1Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Seoul Public Health Research Institute, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2024 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest associated with the material presented in this paper.
Funding
None.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Park EJ, Lee WY. Data curation: Park EJ, Lee WY. Formal analysis: Park EJ, Lee WY. Funding acquisition: None. Methodology: Park EJ, Ji NJ, You CH, Lee WY. Project administration: Park EJ, Lee WY. Visualization: Park EJ, Lee WY. Writing – original draft: Park EJ, Lee WY. Writing – review & editing: Park EJ, Ji NJ, You CH, Lee WY.
Characteristics | n (%) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 3718 (49.0) |
Female | 3872 (51.0) |
Age (y) | |
20-44 | 1672 (22.0) |
45-54 | 1825 (24.0) |
55-64 | 1865 (24.6) |
65-74 | 1319 (17.4) |
≥75 | 909 (12.0) |
Residential area | |
Rural | 1573 (20.7) |
Urban | 6017 (79.3) |
Income class | |
Class 5 | 2121 (27.9) |
Class 4 | 1627 (21.4) |
Class 3 | 1260 (16.6) |
Class 2 | 1207 (15.9) |
Class 1 | 1375 (18.1) |
Comorbidities | |
Hypertension (yes) | 817 (10.8) |
Heart disease (yes) | 85 (1.1) |
Stroke (yes) | 50 (0.7) |
Renal disease (yes) | 17 (0.2) |
Charlson comorbidity index | |
0 | 1925 (25.4) |
1 | 2598 (34.2) |
≥2 | 3067 (40.4) |
Main source of healthcare (level of medical Institution) | |
Primary | 6681 (88.0) |
Secondary | 237 (3.1) |
Tertiary | 672 (8.8) |
No. of ambulatory care visits | |
1-3 | 6153 (81.1) |
4-6 | 665 (8.8) |
7-9 | 360 (4.7) |
10-12 | 215 (2.8) |
≥13 | 197 (2.6) |
No. of providers | |
1 (single) | 7166 (94.4) |
2 | 371 (4.9) |
≥3 | 53 (0.7) |
Drug prescription days per year (PDC)1 | |
<180 | 2182 (72.9) |
180-269 | 314 (10.5) |
270-359 | 261 (8.7) |
≥360 | 235 (7.8) |
Income class |
≥4 HbA1c measurements |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Follow-up |
|||||||||
First year |
Second year |
Third year |
|||||||
n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
Total | 1275 (100) | - | - | 1088 (100) | - | - | 1085 (100) | - | - |
Class 5 | 382 (18.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 303 (14.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 314 (14.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Class 4 | 259 (15.9) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.02) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.01) | 218 (12.9) | 0.89 (0.73, 0.99) | 0.77 (0.61, 0.97)* | 230 (13.7) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.93)* |
Class 3 | 219 (17.4) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.08) | 203 (16.1) | 1.15 (0.94, 1.39) | 0.99 (0.78, 1.26) | 186 (14.7) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.25) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.01) |
Class 2 | 182 (16.3) | 0.87 (0.72, 1.06) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.05) | 161 (13.8) | 0.98 (0.80, 1.21) | 0.78 (0.61, 1.00)* | 158 (13.5) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.91)*** |
Class 1 | 233 (16.9) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.11) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.05) | 203 (15.5) | 1.12 (0.92, 1.36) | 0.85 (0.66, 1.07) | 197 (14.4) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.00)* |
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
1 Multivariate logistic regression was adjusted for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, comorbidities (hypertension, heart disease, stroke, renal disease), regional area, and the main source of healthcare (level of medical Institution).
