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Original Article Association Between Basic Immunization Status and Stunting in Toddlers Aged 12 to 59 Months in Indonesia
Ekadesi Purwanti1,2orcid , Siti Masitoh1,3corresp_iconorcid , Sudarto Ronoatmodjo1orcid

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.230 [Accepted]
Published online: January 30, 2025
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1Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
2Directorate of Immunization, Ministry of Health Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
3Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
Corresponding author:  Siti Masitoh,
Email: siti.masitoh1726@gmail.com
Received: 6 May 2024   • Revised: 6 January 2025   • Accepted: 13 January 2025

Objectives
Immunization has been identified as a specific nutrition-related intervention to address the direct causes of stunting. This study examines the association between basic immunization status and stunting among toddlers in Indonesia.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the 2021 Study of Indonesia’s Nutritional Status. A total of 70,267 toddlers, aged 12 to 59 months, were examined. Cox regression was employed to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
The prevalence of stunting among children aged 12 to 59 months in Indonesia was 23.1%, while 74.92% of children under 5 years old had complete basic immunization status. Multivariable analysis revealed a statistically significant association between basic immunization status and the incidence of stunting. Relative to toddlers with complete basic immunization, those with incomplete (partial) immunization were at a 1.18 times higher risk of stunting (adjusted PR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.22). Furthermore, toddlers who had not been immunized at all faced an even greater stunting risk (adjusted PR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.37). This association persisted after adjusting for variables such as maternal education, economic status, and the child’s birth weight.
Conclusions
Basic immunization status influences the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 12 to 59 months. Thus, parents must ensure that their children’s immunizations are completed according to the recommended schedule. Additionally, it is crucial to increase parental awareness regarding health service utilization, disease prevention, and the nutritional needs of toddlers.


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