1Health Economics and Financing Research, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
2Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2017 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest associated with the material presented in this paper.
Countries | Survey years1 | No. of live births2 |
LBW3 |
Extreme LBW4 |
Overall prevalence of LBW5 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average weight (g) | Prevalence | Average weight (g) | Prevalence | ||||
Armenia | 2010 | 1426 | 2214.8 | 8.4 | 1178.6 | 0.5 | 9.0 |
Cambodia | 2010 | 5929 | 2292.4 | 14.5 | 1085.0 | 0.4 | 14.2 |
Colombia | 2010 | 12 029 | 2267.8 | 12.2 | 1114.6 | 1.0 | 11.8 |
Indonesia | 2012 | 15 135 | 2288.7 | 12.2 | 1098.5 | 0.7 | 12.9 |
Jordan | 2012 | 9734 | 2202.2 | 19.6 | 1036.4 | 1.3 | 22.0 |
Nepal | 2011 | 1955 | 2294.4 | 27.1 | 1171.1 | 1.0 | 29.7 |
Pakistan | 2012-2013 | 1458 | 2147.9 | 31.4 | 1079.9 | 5.8 | 35.1 |
Tanzania | 2010 | 4325 | 2285.8 | 13.0 | 1072.7 | 0.4 | 13.9 |
Uganda | 2011 | 4078 | 2231.2 | 15.8 | 1012.3 | 0.8 | 16.9 |
Zimbabwe | 2010-2011 | 3862 | 2270.6 | 14.2 | 1039.3 | 0.8 | 14.5 |
Total | 59 932 | 2251.7 | 14.9 | 1076.9 | 1.0 | 15.9 |
LBW, low birth weight; DHS, Demography and Health Survey.
1 All data were derived from the standard DHS.
2 DHS sampling weight was adjusted.
3 LBW was defined as a birth weight between 1500 g and 2500 g.
4 Extreme LBW was defined as a birth weight <1500 g.
5 The overall prevalence of LBW was defined based on an LBW definition of birth weight <2500 g.
Factors |
Countries |
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armenia | Cambodia | Colombia | Indonesia | Jordan | Nepal | Pakistan | Tanzania | Uganda | Zimbabwe | All countries | |
Constant | 0.4 (0.1, 0.8)** | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2)*** | 0.1 (0.1, 0.4)*** | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2)*** | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4)*** | 0.4 (0.01, 4.7) | 0.02 (0.0, 1.9)* | 0.02 (0.0, 2.2)* | 0.0 (0.0, 0.3)* | 0.1 (0.0, 0.4)*** | 0.6 (0.1, 1.9)*** |
Maternal age (y) | |||||||||||
≤19 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
20-34 | 0.3 (0.1, 1.1) | 2.0 (0.5, 8.0) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.03) | 9.7 (0.2, 483.4) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.4) | 2.2 (0.2, 19.5) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) |
35-49 | 1.6 (1.1, 2.8)* | 3.7 (1.9, 5.3)** | 1.9 (1.6, 3.2)*** | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 1.4 (1.1, 2.8)*** | 1.6 (1.1, 2.5)** | 7.7 (1.2, 14.1)** | 1.4 (1.1, 3.0)** | 1.4 (1.1, 3.9)** | 1.6 (1.1, 2.2)** | 1.7 (1.2, 3.1)** |
Maternal height (cm) | |||||||||||
Short (≤ 145) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Average (146-155) | NA | 1.5 (0.9, 2.3)** | 2.3 (1.6, 3.1)*** | NA | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.3, 3.1) | 1.1 (0.5, 1.9) | 1.2 (0.9, 2.1) | 2.9 (1 , 8.2)* | 1.2 (1.0, 1.6) |
