Figure 1Co-existence pattern of preventable risk factors for non-communicable diseases by gender.
Table 1.Distribution of study participants’ parental characteristics and preventable lifestyle risk factors for NCDs by gender (n=414)
Parental characteristics and lifestyle risk factors |
Total |
Boys |
Girls |
p-value1
|
n (%) |
Parental characteristics |
|
|
|
|
Schooling of fathers |
|
|
|
|
13 years or more |
225 (54.3) |
136 (61.0) |
89 (46.6) |
0.003 |
0 to 12 years |
189 (45.7) |
87 (39.0) |
102 (52.9) |
|
Schooling of mothers |
|
|
|
|
13 years or more |
168 (40.6) |
91 (40.8) |
77 (40.3) |
0.92 |
0 to 12 years |
246 (59.4) |
132 (59.2) |
114 (59.7) |
|
Working status of fathers |
|
|
|
|
White-collar job |
210 (50.7) |
115 (51.6) |
95 (49.7) |
0.71 |
Blue-collar job |
204 (49.3) |
108 (48.4) |
96 (50.3) |
|
Working status of mothers |
|
|
|
|
Working |
82 (19.8) |
41 (18.4) |
41 (21.5) |
0.43 |
Housewife |
332 (80.2) |
182 (81.6) |
150 (78.5) |
|
Parents’ lack of understanding with adolescent |
|
|
|
|
No |
282 (68.1) |
152 (68.2) |
130 (68.1) |
0.98 |
Yes |
132 (31.9) |
71 (31.8) |
61 (31.9) |
|
Parents not treating their adolescent fairly |
|
|
|
|
No |
255 (61.6) |
146 (65.5) |
109 (57.1) |
0.08 |
Yes |
159 (38.4) |
77 (34.5) |
82 (42.9) |
|
Preventable lifestyle risk factors |
|
|
|
|
Unhealthy diet |
|
|
|
|
No |
80 (19.3) |
46 (20.6) |
34 (17.8) |
0.47 |
Yes |
334 (80.7) |
177 (79.4) |
157 (82.2) |
|
Physical inactivity |
|
|
|
|
No |
189 (45.7) |
136 (61.0) |
53 (27.7) |
<0.001 |
Yes |
225 (54.3) |
87 (39.0) |
138 (72.3) |
|
Passive smoking |
|
|
|
|
No |
183 (44.2) |
75 (33.6) |
108 (56.5) |
<0.001 |
Yes |
231 (55.8) |
148 (66.4) |
83 (43.5) |
|
Current smoking |
|
|
|
|
No |
355 (85.7) |
182 (81.6) |
173 (90.6) |
0.009 |
Yes |
59 (14.3) |
41 (18.4) |
18 (9.4) |
|
Betel nut use |
|
|
|
|
No |
261 (63.0) |
124 (55.6) |
137 (71.7) |
<0.001 |
Yes |
153 (37.0) |
99 (44.4) |
54 (28.3) |
|
Smokeless tobacco |
|
|
|
|
No |
313 (75.6) |
167 (74.9) |
146 (76.4) |
0.71 |
Yes |
101 (24.4) |
56 (25.1) |
45 (23.6) |
|
Table 2.Unadjusted odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals of co-existence of preventable risk factors for NCDs
Independent variables |
Preventable lifestyle risk factors1
|
One |
Two |
Three |
Four or more |
Gender |
|
|
|
|
Boys |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Girls |
0.85 (0.25, 2.85) |
1.32 (0.42, 4.15) |
0.84 (0.27, 2.66) |
0.93 (0.29, 2.98) |
Schooling of fathers |
|
|
|
|
13 years or more |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
0 to 12 years |
0.98 (0.29, 3.28) |
0.97 (0.31, 3.04) |
0.93 (0.30, 2.95) |
1.05 (0.33, 3.36) |
Schooling of mothers |
|
|
|
|
13 years or more |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
0 to 12 years |
2.16 (0.64, 7.30) |
1.76 (0.56, 5.54) |
1.51 (0.48, 4.77) |
1.79 (0.56, 5.74) |
Working status of fathers |
|
|
|
|
White-collar job |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Blue-collar job |
1.44 (0.42, 4.94) |
1.06 (0.33, 3.42) |
1.42 (0.44, 4.59) |
3.20 (0.97, 10.55) |
Working status of mothers |
|
|
|
|
Working |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Housewife |
1.34 (0.25, 6.81) |
1.34 (0.28, 6.41) |
2.16 (0.45, 10.28) |
0.69 (0.13, 3.52) |
Parents understanding the adolescent |
|
|
|
|
Yes |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
No |
0.80 (0.23, 2.99) |
0.85 (0.25, 2.93) |
1.26 (0.37, 4.34) |
1.27 (0.37, 4.47) |
Parents treating their adolescent fairly |
|
|
|
|
Yes |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
No |
1.42 (0.35, 5.80) |
1.52 (0.39, 5.81) |
1.87 (0.49, 7.16) |
4.52 (1.17, 17.46) |
Table 3.Adjusted odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals of co-existence of preventable risk factors for NCDs
Variables |
Preventable lifestyle risk factors1
|
One |
Two |
Three |
Four or more |
Working status of fathers |
|
|
|
|
White-collar job |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Blue-collar job |
1.47 (0.43, 5.07) |
1.08 (0.33, 3.48) |
1.48 (0.46, 4.81) |
3.57 (1.07, 11.92) |
Parents treating their adolescent fairly |
|
|
|
|
Yes |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
No |
1.48 (0.36, 6.10) |
1.49 (0.39, 5.74) |
1.96 (0.51, 7.56) |
5.05 (1.29, 19.78) |