Table 1.Characteristics of the study population
Variables |
Total
|
Men
|
Women
|
p-value |
Sample size |
% (SE) |
Sample size |
% (SE) |
Sample size |
% (SE) |
Age (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19-44 |
95 611 |
53.1 (0.1) |
46 068 |
55.0 (0.2) |
49 543 |
51.2 (0.2) |
<0.001 |
45-64 |
83 419 |
33.4 (0.1) |
39 988 |
33.8 (0.2) |
43 431 |
33.0 (0.2) |
|
≥65 |
51 685 |
13.5 (0.1) |
21 024 |
11.2 (0.1) |
30 661 |
15.8 (0.1) |
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Never married |
36 271 |
22.6 (0.1) |
20 892 |
27.1 (0.2) |
15 379 |
18.2 (0.2) |
<0.001 |
Married |
153 806 |
63.8 (0.1) |
75 961 |
65.4 (0.2) |
77 845 |
62.2 (0.2) |
|
Formerly married |
40 430 |
13.6 (0.1) |
10 120 |
7.5 (0.1) |
30 310 |
19.5 (0.1) |
|
Educational level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Uneducated |
28 535 |
6.6 (0.1) |
6214 |
3.1 (0.1) |
22 321 |
10.1 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
Elementary school |
37 289 |
10.3 (0.1) |
14 756 |
7.9 (0.1) |
22 533 |
12.8 (0.1) |
|
Middle school |
27 395 |
10.1 (0.1) |
13 406 |
9.6 (0.1) |
13 989 |
10.6 (0.1) |
|
High school |
80 110 |
39.9 (0.1) |
41 340 |
42.4 (0.2) |
41 340 |
37.5 (0.2) |
|
College and over |
57 179 |
33.0 (0.2) |
31 259 |
37.0 (0.2) |
31 259 |
29.1 (0.2) |
|
Monthly income (×106 KRW) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
≤1.49 |
67 486 |
20.2 (0.1) |
28 063 |
17.9 (0.2) |
39 423 |
22.5 (0.2) |
<0.001 |
1.50-2.99 |
70 129 |
32.7 (0.2) |
34 772 |
34.0 (0.2) |
36 257 |
31.5 (0.2) |
|
≥3.00 |
83 900 |
47.1 (0.2) |
40 412 |
48.1 (0.2) |
43 488 |
46.0 (0.2) |
|
Employment status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unemployed |
103 528 |
42.6 (0.1) |
26 052 |
24.7 (0.2) |
77 476 |
60.0 (0.2) |
<0.001 |
Employed |
126 094 |
57.4 (0.1) |
80 341 |
75.3 (0.2) |
45 753 |
40.0 (0.2) |
|
Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current smoking |
54 779 |
25.7 (0.1) |
50 144 |
48.1 (0.2) |
4635 |
3.7 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
Ex-smoking |
31 168 |
13.0 (0.1) |
29 135 |
24.6 (0.2) |
2033 |
1.6 (0.0) |
|
Non-smoking |
144 588 |
61.3 (0.1) |
27 675 |
27.3 (0.2) |
116 913 |
94.6 (0.1) |
|
Physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
178 892 |
79.0 (0.1) |
77 885 |
74.5 (0.2) |
101 007 |
83.5 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
Yes |
51 603 |
21.0 (0.1) |
29 093 |
25.5 (0.2) |
22 510 |
16.5 (0.1) |
|
Body weight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normal |
172 831 |
77.7 (0.1) |
77 107 |
72.4 (0.2) |
95 724 |
82.9 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
Overweight/obese |
50 698 |
22.3 (0.1) |
28 331 |
27.6 (0.2) |
22 367 |
17.1 (0.1) |
|
Self-rated health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Good |
96 580 |
46.4 (0.2) |
50 205 |
50.8 (0.2) |
46 375 |
42.1 (0.2) |
<0.001 |
Fair |
87 462 |
39.3 (0.1) |
39 585 |
37.8 (0.2) |
47 877 |
40.7 (0.2) |
|
Poor |
46 594 |
14.3 (0.1) |
17 248 |
11.3 (0.1) |
29 346 |
17.2 (0.1) |
