Table 1.Employment status according to socio-economic position at baseline survey
|
Men
|
Women
|
|
n1
|
Employed |
Job loss |
Retired |
n |
Employed |
Job loss |
Retired |
Total |
3318 |
69.9 (0.8) |
8.2 (0.5) |
21.9 (0.7) |
2097 |
58.5 (1.1) |
10.9 (0.7) |
30.6 (1.0) |
Age (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
45 - 54 |
1140 |
90.0 (1.0) |
6.6 (0.8) |
3.3 (0.6) |
941 |
70.4 (1.6) |
14.3 (1.2) |
15.2 (1.2) |
55 - 64 |
1005 |
68.2 (1.5) |
10.9 (1.0) |
21.0 (1.4) |
582 |
55.3 (2.2) |
9.0 (1.3) |
35.8 (2.1) |
≥65 |
1173 |
34.5 (1.5) |
6.4 (0.7) |
59.1 (1.5) |
574 |
35.1 (2.1) |
5.9 (1.0) |
59.0 (2.2) |
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
With a living partner |
3075 |
71.7 (0.9) |
7.1 (0.5) |
21.2 (0.7) |
1497 |
63.7 (1.3) |
10.1 (0.8) |
26.2 (1.2) |
Without a living partner |
243 |
47.5 (3.6) |
21.8 (3.0) |
30.7 (3.1) |
600 |
43.8 (2.2) |
13.3 (1.5) |
42.9 (2.1) |
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No formal education |
222 |
45.9 (3.7) |
7.3 (2.2) |
46.9 (3.6) |
487 |
42.3 (2.4) |
8.6 (1.4) |
49.1 (2.4) |
Elementary/middle school |
1256 |
65.9 (1.4) |
10.2 (1.0) |
23.9 (1.2) |
968 |
61.0 (1.7) |
9.7 (1.0) |
29.3 (1.5) |
More than high school |
1840 |
74.5 (1.1) |
7.0 (0.6) |
18.5 (0.9) |
642 |
64.6 (2.0) |
14.1 (1.5) |
21.3 (1.7) |
Health insurance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Public health insurance |
3157 |
71.8 (0.8) |
7.4 (0.5) |
20.8 (0.7) |
1957 |
59.9 (1.2) |
10.7 (0.8) |
29.4 (1.1) |
Medicare |
161 |
32.0 (4.1) |
23.8 (3.9) |
44.2 (4.3) |
140 |
36.8 (4.4) |
14.0 (3.3) |
49.2 (4.5) |
Equivalent household income |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1T |
985 |
50.6 (1.8) |
12.6 (1.2) |
36.8 (1.6) |
672 |
45.8 (2.1) |
11.4 (1.3) |
42.8 (2.0) |
2T |
1070 |
69.8 (1.5) |
9.1 (1.0) |
21.1 (1.3) |
729 |
61.0 (1.9) |
11.2 (1.3) |
27.9 (1.7) |
3T |
1263 |
82.3 (1.1) |
4.6 (0.6) |
13.1 (0.9) |
696 |
66.7 (1.9) |
10.3 (1.2) |
23.0 (1.6) |
No. of chronic diseases |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
1971 |
79.0 (0.9) |
7.1 (0.6) |
13.9 (0.8) |
1132 |
67.2 (1.5) |
12.7 (1.1) |
20.1 (1.2) |
1 |
887 |
60.1 (1.8) |
8.4 (1.0) |
31.5 (1.6) |
604 |
52.0 (2.1) |
9.7 (1.3) |
38.3 (2.1) |
2+ |
460 |
44.2 (2.7) |
12.8 (1.8) |
43.0 (2.6) |
361 |
38.8 (2.8) |
6.7 (1.6) |
54.4 (2.8) |
Self-rated health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Good |
2649 |
77.1 (0.8) |
7.1 (0.5) |
15.8 (0.7) |
1384 |
65.5 (1.3) |
11.9 (0.9) |
22.7 (1.2) |
Poor |
669 |
37.7 (2.1) |
13.1 (1.5) |
49.2 (2.1) |
713 |
43.6 (2.0) |
8.9 (1.2) |
47.6 (2.0) |
Depression2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
2569 |
74.7 (0.9) |
7.0 (0.6) |
18.3 (0.8) |
1338 |
65.6 (1.4) |
9.2 (0.9) |
25.3 (1.2) |
Yes |
749 |
51.5 (2.0) |
12.7 (1.4) |
35.8 (1.9) |
759 |
45.1 (1.9) |
14.2 (1.4) |
40.7 (1.9) |
Traffic accident injury |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
2935 |
70.1 (0.9) |
7.9 (0.6) |
22.0 (0.8) |
1882 |
59.0 (1.2) |
11.0 (0.8) |
30.0 (1.1) |
Yes |