Tall (>155) | NA | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9)*** | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8)*** | NA | 0.6(0.6, 0.7)*** | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9)** | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8)*** | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7)*** | 0.8 (0.6 , 0.9)* | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8)*** |
Sex of child | |||||||||||
Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Female | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8)** | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6)** | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5)*** | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3)*** | 1.6 (1.3, 1.8)*** | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9)*** | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)*** |
Maternal education | |||||||||||
No education | 1.4 (1.1, 2.2)** | 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.9) | 2.5 (1.5, 4.4)*** | 1.6 (1.1, 2.7)** | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5)*** | 2.6 (1.1, 6.6)*** | 0.6 (0.3, 1.5) | 2.1 (1.1, 7.6)** | 0.8 (0.1, 5.5) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.7)*** |
Primary | 1.6 (0.6, 4.6) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7)** | 1.4 (1.1, 2.1)* | 1.4 (0.6, 2.2) | 2.8 (1.3, 6.1)*** | 0.6 (0.3, 0.8)* | 0.6 (0.2, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 1.6 (1.2, 1.8)* |
Secondary or higher | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Maternal occupation | |||||||||||
Not working | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Working | 1.1 (0.5, 2.2) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.8)** | 1.4 (1.1, 2.7)*** | 0.7 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.5, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.8 , 1.6) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.9) |
Marriage to first birth interval (mo) | |||||||||||
First birth | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
<24 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 1.3 (0.9, 2.1) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9)* | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.6) | 1.8 (0.8, 4.1) | 1.3 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.4) |
24-47 | 1.4 (0.6, 2.9) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.1) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.1) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.3) | 2.9 (1.2, 7.1) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.5) |
≥ 48 | 2.8 (1.6, 4.1)*** | 1.9 (1.1, 3.7)** | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9)** | 0.9 (0.7, 1.4) | 2.2 (1.4, 3.3)*** | 0.8 (0.3, 2.3) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.3) | 2.4 (1.1, 5.4)** | 2.2 (1.2, 3.5)** | 1.5 (0.6, 3.3) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.5)*** |
Parity | |||||||||||
First child | 1.5 (1.1, 2.7)** | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9)** | 1.3 (1.1, 3.2)*** | 1.7 (1.1, 2.9)*** | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.4 (1.1, 2.1)** | 1.4 (1.1, 3.1)*** | 1.4 (1.1, 2.8)*** | 1.4 (1.1, 2.9)** | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8)* | 1.5 (1.1, 2.9)*** |
2-3 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7)* | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 1.6 (0.3, 2.9) |
