Figure 1Concept of the research model.
Figure 2Recent trends in public knowledge and familiarity for mental illness.
Figure 3Recent trends in the public's beliefs and attitudes towards mental illness.
Table 1.Baseline characteristics of the study subjects
Variable |
Frequency (%) |
Knowledge1
|
Familiarity2
|
Prejudice3
|
Social distance4
|
Mean |
SE |
Mean |
SE |
Mean |
SE |
Mean |
SE |
Total |
4057 (100) |
3.103 |
0.010 |
0.425 |
0.009 |
3.137 |
0.010 |
2.626 |
0.012 |
Year |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007 |
870 (21.4) |
3.070 |
0.022 |
0.422 |
0.019 |
3.183 |
0.022 |
2.604 |
0.025 |
2008 |
1039 (25.6) |
3.081 |
0.020 |
0.373 |
0.017 |
3.121 |
0.019 |
2.610 |
0.023 |
2009 |
1102 (27.2) |
3.083 |
0.019 |
0.392 |
0.017 |
3.082 |
0.019 |
2.591 |
0.023 |
2010 |
1046 (25.8) |
3.174 |
0.020 |
0.514 |
0.019 |
3.174 |
0.020 |
2.697 |
0.026 |
Region (province) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Seoul |
854 (21.1) |
3.156 |
0.023 |
0.405 |
0.019 |
3.145 |
0.023 |
2.706 |
0.028 |
Busan |
297 (7.3) |
3.139 |
0.037 |
0.367 |
0.032 |
3.126 |
0.035 |
2.589 |
0.047 |
Daegu |
208 (5.1) |
3.066 |
0.043 |
0.413 |
0.039 |
3.114 |
0.040 |
2.746 |
0.055 |
Incheon |
212 (5.2) |
3.097 |
0.046 |
0.443 |
0.041 |
3.206 |
0.043 |
2.471 |
0.051 |
Gwangju |
129 (3.2) |
2.966 |
0.052 |
0.395 |
0.051 |
3.124 |
0.056 |
2.676 |
0.064 |
Daejeon |
129 (3.2) |
3.078 |
0.055 |
0.450 |
0.057 |
3.150 |
0.050 |
2.715 |
0.066 |
Ulsan |
106 (2.6) |
3.283 |
0.064 |
0.283 |
0.046 |
3.028 |
0.065 |
2.429 |
0.075 |
Gyeonggi-do |
875 (21.6) |
3.093 |
0.020 |
0.459 |
0.020 |
3.143 |
0.021 |
2.662 |
0.024 |
Gangwon-do |
119 (2.9) |
3.017 |
0.060 |
0.437 |
0.052 |
3.031 |
0.063 |
2.450 |
0.062 |
Chungcheongbuk-do |
121 (3) |
3.234 |
0.055 |
0.405 |
0.049 |
3.240 |
0.059 |
2.568 |
0.072 |
Chungcheongnam-do |
168 (4.1) |
3.194 |
0.050 |
0.500 |
0.048 |
3.082 |
0.049 |
2.570 |
0.064 |
Jeollabuk-do |
152 (3.8) |
2.980 |
0.052 |
0.421 |
0.047 |
3.125 |
0.047 |
2.688 |
0.060 |
Jeollanam-do |
157 (3.9) |
2.983 |
0.051 |
0.503 |
0.049 |
3.221 |
0.056 |
2.580 |
0.072 |
Gyeongsangbuk-do |
217 (5.4) |
3.020 |
0.043 |
0.318 |
0.035 |
3.161 |
0.041 |
2.552 |
0.055 |
Gyeongsangnam-do |
260 (6.4) |
3.090 |
0.039 |
0.485 |
0.040 |
3.096 |
0.038 |
2.552 |
0.049 |
Jeju-do |
53 (1.3) |
3.126 |
0.097 |
0.491 |
0.079 |
3.097 |
0.086 |
2.495 |
0.094 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
1991 (49.1) |
3.086 |
0.015 |
0.428 |
0.013 |
3.139 |
0.014 |
2.553 |
0.018 |
Female |
2066 (50.9) |
3.119 |
0.014 |
0.423 |
0.013 |
3.136 |
0.014 |
2.697 |
0.017 |
Age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<30 |
1129 (27.8) |
3.216 |
0.020 |
0.320 |
0.015 |
2.816 |
0.017 |
2.499 |
0.023 |
30 - 39 |
867 (21.4) |
3.189 |
0.022 |
0.382 |
0.019 |
3.013 |
0.020 |
2.683 |
0.026 |
40 - 49 |
921 (22.7) |
3.093 |
0.020 |
0.530 |
0.020 |
3.208 |
0.019 |
2.607 |
0.026 |
50 - 59 |
593 (14.6) |
2.973 |
0.026 |
0.497 |
0.024 |
3.417 |
0.024 |
2.713 |
0.032 |
≥60 |
547 (13.5) |
2.891 |
0.026 |
0.457 |
0.025 |
3.574 |
0.023 |
2.735 |
0.035 |
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
≤Middle school |
717 (17.7) |
2.934 |
0.024 |
0.420 |
0.022 |
3.422 |
0.023 |
2.685 |
0.030 |
High school |
1515 (37.3) |
3.106 |
0.016 |
0.405 |
0.015 |
3.151 |
0.015 |
2.590 |
0.020 |
≥College |
1825 (45.0) |
3.167 |
0.015 |
0.444 |
0.014 |
3.014 |
0.015 |
2.633 |
0.018 |
Economic status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Low |
658 (16.2) |
3.196 |
0.026 |
0.514 |
0.024 |
3.035 |
0.025 |
2.605 |
0.032 |
Middle |
2292 (56.5) |
3.117 |
0.013 |
0.396 |
0.012 |
3.111 |
0.013 |
2.630 |
0.016 |
High |
1107 (27.3) |
3.020 |
0.020 |
0.434 |
0.018 |
3.253 |
