Implementation of Quaternary Prevention in the Korean Healthcare System: Lessons From the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreak in the Republic of Korea

Jong-Myon Bae

doi:10.3961/jpmph.15.059

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Perspective Implementation of Quaternary Prevention in the Korean Healthcare System: Lessons From the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreak in the Republic of Korea: Jong-Myon Bae; Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 2015;48(6):271-273.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.15.059
Published online: November 24, 2015

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Department of Preventive Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea

Corresponding author: Jong-Myon Bae, MD, PhD 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju 63243, Korea Tel: +82-64-755-5567, Fax: +82-64-725-2593 E-mail: jmbae@jejunu.ac.kr

• Received: October 23, 2015 • Accepted: November 24, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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ABSTRACT
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REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

Quaternary prevention should be implemented to minimize harm to patients because the ultimate goal of medicine is to prevent disease and promote health. Primary care physicians have a major responsibility in quaternary prevention, and the establishment of clinical epidemiology as a distinct field of study would create a role charged with minimizing patient harm arising from over-medicalization.
Keywords: Prevention, Delivery of health care, Health promotion, Patient safety

Medicine’s ultimate aim is to prevent disease and to promote health. The framework of primary-secondary-tertiary prevention that was proposed by Leavell and Clark [1] in the 1940s has been widely used to assign roles to healthcare workers in charge of various strategies to attain this goal (Table 1). In the healthcare service system of the Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea), public health workers are in charge of primary prevention, that is, preventing the occurrence of diseases, while primary care physicians are in charge of secondary prevention through the early detection of diseases that have occurred, and medical specialists are responsible for tertiary prevention through appropriate treatment that is designed to prevent mortality and enable the patient to return to the community.

In the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak of 2015 that drew Korean society into a state of crisis, the spread of infection occurred entirely through medical institutions [2]. Those who became infected were not only healthcare workers who treated patients definitely diagnosed with MERS, but also other patients hospitalized in the same hospitals for treatments for other diseases, their families and visitors, and outpatients. When there are in-hospital infections, as was the case, and the infection is spreading to the community, which level of prevention in the prevention framework proposed by Leavell and Clark [1] does this correspond to? If the situation cannot be understood or accepted by the existing framework, then the medical field can fall into a state of confusion. Since the MERS infection spreads via in-hospital transmission, infectious disease specialists should take on the lead role. However, other specialists must also step forward in order to prevent transmission to local communities [3]. The ultimate reason why the initial response in isolating MERS had failed was because there are limitations in the conventional prevention framework.

In 1995, Jamoulle and Roland [4] proposed the term “quaternary prevention” to overcome the limitations of the conceptual framework of prevention introduced by Leavell and Clark [1]. While the prevention framework by Leavell and Clark [1] had defined primary-secondary-tertiary prevention according to the chronological order of preclinical, clinical, and recovery phases, the prevention framework by Jamoulle and Roland [4] emphasized the need for a new dimension of prevention that is suitable for 4 domains compartmentalized according to the interactions between patients as the healthcare service consumers, and doctors as the providers (Table 1). In other words, while the consumer may feel there is a medical problem and seeks healthcare service, the provider may determine that there is no disease to be treated, which is the domain where quaternary prevention is needed. As the target of quaternary prevention is an individual visitor, quaternary prevention is different from the primordial prevention targeting the entire population.

The domain requiring quaternary prevention faces some risk for ethically unacceptable healthcare practices such as over-medicalization or over-diagnosis [4]. The over-diagnosis of screening in thyroid cancer is one example [5]. Therefore, the goal of quaternary prevention is to protect the safety of patients by preventing avoidable harm under a ‘Do No Harm’ ethical code [6]. As quaternary prevention means protecting consumers who require healthcare services from unexpected harm, safely protecting consumers from MERS who visited a medical facility for various healthcare service needs would fall under quaternary prevention. If the medical institutions in which the super-spreaders were hospitalized had understood quaternary prevention and had taken appropriate measures, no public health crisis would have emerged. In other words, a multi-faceted surveillance system should be implemented immediately to identify patients at risk of infection and to protect them from avoidable harm.

