1Department of Social Sciences Education, Farhangian University, Kurdistan, Iran
2Sociology Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
3Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Policy and Promotion Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Copyright © 2025 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Data Availability
The data sets used and analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest associated with the material presented in this paper.
Funding
This work was financially supported by the supported by Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (grant No. 980207).
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Rajabi-Gilan N, Ahmadifar R. Data curation: Nadimi N, Sobhani P. Formal analysis: Rajabi-Gilan N, Irankhah A, Rostamizadeh S. Funding acquisition: Rajabi-Gilan N. Methodology: Rajabi-Gilan N, Ahmadifar R, Nadimi N. Project administration: Rajabi-Gilan N. Visualization: Irankhah A, Rostamizadeh S. Writing – original draft: Rajabi-Gilan N, Sobhani P. Writing – review & editing: Ahmadifar R, Rajabi-Gilan N, Rostamizadeh S, Nadimi N, Sobhani P, Irankhah A.
Variables | SRH | QoL | SSS | SC |
---|---|---|---|---|
SRH | - | 0.584*** | 0.317*** | 0.362*** |
QoL | - | - | 0.446*** | 0.342*** |
SSS | - | - | - | 0.179*** |
SC | - | - | - | - |
Characteristics | Category | n (%) | SRH | QoL | SSS | SC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, n=770 | Men | 407 (52.9) | 3.68±0.95 | 3.07±0.99 | 4.69±2.10 | 70.83±14.70 |
Women | 363 (47.1) | 3.52±1.00 | 3.21±0.98 | 4.88±2.28 | 70.34±15.65 | |
p-value | 0.024 | 0.048 | 0.241 | 0.659 | ||
| ||||||
Age group (y), n=762 | 16–30 | 355 (46.6) | 3.68±1.00 | 3.10±1.06 | 4.90±2.20 | 69.17±15.07 |
31–50 | 325 (42.7) | 3.57±0.94 | 3.21±0.88 | 4.66±2.12 | 73.40±13.43 | |
≥51 | 82 (10.7) | 3.37±0.97 | 3.00±1.00 | 4.62±2.29 | 67.10±18.03 | |
Total | 33.91±11.66 | |||||
p-value | 0.030 | 0.162 | 0.301 | 0.001 | ||
| ||||||
Marital status, n=770 | Single | 363 (47.1) | 3.71±0.93 | 3.10±1.00 | 4.75±2.13 | 70.39±13.77 |
Married | 380 (49.4) | 3.54±1.01 | 3.21±0.97 | 4.91±2.22 | 71.18±16.45 | |
Widow | 27 (3.5) | 2.93±0.83 | 2.67±0.73 | 3.26±1.95 | 65.22±12.94 | |
p-value | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.133 | ||
| ||||||
Education, n=769 | Under diploma | 129 (16.8) | 3.27±0.99 | 2.98±0.93 | 4.27±2.35 | 68.33±16.79 |
Diploma | 243 (31.6) | 3.47±1.02 | 3.00±1.00 | 4.42±2.07 | 68.32±16.68 | |
Academic | 397 (51.6) | 3.87±0.91 | 3.27±0.98 | 5.15±2.13 | 72.69±13.20 | |
p-value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||
| ||||||
Chronic disease, n=755 | Yes | 73 (9.7) | 2.90±0.98 | 2.99±0.95 | 4.64±2.25 | 68.15±16.67 |
No | 682 (90.3) | 3.69±0.94 | 3.16±0.99 | 4.80±2.18 | 71.04±14.70 | |
p-value | 0.001 | 0.155 | 0.569 | 0.158 | ||
| ||||||
County, n=770 | Ilam | 92 (11.9) | 3.54±1.05 | 3.19±0.99 | 5.09±2.28 | 67.70±19.02 |
Kermanshah | 472 (61.3) | 3.71±0.82 | 3.21±0.91 | 4.54±2.11 | 72.81±10.94 | |
Sanandaj | 206 (26.8) | 3.37±1.22 | 2.95±1.13 | 5.17±2.26 | 66.83±19.89 | |
p-value | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Variables | SRH | QoL | SSS | SC |
---|---|---|---|---|
SRH | - | 0.584 |
0.317 |
0.362 |
QoL | - | - | 0.446 |
0.342 |
SSS | - | - | - | 0.179 |
SC | - | - | - | - |
Variables | Categories | Model 1 (baseline model) | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age group (y) | 16–30 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
31–50 | 0.99 (0.72, 1.35) | 0.94 (0.62, 1.42) | 0.85 (0.56, 1.31) | |
≥51 | 0.94 (0.57, 1.56) | 1.04 (0.53, 2.03) | 1.03 (0.51, 2.06) | |
Gender | 1.25 (0.94, 1.69) | 1.24 (0.89, 1.73) | 1.21 (0.85, 1.73) | |