* p<0.05,
*** p<0.001.
Income class |
Follow-up |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First year |
Second year |
Third year |
|||||||
n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
≥1 eye measurement | 1229 (100) | - | - | 1057 (100) | - | - | 1152 (100) | - | - |
Class 5 | 445 (21.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 374 (17.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 404 (18.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Class 4 | 259 (15.9) | 0.70 (0.59, 0.83)*** | 0.77 (0.65, 0.92)** | 245 (14.5) | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96)* | 0.90 (0.75, 1.00) | 249 (14.8) | 0.76 (0.64, 0.91)** | 0.82 (0.69, 0.99)* |
Class 3 | 170 (13.5) | 0.58 (0.47, 0.70)*** | 0.65 (0.53, 0.80)*** | 159 (12.6) | 0.66 (0.54, 0.81)*** | 0.76 (0.61, 0.93)** | 178 (14.1) | 0.71 (0.58, 0.86)*** | 0.76 (0.65, 0.97)* |
Class 2 | 160 (14.3) | 0.61 (0.50, 0.75)*** | 0.75 (0.61, 0.92)** | 142 (12.2) | 0.66 (0.53, 0.81)*** | 0.77 (0.62, 0.96)* | 131 (11.2) | 0.55 (0.44, 0.68)*** | 0.60 (0.48, 0.75)* |
Class 1 | 195 (14.2) | 0.62 (0.51, 0.74)*** | 0.73 (0.60, 0.89)** | 137 (10.4) | 0.56 (0.45, 0.69)*** | 0.63 (0.50, 0.78)*** | 190 (13.8) | 0.71 (0.59, 0.86)*** | 0.81 (0.67, 0.99)* |
≥1 exploration of lipid abnormalities | 4456 (100) | - | - | 2976 (100) | - | - | 3114 (100) | - | - |
Class 5 | 1296 (61.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 887 (41.2) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 915 (42.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Class 4 | 949 (58.3) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.00) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.00)* | 644 (38.0) | 0.87 (0.76, 0.99)* | 0.85 (0.74, 0.99)* | 665 (39.6) | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.17) |
Class 3 | 758 (60.2) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 491 (38.9) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.87 (0.74, 1.02) | 526 (41.6) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.17) |
Class 2 | 656 (58.7) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.03) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | 451 (38.6) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.04) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) | 456 (39.0) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.85 (0.73, 1.00)* |
Class 1 | 797 (58.0) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.00) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.98)* | 503 (38.3) | 0.88 (0.76, 0.99)* | 0.80 (0.68, 0.94)** | 552 (40.2) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.09) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) |
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
1 The multivariate logistic regression was adjusted for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, comorbidities (hypertension, heart disease, stroke, renal disease), regional area, the main source of healthcare (level of medical institution).
2 At least 1 eye test or lipid abnormality test.
* p<0.05,
** p<0.01,
*** p<0.001.
Characteristics | n (%) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 3718 (49.0) |
Female | 3872 (51.0) |
Age (y) | |
20-44 | 1672 (22.0) |
45-54 | 1825 (24.0) |
55-64 | 1865 (24.6) |
65-74 | 1319 (17.4) |
≥75 | 909 (12.0) |
Residential area | |
Rural | 1573 (20.7) |
Urban | 6017 (79.3) |
Income class | |
Class 5 | 2121 (27.9) |
Class 4 | 1627 (21.4) |
Class 3 | 1260 (16.6) |
Class 2 | 1207 (15.9) |
Class 1 | 1375 (18.1) |
Comorbidities | |
Hypertension (yes) | 817 (10.8) |
Heart disease (yes) | 85 (1.1) |
Stroke (yes) | 50 (0.7) |
Renal disease (yes) | 17 (0.2) |
Charlson comorbidity index | |
0 | 1925 (25.4) |
1 | 2598 (34.2) |
≥2 | 3067 (40.4) |
Main source of healthcare (level of medical Institution) | |
Primary | 6681 (88.0) |
Secondary | 237 (3.1) |
Tertiary | 672 (8.8) |
No. of ambulatory care visits | |
1-3 | 6153 (81.1) |
4-6 | 665 (8.8) |
7-9 | 360 (4.7) |
10-12 | 215 (2.8) |
≥13 | 197 (2.6) |
No. of providers | |
1 (single) | 7166 (94.4) |
2 | 371 (4.9) |
≥3 | 53 (0.7) |
Drug prescription days per year (PDC) |
|
<180 | 2182 (72.9) |
180-269 | 314 (10.5) |
270-359 | 261 (8.7) |
≥360 | 235 (7.8) |
Income class | ≥4 HbA1c measurements |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Follow-up |
|||||||||
First year |
Second year |
Third year |
|||||||
n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
Total | 1275 (100) | - | - | 1088 (100) | - | - | 1085 (100) | - | - |