|
Depressive symptoms1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normal |
215 257 |
93.9 (0.1) |
102 191 |
94.6 (0.1) |
113 066 |
90.3 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
High |
14 821 |
6.1 (0.1) |
4589 |
5.4 (0.1) |
10 232 |
9.7 (0.1) |
|
Alcohol use pattern |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-use |
87 263 |
30.6 (0.1) |
24 589 |
17.8 (0.1) |
62 674 |
43.2 (0.2) |
<0.001 |
Low-risk use |
97 269 |
45.3 (0.1) |
47 793 |
45.5 (0.2) |
49 476 |
45.2 (0.2) |
|
Moderate-risk use |
21 257 |
11.8 (0.1) |
13 332 |
15.5 (0.1) |
7925 |
8.2 (0.1) |
|
High-risk use |
24 863 |
12.2 (0.1) |
21 347 |
21.2 (0.2) |
3516 |
3.4 (0.1) |
|
Table 2.Association between alcohol use patterns and socio-demographic characteristics according to sex
Variables |
Men
|
Women
|
Non-use |
Low-risk |
Moderate-risk |
High-risk |
p-value |
Non-use |
Low-risk |
Moderate-risk |
High-risk |
p-value |
Age (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19-44 |
11.6 (0.2) |
45.6 (0.3) |
20.8 (0.2) |
22.0 (0.2) |
<0.001 |
29.1 (0.2) |
53.1 (0.3) |
12.9 (0.2) |
4.9 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
45-64 |
19.7 (0.2) |
45.5 (0.3) |
10.8 (0.2) |
24.0 (0.3) |
|
49.1 (0.3) |
44.0 (0.3) |
4.5 (0.1) |
2.4 (0.1) |
|
≥65 |
42.4 (0.5) |
44.8 (0.3) |
3.5 (0.2) |
9.3 (0.3) |
|
76.7 (0.3) |
22.3 (0.3) |
0.5 (0.1) |
0.5 (0.1) |
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Never married |
13.8 (0.3) |
46.3 (0.4) |
22.9 (0.4) |
17.0 (0.3) |
<0.001 |
24.7 (0.4) |
50.2 (0.5) |
18.6 (0.4) |
6.5 (0.2) |
<0.001 |
Married |
18.8 (0.2) |
45.6 (0.2) |
12.8 (0.2) |
22.8 (0.2) |
|
43.8 (0.2) |
47.4 (0.2) |
6.2 (0.1) |
2.6 (0.1) |
|
Formerly married |
24.0 (0.5) |
41.5 (0.6) |
11.8 (0.4) |
22.7 (0.5) |
|
58.6 (0.4) |
33.6 (0.4) |
4.7 (0.2) |
3.1 (0.2) |
|
Educational level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Uneducated |
37.5 (0.8) |
40.5 (0.9) |
6.3 (0.5) |
15.7 (0.7) |
<0.001 |
72.2 (0.4) |
25.4 (0.4) |
1.4 (0.1) |
1.0 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
Elementary school |
34.2 (0.5) |
42.1 (0.6) |
6.2 (0.3) |
17.5 (0.5) |
|
63.8 (0.4) |
32.2 (0.4) |
2.5 (0.1) |
1.5 (0.1) |
|
Middle school |
24.1 (0.5) |
44.4 (0.6) |
9.2 (0.3) |
22.3 (0.5) |
|
48.1 (0.5) |
42.3 (0.5) |
5.7 (0.2) |
3.9 (0.1) |
|
High school |
15.5 (0.2) |
45.6 (0.3) |
16.8 (0.2) |
22.1 (0.3) |
|
34.5 (0.3) |
49.4 (0.3) |
11.1 (0.2) |
5.0 (0.1) |
|
College and over |
13.6 (0.2) |
46.8 (0.3) |
18.4 (0.3) |
21.2 (0.3) |
|
33.5 (0.3) |
53.5 (0.4) |
10.2 (0.2) |
2.8 (0.1) |
|
Monthly income (×106 KRW) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
≤1.49 |
31.1 (0.4) |
42.5 (0.4) |
9.9 (0.3) |
16.4 (0.3) |
<0.001 |
59.6 (0.4) |
32.5 (0.3) |
5.1 (0.2) |
2.8 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
1.50-2.99 |
17.0 (0.3) |
45.1 (0.4) |
16.1 (0.3) |
21.8 (0.3) |
|
41.6 (0.3) |
45.5 (0.3) |
9.0 (0.2) |
3.9 (0.2) |
|
≥3.00 |
13.2 (0.2) |
46.7 (0.3) |
17.2 (0.2) |
22.9 (0.3) |
|
35.7 (0.3) |
51.6 (0.3) |
9.3 (0.2) |
3.4 (0.1) |