383 |
69.1 (2.5) |
10.0 (1.7) |
20.8 (2.1) |
215 |
53.2 (3.6) |
10.2 (2.3) |
36.5 (3.4) |
IADL disability |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
2846 |
72.4 (0.9) |
8.2 (0.6) |
19.4 (0.7) |
1931 |
59.8 (1.2) |
11.5 (0.8) |
28.7 (1.1) |
Yes |
472 |
54.5 (2.5) |
7.6 (1.4) |
37.9 (2.4) |
166 |
38.7 (4.0) |
2.2 (1.2) |
59.1 (4.1) |
Employment contract |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Self-employed |
2305 |
100 (0.0) |
|
|
1548 |
100 (0.0) |
|
|
Nonstandard employed |
256 |
100 (0.0) |
|
|
239 |
100 (0.0) |
|
|
Standard employed |
756 |
100 (0.0) |
|
|
310 |
100 (0.0) |
|
|
Table 2.Employment status of baseline employed subjects according to health problems within a follow-up
|
Men
|
Women
|
|
Baseline employed |
2-year follow-up
|
Baseline employed |
2-year follow-up
|
|
Employed |
Job loss |
Retired |
Employed |
Job loss |
Retired |
Total (n) |
2116 |
1912 (90.4) |
90 (4.3) |
114 (5.4) |
1184 |
963 (81.3) |
101 (8.5) |
120 (10.1) |
Health problems at baseline |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comorbidity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
1463 |
1347 (92.1) |
56 (3.8) |
60 (4.1) |
750 |
635 (84.7) |
54 (7.2) |
61 (8.1) |
1 |
475 |
419 (88.2) |
25 (5.3) |
31 (6.5) |
305 |
235 (77.1) |
33 (10.8) |
37 (12.1) |
2+ |
178 |
146 (82.0) |
9 (5.1) |
23 (12.9) |
129 |
93 (72.1) |
14 (10.9) |
22 (17.1) |
Self-rated poor health |
225 |
187 (83.1) |
11 (4.9) |
27 (12.0) |
293 |
229 (78.2) |
26 (8.9) |
38 (13.0) |
Depression |
354 |
308 (87.0) |
17 (4.8) |
29 (8.2) |
331 |
259 (78.3) |
32 (9.7) |
40 (12.1) |
Traffic accident injury |
242 |
218 (90.1) |
10 (4.1) |
14 (5.8) |
108 |
84 (77.8) |
14 (13.0) |
10 (9.3) |
IADL disability |
218 |
194 (89.0) |
9 (4.1) |
15 (6.9) |
59 |
48 (81.4) |
6 (10.2) |
5 (8.5) |
Health problems during f/u interval |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comorbidity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
1334 |
1242 (93.1) |
47 (3.5) |
45 (3.4) |
674 |
580 (86.1) |
45 (6.7) |
49 (7.3) |
1 |
539 |
475 (88.1) |
29 (5.4) |
35 (6.5) |
334 |
259 (77.5) |
38 (11.4) |
37 (11.1) |
2+ |
243 |
195 (80.3) |
14 (5.8) |
34 (14.0) |
176 |
124 (70.5) |
18 (10.2) |
34 (19.3) |
Self-rated poor health |
397 |
311 (78.3) |
26 (6.6) |
60 (15.1) |
394 |
295 (74.9) |
38 (9.6) |
61 (15.5) |
Depression |
815 |
708 (86.9) |
46 (5.6) |
61 (7.5) |
601 |
462 (76.9) |
63 (10.5) |
76 (12.7) |
Traffic accident injury |
277 |
241 (87.0) |
17 (6.1) |
19 (6.9) |
121 |
93 (76.9) |
16 (13.2) |
12 (9.9) |
IADL disability |
328 |
272 (82.9) |
22 (6.7) |
34 (10.4) |
76 |
55 (72.4) |
7 (9.2) |
14 (18.4) |
Diagnosis of chronic disease |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
1334 |
1242 (93.1) |
47 (3.5) |
45 (3.4) |
674 |
580 (86.1) |
45 (6.7) |
49 (7.3) |
Before baseline |
653 |
565 (86.5) |
34 (5.2) |
54 (8.3) |
434 |
328 (75.6) |
47 (10.8) |
59 (13.6) |
During f/u interval |
129 |
105 (81.4) |
9 (7.0) |
15 (11.6) |
76 |
55 (72.4) |
9 (11.8) |
12 (15.8) |
