1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia
2Research Group for Health and Wellbeing of Women and Children, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
3Functional Medical Staff of Surgical Oncology Department, Dharmais Hospital-National Cancer Center, Jakarta, Indonesia
Copyright © 2020 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest associated with the material presented in this paper.
FUNDING
None.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: TDT, EA. Data curation: EA, JOR. Formal analysis: TDT, EA. Funding acquisition: None. Methodology: TDT, EA. Project administration: TDT. Visualitation: TDT, SK. Writing – original draft: TDT, EA. Writing – review & editing : TDT, EA, SK, JOR.
Variables |
Univariable |
Multivariable |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI)1 | p-value | |
Birth pattern (birth order and interval y) | ||||
Fourth or higher child, ≤2 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Fourth or higher child, >2 | 1.48 (0.87, 2.51) | 0.15 | 1.55 (0.91, 2.61) | 0.10 |
Second or third child, ≤2 | 1.40 (0.78, 2.51) | 0.27 | 1.30 (0.72, 2.36) | 0.38 |
Second or third child, >2 | 1.32 (0.79, 2.22) | 0.29 | 1.26 (0.75, 2.13) | 0.39 |
First birth | 1.93 (1.15, 3.25) | 0.01 | 1.77 (1.02, 3.04) | 0.04 |
Child-related factors | ||||
Sex of child | ||||
Male | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Female | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.78 | - | |
Size of child at birth | ||||
Smaller | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Larger | 0.93 (0.80, 1.07) | 0.30 | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.15 |
Average | 1.36 (1.09, 1.69) | <0.01 | 1.30 (1.04, 1.63) | <0.05 |
Parental factors | ||||
Mother’s age (y) | ||||
15-19 | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
20-24 | 0.86 (0.60, 1.23) | 0.41 | - | |
25-29 | 0.80 (0.56, 1.14) | 0.23 | - | |
30-34 | 0.73 (0.51, 1.05) | 0.09 | - | |
35-39 | 0.75 (0.52, 1.08) | 0.12 | - | |
40-44 | 0.74 (0.48, 1.15) | 0.18 | - | |
45-49 | 1.07 (0.45, 2.57) | 0.88 | - | |
Mother’s knowledge level | ||||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Medium | 1.40 (0.91, 2.16) | 0.13 | - | |
High | 1.39 (0.89, 2.18) | 0.14 | - | |
Mother’s occupation | ||||
Unskilled labor | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Not working | 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) | 0.45 | - | |
Professional | 1.04 (0.82, 1.30) | 0.76 | - | |
Husband/partner’s occupation | ||||
Agricultural | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Non-agricultural | 0.99 (0.87, 1.13) | 0.89 | - | |
Husband/partner’s educational attainment | ||||
None/incomplete primary education | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Complete primary or some secondary | 0.85 (0.65, 1.10) | 0.21 | - | |
Complete secondary or higher | 0.86 (0.66, 1.12) | 0.27 | - | |
Age difference between mother and father (y) | ||||
>7 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Mother is older than husband | 1.32 (1.07, 1.62) | <0.05 | 1.31 (1.06, 1.61) | <0.05 |
0-4 | 1.19 (0.99, 1.41) | 0.06 | 1.18 (0.98, 1.40) | 0.07 |
5-7 | 1.13 (0.92, 1.40) | 0.24 | 1.15 (0.93, 1.43) | 0.20 |
Household factors | ||||
Household wealth index | ||||
Richest | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Poorest | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 0.98 | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.39 |
Poorer | 1.04 (0.84, 1.30) | 0.69 | 0.97 (0.77, 1.22) | 0.79 |
Middle | 1.03 (0.83, 1.28) | 0.78 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.24) | 0.97 |
Richer | 1.24 (1.01, 1.52) | <0.05 | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51) | <0.05 |
Household size (n) | ||||
≥4 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
<4 | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) | 0.25 | 1.04 (0.81, 1.34) | 0.74 |
No. of living children | ||||
≥3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
1-2 | 1.26 (1.09, 1.44) | <0.01 | 1.15 (0.96, 1.37) | 0.13 |
Residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Rural | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) | 0.17 | 1.16 (0.99, 1.35) | 0.07 |
No. of antenatal care visits | ||||
≥4 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
<4 | 0.85 (0.68, 1.07) | 0.17 | 0.81 (0.64, 1.03) | 0.08 |
Access to health factors | ||||
Place of delivery | ||||
Health facility | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Non-health facility | 0.96 (0.80, 1.14) | 0.62 | - | |
Assistance during delivery | ||||
Non-health professional | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Health professional | 1.00 (0.77, 1.32) | 0.98 | - | |
Control over woman’s healthcare | ||||
Husband or others | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Joint decision | 1.07 (0.86, 1.33) | 0.57 | 1.08 (0.87, 1.35) | 0.49 |
Mother | 0.93 (0.75, 1.17) | 0.54 | 0.95 (0.76, 1.20) | 0.69 |
Characteristics | n (%) |
---|---|
Delayed breastfeeding initiation | |
Yes (delayed breastfeeding initiation) | 2291 (40.2) |
No (early breastfeeding initiation) | 3403 (59.8) |
Birth pattern (birth order and interval y) | |
First birth | 1847 (32.4) |
Second or third child, >2 | 2933 (51.5) |
Second or third child, ≤2 | 236 (4.2) |
Fourth or higher child, >2 | 588 (10.3) |
Fourth or higher child, ≤2 | 89 (1.6) |
Child-related factors | |
Sex of child | |
Female | 2780 (48.8) |
Male | 2913 (51.2) |
Size of child at birth | |
Large | 1785 (31.4) |
Average | 3286 (57.7) |
Small | 623 (10.9) |
Parental factors | |
Mother’s age (y) | |
15-19 | 223 (3.9) |
20-24 | 1129 (19.8) |
25-29 | 1537 (27.0) |
30-34 | 1477 (26.0) |
35-39 | 969 (17.0) |
40-44 | 315 (5.5) |
45-49 | 44 (0.8) |
Mother’s knowledge level | |
Low | 94 (1.7) |
Medium | 3879 (68.1) |
High | 1720 (30.2) |
Mother’s occupation | |
Not working | 3222 (56.6) |
Unskilled labor | 2026 (35.6) |
Professional | 446 (7.8) |
Husband/partner’s occupation | |
Agricultural | 2797 (49.1) |
Non-agricultural | 2897 (50.9) |
Husband/partner’s educational attainment | |
None/incomplete primary education | 363 (6.4) |
Complete primary or some secondary | 2481 (43.6) |
Complete secondary or higher | 2849 (50.0) |
Age difference between mother and father (y) | |
Mother is older than husband | 1086 (19.1) |
0-4 | 2301 (40.4) |
5-7 | 1190 (20.9) |
>7 | 1117 (19.6) |
Household factors | |
Household wealth index | |
Poorest | 1057 (18.6) |
Poorer | 1154 (20.3) |
Middle | 1154 (20.3) |
Richer | 1214 (21.3) |
Richest | 1114 (19.6) |
Household size (n) | |
<4 | 505 (8.9) |
≥4 | 5188 (91.1) |
No. of living children | |
1-2 | 4019 (70.6) |
≥3 | 1674 (29.4) |
Residence | |
Urban | 2809 (49.3) |
Rural | 2884 (50.7) |
Factors related to access to healthcare | |
Place of delivery | |
Non-health facility | 821 (14.4) |
Health facility | 4873 (85.6) |
Assistance during delivery | |
Non-health professional | 308 (5.4) |
Health professional | 5386 (94.6) |
No. of antenatal care visits | |
<4 | 380 (6.7) |
≥4 | 5313 (93.3) |
Control over woman’s healthcare | |
Husband or others | 616 (10.8) |
Joint decision | 2511 (44.3) |
Mother | 2555 (44.9) |
Variables | n | Delayed breastfeeding initiation |
χ2 | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||
Birth pattern (birth order and interval y) | 44.43 | <0.001 | |||
First birth | 1847 | 46.2 (43.3, 49.1) | 53.8 (50.9, 56.7) | ||
Second or third child, >2 | 2933 | 37.0 (34.8, 39.3) | 63.0 (60.7, 65.2) | ||
Second or third child, ≤2 | 236 | 38.3 (31.7, 45.4) | 61.7 (54.6, 68.3) | ||
Fourth or higher child, >2 | 588 | 39.7 (35.4, 44,2) | 60.3 (55.8, 64.6) | ||
Fourth or higher child, ≤2 | 89 | 30.8 (21.1, 42.5) | 69.2 (57.5, 78.9) |
Variables | Univariable |
Multivariable |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) |
p-value | |
Birth pattern (birth order and interval y) | ||||
Fourth or higher child, ≤2 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Fourth or higher child, >2 | 1.48 (0.87, 2.51) | 0.15 | 1.55 (0.91, 2.61) | 0.10 |
Second or third child, ≤2 | 1.40 (0.78, 2.51) | 0.27 | 1.30 (0.72, 2.36) | 0.38 |
Second or third child, >2 | 1.32 (0.79, 2.22) | 0.29 | 1.26 (0.75, 2.13) | 0.39 |