Marital status | Single | - | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Married | - | 1.55 (1.04, 2.33) | 1.42 (0.93, 2.16) | |
Widow | - | 0.39 (0.10, 1.48) | 0.48 (0.12, 1.85) | |
Education | Under diploma | - | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Diploma | - | 1.10 (0.64, 1.89) | 1.10 (0.93, 1.91) | |
Academic | - | 1.61 (0.97, 2.68) | 1.54 (0.92, 2.60) | |
SSS | - | 1.51 (1.38, 1.65) | 1.47 (1.34, 1.61) | |
Chronic disease | Yes | - | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
No | - | 1.73 (0.93, 3.23) | 1.75 (0.92, 3.33) | |
Residence | Ilam | - | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Kermanshah | - | 1.27 (0.76, 2.16) | 1.18 (0.68, 2.04) | |
Sanandaj | - | 0.92 (0.51, 1.63) | 1.00 (0.55, 1.84) | |
Belonging and empathy | - | - | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | |
Trust | - | - | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) | |
Partnership | - | - | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | |
Different interest | - | - | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | |
Different style | - | - | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | |
Cons | 0.42 (0.26, 0.68) | 0.01 (0, 0.04) | 0 (0, 0.01) | |
LR-chi2 16) 11 (3 | 2.43 | 145 | 181 | |
Prob>chi2 | 0.490 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Pseudo R2 | 0.002 | 0.150 | 0.180 | |
Log likelihood | −500 | −419 | −401 | |
No. of observations | 762 | 746 | 746 |
Variables | Categories | Model 1 (baseline model) | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age group (y) | 16–30 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
31–50 | 0.65 (0.47, 0.88) | 0.67 (0.44, 1.00) | 0.59 (0.38, 0.91) | |
≥51 | 0.46 (0.28, 0.74) | 0.71 (0.37, 1.38) | 0.73 (0.37, 1.45) | |
Gender | 0.72 (0.53, 0.97) | 0.67 (0.47, 0.93) | 0.65 (0.46, 0.92) | |
Marital status | Single | - | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Married | - | 1.06 (0.71, 1.58) | 1.01 (0.67, 1.53) | |
Widow | - | 0.31 (0.11, 0.89) | 0.38 (0.13, 1.11) | |
Education | Under diploma | - | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Diploma | - | 1.32 (0.77, 0.04) | 1.40 (0.84, 2.32) | |
Academic | - | 2.11 (1.31, 2.39) | 2.00 (1.22, 3.26) | |
SSS | - | 1.32 (1.22, 2.44) | 1.27 (1.16, 1.38) | |
Chronic disease | Yes | - | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
No | - | 4.31 (2.31, 7.70) | 4.52 (2.49, 8.19) | |
Residence | Ilam | - | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Kermanshah | - | 1.95 (1.17, 3.26) | 1.70 (0.98, 2.90) | |
Sanandaj | - | 1.07 (0.62, 1.87) | 1.13 (0.63, 2.03) | |
Belonging and empathy | - | - | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | |
Trust | - | - | 1.03 (0.97, 1.11) | |
Partnership | - | - | 1.12 (1.00, 1.24) | |
Different interest | - | - | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | |
Different style | - | - | 0.97 (0.91, 1.02) | |
Cons | 3.42 (2.08, 5.60) | 0.02 (0, 0.09) | 0 (0, 0.01) | |
LR-chi2 16) 11 (3 | 17.5 | 137.5 | 173.5 | |
Prob>chi2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Pseudo R2 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.17 | |
Log likelihood | −499 | −427 | −409 | |
No. of observations | 762 | 746 | 746 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. SRH, self-rated health; QoL, quality of life; SSS, subjective socioeconomic status; SC, social capital.
SRH, self-rated health; QoL, quality of life; SSS, subjective socioeconomic status; SC, social capital.
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval). QoL, quality of life; SSS, subjective socioeconomic status; LR, likelihood-ratio test.
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval). SRH, self-rated health; SSS, subjective socioeconomic status; LR, likelihood-ratio test.