|
Employment status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unemployed |
28.1 (0.3) |
45.2 (0.4) |
14.2 (0.3) |
12.5 (0.3) |
<0.001 |
50.8 (0.2) |
41.1 (0.2) |
5.9 (0.1) |
2.2 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
Employed |
14.4 (0.1) |
45.6 (0.2) |
15.9 (0.2) |
24.1 (0.2) |
|
31.8 (0.3) |
51.3 (0.3) |
11.8 (0.2) |
5.1 (0.1) |
|
Table 3.Associations between alcohol use patterns and health-related characteristics according to sex
Variables |
Men
|
Women
|
Non-use |
Low-risk |
Moderate-risk |
High-risk |
p-value |
Non-use |
Low-risk |
Moderate-risk |
High-risk |
p-value |
Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current smoking |
11.0 (0.2) |
42.6 (0.3) |
17.7 (0.2) |
28.7 (0.3) |
<0.001 |
29.4 (0.8) |
34.5 (0.9) |
16.1 (0.7) |
20.0 (0.9) |
<0.001 |
Ex-smoking |
20.9 (0.3) |
47.1 (0.4) |
12.7 (0.3) |
19.3 (0.3) |
|
37.2 (1.3) |
39.3 (1.5) |
12.6 (1.0) |
10.9 (0.9) |
|
Non-smoking |
26.9 (0.3) |
49.3 (0.4) |
14.1 (0.3) |
9.7 (0.2) |
|
43.8 (0.2) |
45.8 (0.2) |
7.8 (0.1) |
2.6 (0.1) |
|
Physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
18.2 (0.2) |
45.5 (0.2) |
15.6 (0.2) |
20.7 (0.2) |
<0.001 |
43.9 (0.2) |
44.7 (0.2) |
8.0 (0.1) |
3.4 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
Yes |
16.6 (0.3) |
45.4 (0.4) |
15.2 (0.3) |
22.8 (0.3) |
|
39.5 (0.4) |
47.8 (0.4) |
9.1 (0.3) |
3.6 (0.2) |
|
Body weight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normal |
18.4 (0.2) |
47.4 (0.2) |
14.7 (0.2) |
19.5 (0.2) |
<0.001 |
41.3 (0.2) |
46.6 (0.2) |
8.6 (0.1) |
3.5 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
Overweight/obese |
15.8 (0.3) |
40.8 (0.4) |
17.6 (0.3) |
25.8 (0.3) |
|
49.1 (0.4) |
40.8 (0.4) |
7.0 (0.2) |
3.1 (0.2) |
|
Self-rated health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Good |
15.6 (0.2) |
47.0 (0.3) |
17.2 (0.2) |
20.2 (0.2) |
<0.001 |
38.0 (0.3) |
48.4 (0.3) |
10.1 (0.2) |
3.5 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
Fair |
14.9 (0.2) |
46.2 (0.3) |
15.5 (0.2) |
23.4 (0.3) |
|
38.7 (0.3) |
49.0 (0.3) |
8.4 (0.2) |
3.9 (0.1) |
|
Poor |
37.6 (0.5) |
36.5 (0.5) |
7.6 (0.3) |
18.3 (0.4) |
|
66.7 (0.4) |
28.5 (0.4) |
3.0 (0.2) |
1.8 (0.1) |
|
Depressive symptoms1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normal |
17.3 (0.2) |
45.8 (0.2) |
15.7 (0.2) |
21.0 (0.2) |
<0.001 |
42.6 (0.2) |
46.0 (0.2) |
8.1 (0.1) |
3.2 (0.1) |
<0.001 |
High |
28.6 (0.8) |
38.2 (0.9) |
10.1 (0.6) |
23.1 (0.8) |
|
49.2 (0.7) |
35.7 (0.6) |
9.5 (0.4) |
5.5 (0.3) |
|
Table 4.Multinomial logistic regression results for the relationship between alcohol use patterns and socio-demographic and health-related characteristics in Korean adults
Variables |
Men
|
Women
|
Low-risk vs. non-use |
Moderate-risk vs. non-use |
High-risk vs. non-use |
Low-risk vs. non-use |
Moderate-risk vs. non-use |
High-risk vs. non-use |
Age (/≥65 y) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
19-44 |
2.08 (1.91, 2.26) |
7.99 (6.87, 9.30) |
4.76 (4.25, 5.32) |
3.53 (3.28, 3.79) |