Change of self-rated health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Continuously good |
1719 |
1601 (93.1) |
64 (3.7) |
54 (3.1) |
790 |
668 (84.6) |
63 (8.0) |
59 (7.5) |
From poor to good |
127 |
113 (89.0) |
4 (3.2) |
10 (7.9) |
140 |
121 (86.4) |
9 (6.4) |
10 (7.1) |
From good to poor |
172 |
124 (72.1) |
15 (8.7) |
33 (19.2) |
101 |
66 (65.4) |
12 (11.9) |
23 (22.8) |
Continuously poor |
98 |
74 (75.5) |
7 (7.1) |
17 (17.4) |
153 |
108 (70.6) |
17 (11.1) |
28 (18.3) |
Change of depression |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Continuously normal |
1301 |
1204 (92.5) |
44 (3.4) |
53 (4.1) |
583 |
501 (85.9) |
38 (6.5) |
44 (7.6) |
From depression to normal |
133 |
120 (90.2) |
3 (2.3) |
10 (7.5) |
116 |
90 (77.6) |
11 (9.5) |
15 (12.9) |
From normal to depression |
461 |
400 (86.8) |
29 (6.3) |
32 (6.9) |
270 |
203 (75.2) |
31 (11.5) |
36 (13.3) |
Continuous depression |
221 |
188 (85.1) |
14 (6.3) |
19 (8.6) |
215 |
169 (78.6) |
21 (9.8) |
25 (11.6) |
Traffic accident injury |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
1839 |
1671 (90.9) |
73 (4.0) |
95 (5.2) |
1063 |
870 (81.8) |
85 (8.0) |
108 (10.2) |
Before baseline |
242 |
218 (90.1) |
10 (4.1) |
14 (5.8) |
108 |
84 (77.8) |
14 (13.0) |
10 (9.3) |
During f/u interval |
35 |
23 (65.7) |
7 (20.0) |
5 (14.3) |
13 |
9 (69.2) |
2 (15.4) |
2 (15.4) |
IADL disability |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
1788 |
1640 (91.7) |
68 (3.8) |
80 (4.5) |
1108 |
908 (82.0) |
94 (8.5) |
106 (9.6) |
Before baseline |
218 |
194 (89.0) |
9 (4.1) |
15 (6.9) |
59 |
48 (81.4) |
6 (10.2) |
5 (8.5) |
During f/u interval |
110 |
78 (70.9) |
13 (11.8) |
19 (17.3) |
17 |
7 (41.2) |
1 (5.9) |
9 (52.9) |
Table 3.Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between health problems and employment status within a 2-year follow-up
|
Men |
Women |
Job loss |
Retired |
Job loss |
Retired |
Cross-sectional analysis (2006) |
|
|
|
|
n / N |
947 / 3318 |
254 / 3318 |
701 / 2097 |
212 / 2097 |
Diagnosis of chronic disease |
|
|
|
|
Hypertension |
1.46 (1.05, 2.04) |
1.45 (1.14, 1.85) |
0.80 (0.52, 1.24) |
1.42 (1.09, 1.84) |
Diabetes |
1.48 (0.98, 2.24) |
1.56 (1.13, 2.16) |
1.19 (0.65, 2.19) |
1.30 (0.88, 1.92) |
Cancer |
1.04 (0.31, 3.44) |
2.10 (0.99, 4.45) |
1.14 (0.39, 3.39) |
2.81 (1.40, 5.64) |
Lung disease |
2.39 (1.05, 5.46) |
1.38 (0.73, 2.63) |
0.52 (0.06, 4.51) |
1.70 (0.72, 4.00) |
Liver disease |
1.05 (0.48, 2.32) |
1.11 (0.49, 2.52) |
1.04 (0.10,11.45) |
6.60 (1.81, 24.07) |
Cardiovascular disease |
1.01 (0.42, 2.45) |
1.53 (0.91, 2.56) |
1.49 (0.59, 3.73) |
1.46 (0.86, 2.47) |
Cerebrovascular disease |
2.41 (0.96, 6.09) |
7.49 (3.69, 15.24) |
2.34 (0.69, 7.96) |
2.70 (1.09, 6.69) |
Arthritis |
1.41 (0.85, 2.34) |
1.00 (0.65, 1.54) |
0.81 (0.51,1.28) |
1.26 (0.97, 1.64) |
Comorbidity |
|
|
|
|
0 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1 |
1.29 (0.91, 1.81) |
2.00 (1.57, 2.55) |
1.01 (0.70, 1.44) |
1.69 (1.30, 2.20) |
2+ |
2.29 (1.47, 3.57) |