≥4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Took iron pills | |||||||||||
No | 1.7 (0.8, 4.3) | 2.5 (1.1, 7.5)* | NA | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5)** | 4.4 (3.2, 6.1)*** | 0.2 (0.1, 13.5) | 4.2 (1.8, 9.5)*** | 0.5 (0.1, 3.9) | 0.9 (0.3, 3.2) | NA | 3.0 (2.4, 4.1)*** |
Yes | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Maternal anemia (Hb, g/dL) | |||||||||||
Anemic (<12.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Non-anemic (≥12.0) | NA | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | NA | NA | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.3)*** | NA | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.3 (0.5, 2.9) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9 , 1.2) |
No. of ANC visits | |||||||||||
Inadequate (0 or 1) | 0.8 (0.2, 5.4) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.7) | 3.4 (2.2, 5.4)** | 2.4 (1.3, 3.4)*** | 3.6 (1.6, 8.1)*** | 1.5 (1.1, 5.9)** | 1.3 (1.1, 1.8)** | 3.6 (1.5, 8.9)*** | 3.2 (1.8, 7.1)*** | 4.9 (2.9, 8.2)*** | 1.7 (1.1, 2.8)** |
Intermediate (2 or 3) | 3.6 (0.7, 18.4) | 1.1 (0.4, 2.7) | 2.7 (1.7, 4.6)*** | 2.0 (1.2, 3.3)*** | 1.7 (1.1, 4.3)** | 1.7 (0.6, 4.8) | 2.3 (0.6, 9.8) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.1) | 2.3 (0.3, 19.1) | 3.2 (1.4, 7.2)*** | 1.5 (1.1, 2.8)** |
Adequate (4 or more) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Place of delivery | |||||||||||
Facility | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Home | NA | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | NA | 1.4 (1.1, 2.1)** | NA | 1.4 (1.2, 2.9)** | 1.2 (0.9, 2.9) | 1.5 (1.2, 3.2)* | 1.3 (1.0, 2.9)** | 2.5 (2.1, 3.5)* | 1.6 (1.3, 2.1)** |
Nutritional status | |||||||||||
Low BMI | NA | 2.9 (1.4, 6.3)*** | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0)** | NA | 2.2 (1.3, 3.9)*** | 1.9 (1.1, 4.9)** | 1.5 (1.1, 3.1)** | 1.2 (0.9, 2.6)** | 1.9 (1.2, 4.8)** | 1.2 (0.9, 1.9)** | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1)*** |
Normal BMI | NA | 1.6 (0.8, 3.1) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | NA | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)** | 1.4 (0.6, 2.9) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 2.4 (0.8, 5.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
Overweight | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Wealth status | |||||||||||
Poor (lower 40%) | 2.0 (1.1, 5.0)* | 1.6 (1.2, 3.2)** | 1.3 (1.1, 1.8)*** | 1.3 (1.1, 1.7)** | 1.7 (1.2, 2.9)** | 1.5 (1.1, 2.3)** | 3.4 (1.9, 7.5)** | 1.4 (1.1, 2.8)* | 0.7 (0.2, 2.6) | 1.3 (1.1, 2.2)** | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8)** |
Middle (middle 40%) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.3) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.3, 3.6) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |
Rich (upper 20)% | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Place of residence | |||||||||||