0.018 |
2.631 |
0.024 |
Table 2.Results of multi-level analysis for prejudice, social distance and social distance without prejudice variable
Variable |
Prejudice (model A)
|
Social distance (model B)
|
Social distance without prejudice variable (model C)
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Estimate |
SE |
Estimate |
SE |
Estimate |
SE |
Estimate |
SE |
Estimate |
SE |
Estimate |
SE |
Fixed parameters |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant |
3.72 |
0.061 |
3.732 |
0.194 |
2.027 |
0.111 |
1.336 |
0.276 |
3.398 |
0.085 |
2.702 |
0.289 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Female |
-0.007 |
0.017 |
-0.007 |
0.017 |
0.159*
|
0.022 |
0.157*
|
0.022 |
0.156*
|
0.023 |
0.155*
|
0.023 |
Age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 - 39 |
0.216*
|
0.025 |
0.217*
|
0.025 |
0.095*
|
0.033 |
0.097*
|
0.033 |
0.174*
|
0.033 |
0.177*
|
0.033 |
40 - 49 |
0.385*
|
0.025 |
0.386*
|
0.025 |
-0.039 |
0.033 |
-0.038 |
0.033 |
0.103*
|
0.033 |
0.105*
|
0.033 |
50 - 59 |
0.526*
|
0.028 |
0.526*
|
0.028 |
-0.025 |
0.038 |
-0.025 |
0.038 |
0.17*
|
0.038 |
0.169*
|
0.038 |
≥60 |
0.631*
|
0.03 |
0.632*
|
0.03 |
-0.04 |
0.041 |
-0.042 |
0.041 |
0.193*
|
0.041 |
0.192*
|
0.041 |
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Middle school |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High school |
-0.114*
|
0.026 |
-0.116*
|
0.026 |
0.029 |
0.034 |
0.027 |
0.034 |
-0.013 |
0.035 |
-0.016 |
0.035 |
≥University |
-0.184*
|
0.027 |
-0.187*
|
0.027 |
0.125*
|
0.036 |
0.119*
|
0.036 |
0.057 |
0.037 |
0.05 |
0.037 |
Income |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Middle |
0.04 |
0.024 |
0.04 |
0.024 |
-0.015 |
0.032 |
-0.016 |
0.032 |
0 |
0.033 |
0 |
0.033 |
High |
0.052 |
0.028 |
0.053 |
0.028 |
-0.045 |
0.036 |
-0.045 |
0.036 |
-0.026 |
0.037 |
-0.026 |
0.037 |
Knowledge (0-2) |
-0.227*
|
0.014 |
-0.227*
|
0.014 |
-0.228*
|
0.018 |
-0.228*
|
0.018 |
-0.312*
|
0.019 |
-0.312*
|
0.019 |
Familiarity (1-5) |
-0.042*
|
0.015 |
-0.042*
|
0.015 |
-0.151*
|
0.02 |
-0.15*
|
0.02 |
-0.167*
|
0.02 |
-0.166*
|
0.02 |
Prejudice (1-5) |
|
|
|
|
0.369*
|
0.02 |
0.369*
|
0.02 |
|
|
|
|
Gross regional domestic product per person |
|
|
0 |
0.002 |
|
|
0 |
0.003 |
|
|
0 |
0.003 |
Regional proportion of people who has education experience above college entrance (%) |
|
|
0 |
0.003 |
|
|
0.012*
|
0.004 |
|
|
0.012*
|
0.004 |
Regional proportion of people aged 65 and over (%) |
|
|
-0.005 |
0.005 |
|
|
0.015*
|
0.007 |
|
|
0.014 |
0.008 |
Regional proportion of welfare spending of total budget (%) |
|
|
0.002 |
0.003 |
|
|
0.003 |
0.005 |
|
|
0.004 |
0.005 |
Year |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008 |
-0.103*
|
0.035 |
-0.103*
|
0.034 |
0.051 |
0.054 |
0.046 |
0.046 |
0.012 |
0.057 |
0.009 |
0.05 |
2009 |
-0.158*
|
0.035 |
-0.157*
|
0.034 |
0.044 |
0.053 |
0.04 |
0.046 |
-0.014 |
0.057 |
-0.017 |
0.05 |
2010 |
-0.008 |
0.035 |
-0.009 |
0.034 |
0.149*
|
0.053 |
0.145*
|
0.046 |
0.147*
|
0.057 |
0.143*
|
0.05 |
Random parameters |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Individual level |
0.294 |
0.007 |
0.294 |
0.007 |
0.491 |
0.011 |
0.492 |
0.011 |
0.531 |
0.012 |
0.531 |
0.012 |
Region level |
0.004 |
0.002 |
0.003 |
0.001 |
0.011 |
0.004 |
0.006 |
0.003 |
0.014 |
0.004 |
0.008 |
0.003 |
Year level |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
-2*loglikelihood |
6578.925 |
|
6576.004 |
|
8682.097 |
|
8668.155 |
|
8998.95 |
|
8985.709 |
|
Units |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Individual |
4057 |
|
4057 |
|
4057 |
|
4057 |
|
4057 |
|
4057 |
|
Region |
64 |
|
64 |
|
64 |
|
64 |
|
64 |
|
64 |
|
Year |
4 |
|
4 |
|
4 |
|
4 |
|
4 |
|
4 |
|