1Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
2Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
3Department of Pharmacy Practice, Administration, and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
4Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Species | Mercury content (ppm) | Safety |
---|---|---|
Anchovies | 0.0431 | Eco-good |
Butterfish | 0.0581 | Eco-good |
Catfish | 0.049±0.084 | Eco-good |
Crab (blue, king, and snow) | 0.060±0.112 | Eco-good |
Crawfish | 0.033±0.012 | Eco-good |
Flatfish (flounder, plaice, and sole) | 0.045±0.049 | Eco-good |
Haddock | 0.031±0.021 | Eco-good |
Herring | 0.0441 | Eco-good |
Mackerel, Atlantic | 0.0501 | Eco-good |
Mullet | 0.0461 | Eco-good |
Oysters (farmed) | 0.013±0.042 | Eco-good |
Pollock | 0.041±0.106 | Eco-good |
Salmon, wild (Alaska) | 0.014±0.041 | Eco-good |
Sardines, Pacific (US) | 0.016±0.007 | Eco-good |
Scallops | 0.0501 | Eco-good |
Squid | 0.0701 | Eco-good |
Tilapia | 0.0101 | Eco-good |
Trout, rainbow (farmed, freshwater) | 0.072±0.143 | Eco-good |
Tuna, albacore (US, Canada) | 0.353±0.126 | Eco-bad |
Atlantic cod (also known as gadus morhua, rock cod, codling, scrod cod) | 0.095±0.080 | Eco-bad |
Bigeye/yellowfin tuna (imported long- line) | 0.325±0.220 | Eco-bad |
Bluefish | 0.337±0.127 | Eco-bad |
Chilean sea bass | 0.386±0.384 | Eco-bad |
Carp | 0.1401 | Eco-bad |
Grouper | 0.465±0.293 | Eco-bad |
Halibut | 0.252±0.233 | Eco-bad |
Imported swordfish | 0.976±0.510 | Eco-bad |
King mackerel | 0.7301 | Eco-bad |
Marlin | 0.485±0.237 | Eco-bad |
Monkfish | 0.1801 | Eco-bad |
Orange roughy | 0.554±0.148 | Eco-bad |
Sablefish (Alaska, Canada) | 0.2201 | Eco-bad |
Shark (Carcarhinus limbatus) or short- fin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) | 0.988±0.631 | Eco-bad |
Snapper | 0.189±0.274 | Eco-bad |
Tilefish (golden bass, Atlantic) | 1.450±0.122 | Eco-bad |
Species | Mercury content (ppm) | Safety |
---|---|---|
Anchovies | 0.043 |
Eco-good |
Butterfish | 0.058 |
Eco-good |
Catfish | 0.049±0.084 | Eco-good |
Crab (blue, king, and snow) | 0.060±0.112 | Eco-good |
Crawfish | 0.033±0.012 | Eco-good |
Flatfish (flounder, plaice, and sole) | 0.045±0.049 | Eco-good |
Haddock | 0.031±0.021 | Eco-good |
Herring | 0.044 |
Eco-good |
Mackerel, Atlantic | 0.050 |
Eco-good |
Mullet | 0.046 |
Eco-good |
Oysters (farmed) | 0.013±0.042 | Eco-good |
Pollock | 0.041±0.106 | Eco-good |
Salmon, wild (Alaska) | 0.014±0.041 | Eco-good |
Sardines, Pacific (US) | 0.016±0.007 | Eco-good |
Scallops | 0.050 |
Eco-good |
Squid | 0.070 |
Eco-good |
Tilapia | 0.010 |
Eco-good |
Trout, rainbow (farmed, freshwater) | 0.072±0.143 | Eco-good |
Tuna, albacore (US, Canada) | 0.353±0.126 | Eco-bad |
Atlantic cod (also known as gadus morhua, rock cod, codling, scrod cod) | 0.095±0.080 | Eco-bad |
Bigeye/yellowfin tuna (imported long- line) | 0.325±0.220 | Eco-bad |
Bluefish | 0.337±0.127 | Eco-bad |
Chilean sea bass | 0.386±0.384 | Eco-bad |
Carp | 0.140 |
Eco-bad |
Grouper | 0.465±0.293 | Eco-bad |
Halibut | 0.252±0.233 | Eco-bad |
Imported swordfish | 0.976±0.510 | Eco-bad |
King mackerel | 0.730 |
Eco-bad |
Marlin | 0.485±0.237 | Eco-bad |
Monkfish | 0.180 |
Eco-bad |
Orange roughy | 0.554±0.148 | Eco-bad |
Sablefish (Alaska, Canada) | 0.220 |
Eco-bad |
Shark (Carcarhinus limbatus) or short- fin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) | 0.988±0.631 | Eco-bad |
Snapper | 0.189±0.274 | Eco-bad |
Tilefish (golden bass, Atlantic) | 1.450±0.122 | Eco-bad |
Letter | Definition |
---|---|
D | Dental problems and amalgam release of mercury |
E | Endocrine toxicity and dysfunction |
A | Affects adrenal function and hormone production (inhibiting of 21α-hydroxylase) |
D | Diabetes may be associated or caused |
L | Likely inhibits myelin synthesis in developing feti and children |
Y | Young’s syndrome (Azoospermia sinopulmonary infections) |
M | Methylation of inorganic mercury in body |
E | Environmental accumulation (soil, water, air) |
T | Toxic to GI, liver, and pancreas |
H | Hypertension due to epinephrine excess (inhibits catecholamine metabolism) |
Y | Young women should avoid some fish |
L | Long biological half-life (may be >90 days) |
M | Microorganisms (sulfate processers) synthesize from inorganic mercury |
E | Enters food chain, bio accumulates, and biomagnifies |
R | Red blood cell accumulation (competes with iron for hemoglobin binding) |
C | Crosses blood-brain barrier and produces central nervous system toxicity |
U | Uterine fetal toxicity |
R | Renal toxicity, especially to renal tubules |
I | Immune, enzyme, and genetic alterations |
A | Association with many neurodegenerative diseases |
L | Long-term toxicity on many organs and systems |
S | Special senses affected |
Values are presented as mean±SD. Maximum allowable concentration in seafood is 1 ppm according to US Food and Drug Administration. Mercury levels in commercial fish and shellfish US Food and Drug Administration and US EPA Advisory EPA-823-F-04-009 (March 2004). No SD given.
Developed by Walker EM Jr, 2008.