Class 5 | 382 (18.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 303 (14.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 314 (14.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Class 4 | 259 (15.9) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.02) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.01) | 218 (12.9) | 0.89 (0.73, 0.99) | 0.77 (0.61, 0.97) |
230 (13.7) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.93) |
Class 3 | 219 (17.4) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.08) | 203 (16.1) | 1.15 (0.94, 1.39) | 0.99 (0.78, 1.26) | 186 (14.7) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.25) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.01) |
Class 2 | 182 (16.3) | 0.87 (0.72, 1.06) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.05) | 161 (13.8) | 0.98 (0.80, 1.21) | 0.78 (0.61, 1.00) |
158 (13.5) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) |
Class 1 | 233 (16.9) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.11) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.05) | 203 (15.5) | 1.12 (0.92, 1.36) | 0.85 (0.66, 1.07) | 197 (14.4) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.00) |
Income class | Follow-up |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First year |
Second year |
Third year |
|||||||
n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
≥1 eye measurement | 1229 (100) | - | - | 1057 (100) | - | - | 1152 (100) | - | - |
Class 5 | 445 (21.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 374 (17.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 404 (18.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Class 4 | 259 (15.9) | 0.70 (0.59, 0.83) |
0.77 (0.65, 0.92) |
245 (14.5) | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) |
0.90 (0.75, 1.00) | 249 (14.8) | 0.76 (0.64, 0.91) |
0.82 (0.69, 0.99) |
Class 3 | 170 (13.5) | 0.58 (0.47, 0.70) |
0.65 (0.53, 0.80) |
159 (12.6) | 0.66 (0.54, 0.81) |
0.76 (0.61, 0.93) |
178 (14.1) | 0.71 (0.58, 0.86) |
0.76 (0.65, 0.97) |
Class 2 | 160 (14.3) | 0.61 (0.50, 0.75) |
0.75 (0.61, 0.92) |
142 (12.2) | 0.66 (0.53, 0.81) |
0.77 (0.62, 0.96) |
131 (11.2) | 0.55 (0.44, 0.68) |
0.60 (0.48, 0.75) |
Class 1 | 195 (14.2) | 0.62 (0.51, 0.74) |
0.73 (0.60, 0.89) |
137 (10.4) | 0.56 (0.45, 0.69) |
0.63 (0.50, 0.78) |
190 (13.8) | 0.71 (0.59, 0.86) |
0.81 (0.67, 0.99) |
≥1 exploration of lipid abnormalities | 4456 (100) | - | - | 2976 (100) | - | - | 3114 (100) | - | - |
Class 5 | 1296 (61.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 887 (41.2) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 915 (42.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Class 4 | 949 (58.3) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.00) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.00) |
644 (38.0) | 0.87 (0.76, 0.99) |
0.85 (0.74, 0.99) |
665 (39.6) | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.17) |
Class 3 | 758 (60.2) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 491 (38.9) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.87 (0.74, 1.02) | 526 (41.6) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.17) |
Class 2 | 656 (58.7) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.03) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | 451 (38.6) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.04) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) | 456 (39.0) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.85 (0.73, 1.00) |
Class 1 | 797 (58.0) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.00) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.98) |
503 (38.3) | 0.88 (0.76, 0.99) |
0.80 (0.68, 0.94) |
552 (40.2) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.09) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) |
PDC, proportion of days covered. Participants included only those with insulin and blood glucose-lowering agents (classification code “396”) in the prescription.
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Multivariate logistic regression was adjusted for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, comorbidities (hypertension, heart disease, stroke, renal disease), regional area, and the main source of healthcare (level of medical Institution). p<0.05, p<0.001.
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval). The multivariate logistic regression was adjusted for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, comorbidities (hypertension, heart disease, stroke, renal disease), regional area, the main source of healthcare (level of medical institution). At least 1 eye test or lipid abnormality test. p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001.