3.08 (2.26, 4.19) |
0.91 (0.51,1.61) |
2.60 (1.91, 3.55) |
Self-rated poor health |
2.39 (1.64, 3.50) |
4.26 (3.22, 5.65) |
1.13 (0.76, 1.69) |
1.85 (1.45, 2.36) |
Depression |
1.81 (1.28, 2.57) |
2.11 (1.61, 2.76) |
2.26 (1.62, 3.15) |
1.54 (1.21, 1.95) |
Traffic accident injury |
1.04 (0.68, 1.59) |
0.87 (0.62, 1.22) |
0.95 (0.56, 1.61) |
1.17 (0.81, 1.68) |
IADL disability |
1.17 (0.74, 1.85) |
2.26 (1.69, 3.01) |
0.27 (0.08, 0.90) |
1.59 (1.09, 2.32) |
Longitudinal analysis (2006-2008) |
|
|
|
|
n / N |
114 / 2116 |
90 / 2116 |
114/2116 |
90 / 2116 |
Health problems at baseline |
|
|
|
|
Comorbidity |
|
|
|
|
0 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1 |
1.31 (0.79, 2.16) |
1.22 (0.76, 1.95) |
1.37 (0.84, 2.22) |
1.17 (0.74, 1.86) |
2+ |
1.44 (0.68, 3.04) |
2.18 (1.26, 3.78) |
1.37 (0.70, 2.67) |
1.52 (0.85, 2.73) |
Self-rated poor health |
1.18 (0.60, 2.35) |
2.54 (1.53, 4.24) |
0.77 (0.46, 1.30) |
0.99 (0.63, 1.57) |
Depression |
1.09 (0.62, 1.93) |
1.67 (1.04, 2.70) |
1.01 (0.63, 1.63) |
1.03 (0.67, 1.60) |
Traffic accident injury |
0.92 (0.46, 1.85) |
1.05 (0.57, 1.92) |
1.61 (0.86, 2.99) |
0.86 (0.43, 1.74) |
IADL disability |
0.88 (0.42, 1.80) |
1.17 (0.65, 2.13) |
0.98 (0.39, 2.46) |
0.65 (0.25, 1.73) |
Health problems during f/u interval |
|
|
|
|
Diagnosis of chronic disease |
|
|
|
|
None |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Before baseline |
1.46 (0.91,2.34) |
1.81 (1.17, 2.78) |
1.52 (0.95, 2.42) |
1.44 (0.92, 2.24) |
During f/u interval |
2.04 (0.95, 4.39) |
3.49 (1.78, 6.87) |
2.08 (0.95, 4.54) |
2.13 (1.04, 4.37) |
Change of self-rated health |
|
|
|
|
Continuously good |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
From poor to good |
0.85 (0.30, 2.44) |
2.49 (1.18, 5.26) |
0.58 (0.27, 1.25) |
0.69 (0.33, 1.42) |
From good to poor |
2.86 (1.53, 5.34) |
6.35 (3.75, 10.74) |
1.83 (0.92, 3.66) |
3.46 (1.94, 6.17) |
Continuously poor |
2.35 (0.97, 5.68) |
6.77 (3.41,13.46) |
1.17 (0.61, 2.24) |
2.05 (1.17, 3.58) |
Change of depression |
|
|
|
|
Continuously normal |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
From depression to normal |
0.75 (0.23, 2.50) |
1.80 (0.85, 3.83) |
1.36 (0.66, 2.80) |
1.56 (0.81, 2.98) |
From normal to depression |
1.80 (1.09, 2.97) |
1.66 (1.02, 2.69) |
1.84 (1.10, 3.08) |
1.73 (1.06, 2.82) |
Continuous depression |
1.66 (0.86, 3.22) |
2.12 (1.17, 3.86) |
1.26 (0.68, 2.32) |
1.15 (0.65, 2.03) |
Traffic accident injury |
|
|
|
|
None |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Before baseline |
1.01 (0.50, 2.02) |
1.10 (0.60, 2.02) |
1.63 (0.88, 3.05) |
0.87 (0.43, 1.76) |
During f/u interval |
8.83 (3.45, 22.63) |
4.79 (1.63, 14.06) |
3.22 (0.67,15.60) |
2.26 (0.46, 11.23) |
IADL disability |
|
|
|
|
None |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Before baseline |
1.02 (0.49, 2.11) |
1.39 (0.76, 2.54) |
0.99 (0.39, 2.47) |
0.75 (0.28, 1.98) |
During f/u interval |
4.60 (2.35, 8.99) |
4.58 (2.48, 8.47) |
1.19 (0.14, 9.98) |
8.89 (3.10, 25.50) |