28.9 (21.6, 38.7) |
15.6 (11.2, 21.9) |
45-64 |
1.27 (1.19, 1.36) |
3.08 (2.68, 3.55) |
2.69 (2.44, 2.96) |
2.05 (1.93, 2.17) |
8.62 (6.50, 11.4) |
4.94 (3.60, 6.77) |
Marital status (/never married) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Married |
0.96 (0.89, 1.03) |
0.69 (0.63, 0.75) |
1.15 (1.06, 1.26) |
0.84 (0.79, 0.88) |
0.39 (0.36, 0.42) |
0.47 (0.42, 0.53) |
Formerly married |
0.91 (0.82, 1.01) |
0.79 (0.70, 0.91) |
1.22 (1.08, 1.37) |
0.85 (0.79, 0.91) |
0.53 (0.48, 0.60) |
0.64 (0.54, 0.76) |
Educational level (/uneducated) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Elementary school |
1.11 (1.00, 1.23) |
1.27 (1.00, 1.61) |
1.02 (0.88, 1.18) |
1.01 (0.95, 1.09) |
0.93 (0.73, 1.19) |
0.98 (0.70, 1.37) |
Middle school |
1.23 (1.11, 1.38) |
1.44 (1.14, 1.81) |
1.13 (0.97, 1.31) |
1.19 (1.10, 1.29) |
1.36 (1.08, 1.71) |
1.75 (1.25, 2.46) |
High school |
1.44 (1.29, 1.60) |
2.04 (1.64, 2.55) |
1.26 (1.08, 1.45) |
1.30 (1.21, 1.41) |
1.59 (1.28, 1.98) |
1.56 (1.12, 2.16) |
College and over |
1.45 (1.30, 1.63) |
2.18 (1.74, 2.73) |
1.14 (0.98, 1.32) |
1.16 (1.06, 1.26) |
0.99 (0.79, 1.25) |
0.64 (0.46, 0.90) |
Monthly income (/≤1.49) (×106 KRW) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.50-2.99 |
1.23 (1.15, 1.30) |
1.43 (1.30, 1.56) |
1.27 (1.18, 1.38) |
1.21 (1.15, 1.27) |
1.31 (1.19, 1.44) |
1.34 (1.17, 1.53) |
≥3.00 |
1.58 (1.48, 1.69) |
1.90 (1.73, 2.08) |
1.74 (1.60, 1.89) |
1.47 (1.40, 1.54) |
1.50 (1.36, 1.65) |
1.53 (1.33, 1.76) |
Employment (/unemployed) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Employed |
1.32 (1.25, 1.39) |
1.30 (1.20, 1.40) |
1.89 (1.75, 2.03) |
1.44 (1.39, 1.50) |
1.97 (1.85, 2.11) |
2.47 (2.25, 2.72) |
Smoking status (/non-smoking) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current smoking |
2.28 (2.16, 2.41) |
3.60 (3.34, 3.87) |
7.16 (6.65, 7.71) |
1.57 (1.41, 1.75) |
4.00 (3.45, 4.65) |
12.8 (11.0, 14.9) |
Ex-smoking |
1.75 (1.65, 1.85) |
2.34 (2.15, 2.54) |
3.46 (3.19, 3.76) |
1.45 (1.26, 1.68) |
3.06 (2.44, 3.84) |
6.89 (5.45, 8.72) |
Physical activity (/no) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
1.02 (0.97, 1.07) |
1.01 (0.94, 1.08) |
1.15 (1.08, 1.22) |
1.15 (1.10, 1.20) |
1.32 (1.22, 1.43) |
1.26 (1.11, 1.42) |
Body weight(/normal) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Overweight/obese |
0.92 (0.87, 0.97) |
1.28 (1.20, 1.36) |
1.35 (1.27, 1.43) |
0.99 (0.94, 1.03) |
1.22 (1.12, 1.33) |
1.13 (1.00, 1.28) |
Self, rated health (/poor) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Good |
1.88 (1.76, 2.00) |
2.01 (1.80, 2.26) |
1.50 (1.37, 1.63) |
1.31 (1.24, 1.38) |
1.61 (1.41, 1.83) |
1.42 (1.19, 1.70) |
Fair |
2.10 (1.97, 2.24) |
2.33 (2.08, 2.61) |
1.84 (1.69, 1.99) |
1.61 (1.53, 1.69) |
1.89 (1.66, 2.15) |
1.89 (1.59, 2.24) |
Depressive symptoms (/normal)1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High |
0.82 (0.74, 0.91) |
0.72 (0.62, 0.84) |
1.11 (0.98, 1.25) |
1.04 (0.98, 1.11) |
1.61 (1.43, 1.82) |
1.79 (1.53, 2.09) |