Urban | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Rural | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6)** | 1.5 (1.1, 2.8)** | 1.0 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5)** | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9)** | 1.3 (1.1, 2.2)** | 0.9 (0.5, 1.9) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9)** | 1.1 (0.9, 1.9)** | 0.8 (0.6, 1.3) | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9)** |
Total (n) | 1426 | 5929 | 12 029 | 15 135 | 9734 | 1955 | 1458 | 4325 | 4078 | 3862 | 59 932 |
Likelihood ratio chi-square | 31.7** | 82.5*** | 82.8*** | 22.5*** | 149.5*** | 38.3*** | 78.0*** | 29.2*** | 40.8*** | 89.3*** | 212.8*** |
Cox-Snell R2 (%) | 12.9 | 19.7 | 11.8 | 18.7 | 22.1 | 23.0 | 15.8 | 14.3 | 22.1 | 29.3 | 22.0 |
Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic | 335.6*** | 293.3** | 792.3*** | 385.7*** | 286.7*** | 163.9*** | 744.3*** | 280.3*** | 254.8*** | 836.4*** | 427.3*** |
Mean VIF (Max) | 3.2 (4.6) | 2.9 (3.7) | 2.6 (4.6) | 3.2 (3.9) | 3.6 (4.1) | 3.4 (4.3) | 3.1 (4.5) | 3.9 (4.3) | 3.9 (4.6) | 3.9 (4.9) | 2.2 (4.1) |
Countries | Survey years |
No. of live births |
LBW |
Extreme LBW |
Overall prevalence of LBW |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average weight (g) | Prevalence | Average weight (g) | Prevalence | ||||
Armenia | 2010 | 1426 | 2214.8 | 8.4 | 1178.6 | 0.5 | 9.0 |
Cambodia | 2010 | 5929 | 2292.4 | 14.5 | 1085.0 | 0.4 | 14.2 |
Colombia | 2010 | 12 029 | 2267.8 | 12.2 | 1114.6 | 1.0 | 11.8 |
Indonesia | 2012 | 15 135 | 2288.7 | 12.2 | 1098.5 | 0.7 | 12.9 |
Jordan | 2012 | 9734 | 2202.2 | 19.6 | 1036.4 | 1.3 | 22.0 |
Nepal | 2011 | 1955 | 2294.4 | 27.1 | 1171.1 | 1.0 | 29.7 |
Pakistan | 2012-2013 | 1458 | 2147.9 | 31.4 | 1079.9 | 5.8 | 35.1 |
Tanzania | 2010 | 4325 | 2285.8 | 13.0 | 1072.7 | 0.4 | 13.9 |
Uganda | 2011 | 4078 | 2231.2 | 15.8 | 1012.3 | 0.8 | 16.9 |
Zimbabwe | 2010-2011 | 3862 | 2270.6 | 14.2 | 1039.3 | 0.8 | 14.5 |
Total | 59 932 | 2251.7 | 14.9 | 1076.9 | 1.0 | 15.9 |
Background characteristics | Countries |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armenia | Cambodia | Colombia | Indonesia | Jordan | Nepal | |
Maternal age (y) | ||||||
≤ 19 | 2.2 (1.5, 3.3) | 2.6 (2.3, 3.1) | 10.5 (9.9, 11.1) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.3) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) | 7.1 (6.2, 8.0) |
20-34 | 89.0 (86.8, 91.0) | 76.5 (75.3, 77.6) | 72.4 (71.5, 73.2) | 71.4 (70.5, 72.4) | 69.5 (68.0, 71.0) | 81.3 (80.0, 82.5) |
35-49 | 8.8 (7.0, 10.9) | 20.9 (19.7, 22.1) | 17.2 (16.5, 18.0) | 25.6 (24.7, 26.6) | 28.7 (27.2, 30.2) | 11.7 (10.7, 12.7) |
Maternal height (cm) | ||||||
Short (≤ 145) | 5.3 (4.5, 6.1) | 2.8 (2.5, 3.1) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 11.1 (9.3, 13.3) | ||
Average (146-155) | NA | 59.3 (57.6, 61.1) | 37.8 (36.9, 38.6) | NA | 25.4 (24.4, 26.5) | 61.1 (57.9, 64.2) |
Tall (>155) | 35.4 (33.7, 37.1) | 59.4 (58.5, 60.3) | 73.9 (72.8, 75) | 27.8 (25.0, 30.7) | ||
Sex of child | ||||||
Male | 51.8 (49.2, 54.4) | 51.5 (50.2, 52.8) | 51.7 (50.8, 52.6) | 50.9 (50.1, 51.7) | 52.1 (51.1, 53.1) | 51.6 (49.4, 53.8) |
Female | 48.2 (45.6, 50.8) | 48.5 (47.2, 49.8) | 48.3 (47.4, 49.2) | 49.1 (48.3, 49.9) | 47.9 (46.9, 48.9) | 48.4 (46.2, 50.6) |
Maternal education | ||||||