Quaternary prevention was developed mainly for practitioners of family medicine, who need to provide patient-oriented healthcare services [7]. Indeed, the concept of preventing over-medicalization and over-diagnosis in prescribing medications and conducting medical examinations represents the same task that practitioners of family medicine in Korea have been charged with. However, the ultimate barrier to implementing quaternary prevention in the medical field is the lack of personnel in charge of generating and synthesizing evidence for determining over-medicalization and over-diagnosis [8]. In other words, there is an urgent need to create a role for clinical epidemiologists to produce the knowledge necessary to solve clinical problems on the grounds of evidence-based medicine [9]. In order to identify patient safety-related issues in the medical field and produce relevant scientific evidence, clinical epidemiology needs to be recognized as an independent research area [10].

Notes

Conflict of Interest

The author has no conflicts of interest associated with the material presented in this paper.

Table 1.

Two prevention frameworks

Level of prevention	Leavell & Clark (1940s)			Jamoulle & Roland (1995)
Level of prevention	Aim to reduce	Status	Role players	The consumer feels	The supplier’s conclusion	Example
Primary	Incidence	Healthy	Public health workers	Well	No disease	Lifestyle modification
Secondary	Prevalence	Pre-clinical	Primary care physicians	Well	Disease	Cancer screening
Tertiary	Mortality	Clinical	Sub-specialists	Ill	Disease	Treatment modalities
Quaternary	Harm	-	Clinical epidemiologists	Ill	No disease	Effective empowerment

REFERENCES

1. Leavell HD, Clark EG. Preventive medicine for the doctor in his community: an epidemiologic approach. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1960. p. 20-21
2. Ki M. 2015 MERS outbreak in Korea: hospital-to-hospital transmission. Epidemiol Health 2015;37: e2015033Article PubMed PMC
3. Sohn HS. Depended only on infectious disease specialists instead of preventive medicine specialists in MERS outbreak. Korea Times; 2015 Jun. 27. [cited 2015 Aug 9]. Available from: http://www.hankookilbo.com/v/3466b8b917614333b667b28ff77303a0 (Korean)
4. Jamoulle M, Roland M. Quaternary prevention: Hong-Kong Wonca Classification Committee; 2015 [cited 2015 Aug 9]. Available from: http://www.ph3c.org/PH3C/docs/27/000103/0000261.pdf
5. Kalra S, Baruah MP, Sahay R. Quaternary prevention in thyroidology. Thyroid Res Pract 2014;11(2):43-44Article
6. Jamoulle M. First do not harm. J Midlife Health 2015;6(2):51-52Article PubMed PMC
7. Widmer D, Herzig L, Jamoulle M. Quaternary prevention: is acting always justified in family medicine? Rev Med Suisse 2014;10(430):1052-1056. (French)PubMed
8. Douketis JD. Incorporating preventive care recommendations into clinical practice: how do we bridge the gap? CMAJ 1999;160(8):1171-1172PubMed PMC
9. Bae JM, Park BJ, Ahn YO. Perspectives of clinical epidemiology in Korea. J Korean Med Assoc 2013;56(8):718-723. (Korean)Article
10. Bae JM. Strategies for facilitating translational research in public health. Korean Public Health Res 2015;41(2):47-53. (Korean)

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Contribuições técnicas e socioculturais da prevenção quaternária para a atenção primária à saúde
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Implementation of Quaternary Prevention in the Korean Healthcare System: Lessons From the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreak in the Republic of Korea

Level of prevention	Leavell & Clark (1940s)			Jamoulle & Roland (1995)
Level of prevention	Aim to reduce	Status	Role players	The consumer feels	The supplier’s conclusion	Example
Primary	Incidence	Healthy	Public health workers	Well	No disease	Lifestyle modification
Secondary	Prevalence	Pre-clinical	Primary care physicians	Well	Disease	Cancer screening
Tertiary	Mortality	Clinical	Sub-specialists	Ill	Disease	Treatment modalities
Quaternary	Harm	-	Clinical epidemiologists	Ill	No disease	Effective empowerment

Table 1. Two prevention frameworks