Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Article

The Role of Hydrometeorological Factors in Leptospirosis Transmission in Central Java, Indonesia: Yoerdy Agusmal Saputra, Ladyka Viola Aulia Armawan, Mona Lisa, Disa Hijratul Muharramah, Laura Dwi Pratiwi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(6):553-562. Published online June 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.114

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Objectives
This study investigates the relationship between hydrometeorological factors and leptospirosis cases in Central Java to elucidate disease spread patterns.
Methods
An ecological study design was utilized, incorporating spatial elements by integrating geographic information systems (GIS) with statistical techniques. The analysis included data on temperature, humidity, rainfall, solar radiation, flooding, and monthly leptospirosis cases recorded from 2018 to 2022. Data sources comprised the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency, and the Central Java Provincial Water Resources Management Center. The study employed correlation tests, multiple linear regression, and spatial data visualization.
Results
Correlation analysis indicated that monthly leptospirosis cases were significantly and positively correlated with minimum temperature (r=0.423; p=0.001), humidity (r=0.589; p<0.001), and rainfall (r=0.413; p=0.001). In contrast, maximum temperature (r=-0.355; p=0.005) and solar radiation (r=-0.431; p=0.001) showed significant negative correlations. Subsequent multiple linear regression showed that higher monthly leptospirosis was associated with higher humidity.
Conclusions
The findings offer essential insights for developing a comprehensive, science-based leptospirosis management strategy. A recommended approach is to establish a spatial monitoring system aimed at identifying high-risk areas, especially those with increased humidity and frequent flooding.

Summary

Key Message
This ecological GIS-based study analyzed monthly leptospirosis cases and hydrometeorological variables (2018–2022) across Central Java to identify the hydrometeorological role in leptospirosis transmission. Correlation and multiple linear regression found humidity as the only statistically significant predictor—each 1% increase associated with 0.07 additional monthly cases—while minimum temperature and rainfall showed positive correlations and maximum temperature and solar radiation showed negative correlations. Spatial overlays highlighted higher burdens in humid, flood-prone districts and support using spatial monitoring and hydrometeorology-informed early warning systems.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Rainfall and Human Leptospirosis Incidence: A Systematic Review of Ecological Temporal Studies
Mira Kiliana Ataupah, Ansgaria Febriantika Asa, Angelina Apriarni Siagian, Roderikus Kucik Ganis, Febriani Putri, Ishak Israel Muda, Susana Claudia Cristina Yongsi, Maria Yosi Noviyani, Stella Sritamar Amabi, Lusi Natalia M.Y. Rumbino, Ahmad Watsiq Maula
F1000Research.2026; 15: 1040. CrossRef

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