.6, and 73.2%, respectively). However, 54.5% had only fair perceived severity levels related to rabies. Significant positive correlations were found between RPB and the PMT constructs related to rabies (β, 0.298; p<0.001), and the school variable (S4) was also a predictor of RPB (β, -0.228; p<0.001). Among the PMT constructs, self efficacy was the strongest predictor of RPB (β, 0.741; p<0.001).
Conclusions
PMT is a useful framework for predicting RPB. Future RPB or prevention/protection intervention studies based on PMT should focus on improving self efficacy and response efficacy, with a particular focus on teaching students not to intervene with fighting animals. The most influential PMT constructs can be used for designing tools and implementing and evaluating future educational interventions to prevent rabies in children.

Summary

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Bhargavi Alajangi, Naisargika Jena, Abhisek Mishra, Swayam Pragyan Parida, Arvind K Singh, Subhashree Das
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