First birth | 1.93 (1.15, 3.25) | 0.01 | 1.77 (1.02, 3.04) | 0.04 |
Child-related factors | ||||
Sex of child | ||||
Male | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Female | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.78 | - | |
Size of child at birth | ||||
Smaller | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Larger | 0.93 (0.80, 1.07) | 0.30 | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.15 |
Average | 1.36 (1.09, 1.69) | <0.01 | 1.30 (1.04, 1.63) | <0.05 |
Parental factors | ||||
Mother’s age (y) | ||||
15-19 | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
20-24 | 0.86 (0.60, 1.23) | 0.41 | - | |
25-29 | 0.80 (0.56, 1.14) | 0.23 | - | |
30-34 | 0.73 (0.51, 1.05) | 0.09 | - | |
35-39 | 0.75 (0.52, 1.08) | 0.12 | - | |
40-44 | 0.74 (0.48, 1.15) | 0.18 | - | |
45-49 | 1.07 (0.45, 2.57) | 0.88 | - | |
Mother’s knowledge level | ||||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Medium | 1.40 (0.91, 2.16) | 0.13 | - | |
High | 1.39 (0.89, 2.18) | 0.14 | - | |
Mother’s occupation | ||||
Unskilled labor | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Not working | 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) | 0.45 | - | |
Professional | 1.04 (0.82, 1.30) | 0.76 | - | |
Husband/partner’s occupation | ||||
Agricultural | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Non-agricultural | 0.99 (0.87, 1.13) | 0.89 | - | |
Husband/partner’s educational attainment | ||||
None/incomplete primary education | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Complete primary or some secondary | 0.85 (0.65, 1.10) | 0.21 | - | |
Complete secondary or higher | 0.86 (0.66, 1.12) | 0.27 | - | |
Age difference between mother and father (y) | ||||
>7 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Mother is older than husband | 1.32 (1.07, 1.62) | <0.05 | 1.31 (1.06, 1.61) | <0.05 |
0-4 | 1.19 (0.99, 1.41) | 0.06 | 1.18 (0.98, 1.40) | 0.07 |
5-7 | 1.13 (0.92, 1.40) | 0.24 | 1.15 (0.93, 1.43) | 0.20 |
Household factors | ||||
Household wealth index | ||||
Richest | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Poorest | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 0.98 | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.39 |
Poorer | 1.04 (0.84, 1.30) | 0.69 | 0.97 (0.77, 1.22) | 0.79 |
Middle | 1.03 (0.83, 1.28) | 0.78 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.24) | 0.97 |
Richer | 1.24 (1.01, 1.52) | <0.05 | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51) | <0.05 |
Household size (n) | ||||
≥4 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
<4 | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) | 0.25 | 1.04 (0.81, 1.34) | 0.74 |
No. of living children | ||||
≥3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
1-2 | 1.26 (1.09, 1.44) | <0.01 | 1.15 (0.96, 1.37) | 0.13 |
Residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Rural | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) | 0.17 | 1.16 (0.99, 1.35) | 0.07 |
No. of antenatal care visits | ||||
≥4 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
<4 | 0.85 (0.68, 1.07) | 0.17 | 0.81 (0.64, 1.03) | 0.08 |
Access to health factors | ||||
Place of delivery | ||||
Health facility | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Non-health facility | 0.96 (0.80, 1.14) | 0.62 | - | |
Assistance during delivery | ||||
Non-health professional | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
Health professional | 1.00 (0.77, 1.32) | 0.98 | - | |
Control over woman’s healthcare | ||||
Husband or others | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Joint decision | 1.07 (0.86, 1.33) | 0.57 | 1.08 (0.87, 1.35) | 0.49 |
Mother | 0.93 (0.75, 1.17) | 0.54 | 0.95 (0.76, 1.20) | 0.69 |
Values are presented as % (95% confidence interval).
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; aOR, adjusted odds ratio. Adjusted by size of child at birth, age difference between mother and father, household index, household size, number of living children, residence, number of antenatal care visits, control over women’s healthcare.