No education | 16.6 (16.2, 16.9) | 17.0 (16.7, 17.2) | 3.0 (2.7, 3.2) | 3.2 (3.0, 3.5) | 3.0 (2.7, 3.3) | 46.5 (45.1, 47.8) |
Primary | 32.2 (32.8, 33.6) | 32.1 (31.8, 32.4) | 30.4 (29.7, 31.1) | 30.7 (30.1, 31.4) | 7.0 (6.5, 7.5) | 20.0 (18.9, 21.1) |
Secondary or higher | 50.2 (49.8, 50.7) | 50.9 (50.6, 51.2) | 66.7 (66.0, 67.4) | 66.0 (65.4, 66.7) | 90.0 (89.4, 90.5) | 33.5 (32.3, 34.8) |
Maternal occupation | ||||||
Not working | 84.9 (82.6, 87.0) | 33.5 (32.2, 34.8) | 54.4 (53.5, 55.4) | 52.3 (51.2, 53.3) | 85.7 (84.6, 86.8) | 45.1 (43.4, 46.7) |
Working | 15.1 (13.0, 17.4) | 66.5 (65.2, 67.8) | 45.6 (44.6, 46.5) | 47.8 (46.7, 48.8) | 14.3 (13.2, 15.4) | 54.9 (53.3, 56.6) |
Marriage to first birth interval (mo) | ||||||
First birth | 54.6 (51.3, 57.8) | 35.6 (34.3, 36.9) | 44.6 (43.5, 45.8) | 46.9 (45.8, 47.9) | 49.5 (47.8, 51.1) | 24.4 (23.0, 25.9) |
<24 | 32.0 (29.2, 35.0) | 35.7 (34.3, 37.0) | 24.9 (24.0, 25.9) | 31.4 (30.4, 32.4) | 31.7 (30.2, 33.3) | 32.3 (30.8, 33.9) |
24-47 | 11.2 (9.2, 13.5) | 22.2 (21.1, 23.4) | 20.6 (19.7, 21.6) | 15.9 (15.1, 16.75) | 14.2 (13.1, 15.4) | 28.9 (27.5, 30.5) |
≥48 | 2.3 (1.5, 3.3) | 6.5 (5.9, 7.2) | 9.8 (9.1, 10.5) | 5.8 (5.3, 6.4) | 4.6 (4.0, 5.4) | 14.3 (13.2, 15.5) |
Parity | ||||||
First child | 47.2 (44.6, 49.8) | 38.4 (37.2, 39.6) | 44.0 (43.1, 44.9) | 40.0 (39.2, 40.8) | 23.4 (22.6, 24.3) | 50.6 (48.4, 52.8) |
2-3 | 49.6 (47.0, 52.2) | 43.2 (41.9, 44.4) | 44.8 (43.9, 45.6) | 47.2 (46.4, 48.0) | 39.0 (38.1, 40.0) | 40.4 (38.2, 42.6) |
≥4 | 3.2 (2.4, 4.3) | 18.4 (17.5, 19.4) | 11.3 (10.7, 11.8) | 12.8 (12.2, 13.3) | 37.5 (36.6, 38.5) | 9.1 (7.9, 10.4) |
Took iron pills | ||||||
Yes | 93.8 (91.6, 95.5) | 98.4 (98.0, 98.7) | NA | 86.8 (86.0, 87.6) | 96.1 (95.3, 96.7) | 97.7 (97.2, 98.1) |
No | 6.2 (4.6, 8.4) | 1.6 (1.32, 2.02) | 13.2 (12.4, 13.9) | 3.9 (3.3, 4.7) | 2.3 (1.9, 2.8) | |
Maternal anemia (Hb, g/dL) | ||||||
Anemic (<12.0) | NA | 55.1 (53.2, 57.0) | NA | NA | 61.3 (59.3, 63.3) | 62.1 (59.7, 64.4) |
Non-anemic (≥12.0) | 44.9 (43.0, 46.8) | 38.7 (36.7, 40.7) | 37.9 (35.6, 40.3) | |||
No. of ANC visits | ||||||
Inadequate (0 or 1) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.9) | 15.2 (13.7, 16.8) | 3.9 (2.8, 4.5) | 4.7 (3.6, 6.8) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.4) | 21.2 (18.6, 25.3) |
Intermediate (2 or 3) | 4.0 (2.6, 6.5) | 25.2 (23.3, 27.2) | 6.3 (4.6, 7.0) | 6.9 (5.6, 8.5) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.3) | 28.7 (26.0, 31.4) |
Adequate (4 or more) | 94.8 (93.0, 96.1) | 59.6 (58.2, 61.1) | 89.8 (89.1, 90.4) | 88.4 (87.8, 89.1) | 94.5 (93.5, 95.4) | 50.1 (48.2, 52.0) |
Place of delivery | ||||||
Facility | 99.9 (99.5, 100) | 72.7 (71.2, 74.1) | 98.6 (98.3, 98.8) | 70.2 (69.2, 71.2) | 99 (98.6, 99.3) | 35.3 (29.5, 45.6) |
Home | 0.1 (0.0, 0.5) | 27.3 (25.9, 28.8) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | 29.8 (28.8, 30.8) | 1 (0.7, 1.6) | 64.7 (51.9, 71.9) |
Nutritional status | ||||||
Low BMI | 15.6 (14.3, 17.0) | 3.8 (3.5, 4.2) | 2.1 (1.5, 2.8) | 19.5 (17.6, 21.5) | ||
Normal BMI | NA | 72.7 (71.1, 74.3) | 49.7 (48.8, 50.6) | NA | 32.8 (30.8, 34.7) | 71.0 (68.7, 73.1) |
Overweight | 11.7 (10.6, 12.9) | 46.5 (45.6, 47.4) | 65.2 (63.2, 67.1) | 9.5 (8.2, 11.0) | ||
Wealth status | ||||||
Poor (lower 40%) | 40.8 (37.7, 43.9) | 48.1 (46.8, 49.5) | 48.2 (47.3, 49.2) | 41.2 (40.2, 42.2) | 45.5 (43.9, 47.1) | 47.7 (46.1, 49.3) |
Middle (middle 40%) | 40.5 (37.3, 43.7) | 35.5 (34.2, 36.8) | 39.8 (38.8, 40.8) | 39.8 (38.8, 40.9) | 40.8 (39.2, 42.4) | 38.4 (36.8, 40.1) |
Rich (upper 20%) | 18.7 (16.0, 21.8) | 16.4 (15.5, 17.4) | 12.0 (11.3, 12.7) | 19.0 (18.1, 19.9) | 13.8 (12.4, 15.3) | 13.9 (12.8, 15.0) |
Place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 58.4 (55.23, 61.5) | 15.6 (14.8, 16.5) | 72.0 (71.1, 72.8) | 49.6 (48.5, 50.7) | 81.46 (80.5, 82.4) | 9.3 (8.7, 10.0) |
Rural | 41.6 (38.5, 44.8) | 84.4 (83.5, 85.2) | 28.0 (27.2, 28.9) | 50.4 (49.3, 51.5) | 18.5 (17.7, 19.5) | 90.7 (90.0, 91.3) |
Total (n) | 1426 | 5929 | 12 029 | 15 135 | 9734 | 1955 |
Background characteristics | Countries |
|||||
Pakistan | Tanzania | Uganda | Zimbabwe | All countries | ||
Maternal age (y) | ||||||
≤ 19 | 2.2 (1.9, 2.6) | 5.3 (4.7, 5.9) | 5.8 (5.2, 6.4) | 7.2 (6.4, 8.0) | 5.1 (5.0, 5.2) | |
20-34 | 78.0 (77.0, 79.0) | 70.2 (69.0, 71.4) | 72.4 (71.2, 73.5) | 76.9 (75.6, 78.1) | 73.5 (73.2, 73.7) | |
35-49 | 19.8 (18.8, 20.7) | 24.6 (23.5, 25.7) | 21.8 (20.8, 22.9) | 16.0 (14.9, 17.1) | 21.4 (21.2, 21.7) | |
Maternal height (cm) | ||||||
Short (≤ 145) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.6) | 2.9 (2.5, 3.5) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | |
Average (146-155) | 40.7 (36.7, 44.8) | 40.1 (38.7, 41.6) | 23.6 (21.4, 26) | 19.3 (18.0, 20.5) | 19.3 (18.0, 20.5) | |
Tall (>155) | 57.3 (53.2, 61.3) | 57.0 (55.5, 58.4) | 75.3 (72.8, 77.5) | 80.1 (78.9, 81.4) | 80.1 (78.9, 81.4) | |
Sex of child | ||||||
Male | 52.5 (49.9, 55.1) | 50.7 (49.2, 52.2) | 49.8 (48.3, 51.4) | 49.8 (48.3, 51.4) | 50.8 (49.2, 52.4) | |
Female | 47.5 (44.9, 50.1) | 49.3 (47.8, 50.8) | 50.2 (48.6, 51.7) | 50.2 (48.6, 51.7) | 49.2 (47.6, 50.8) | |
Maternal education | ||||||
No education | 57.2 (56.3, 58.1) | 25.4 (24.4, 26.3) | 18.1 (17.3, 19.00 | 1.8 (1.4, 2.1) | 50.9 (50.6, 51.2) | |
Primary | 14.4 (13.7, 15.0) | 63.1 (62.1, 64.2) | 59.4 (58.3, 60.5) | 32.8 (31.6, 37.1) | 17.0 (16.7, 17.2) | |
Secondary or higher | 28.5 (27.7, 29.3) | 11.5 (10.8, 12.2) | 22.4 (21.5, 23.4) | 65.4 (64.1, 66.7) | 32.1 (31.8, 32.4) | |
Maternal occupation | ||||||
Not working | 74.2 (73.1, 75.4) | 13.2 (12.3, 14.1) | 25.0 (23.9, 26.1) | 65.2 (63.8, 66.6) | 52.9 (52.6, 53.2) | |
Working | 25.8 (24.6, 7.0) | 86.8 (85.9, 87.7) | 75.0 (73.9, 76.1) | 34.8 (33.5, 36.2) | 47.1 (46.8, 47.4) | |
Marriage to first birth interval (mo) | ||||||
First birth | 32.6 (31.4, 33.8) | 43.5 (42.1, 45.0) | 48.6 (47.1, 50.0) | 58.3 (56.7, 59.9) | 43.2 (42.9, 43.5) | |
<24 | 28.7 (27.6, 9.9) | 36.2 (34.8, 37.7) | 29.6 (28.3, 30.9) | 26.7 (25.3, 28.1) | 31.0 (30.7, 31.3) | |
24-47 | 25.3 (24.2, 6.4) | 16.2 (15.1, 17.3) | 16.2 (15.1, 17.3) | 11.0 (10.0, 12.0) | 18.4 (18.1, 18.6) | |
≥48 | 13.4 (12.6, 14.3) | 4.0 (3.5, 4.6) | 5.7 (5.1, 6.4) | 4.1 (3.5, 4.7) | 7.4 (7.2, 7.6) | |
Parity | ||||||
First child | 33.9 (31.5, 36.4) | 26.0 (24.7, 27.3) | 26.0 (24.7, 27.3) | 22.5 (21.2, 23.8) | 35.5 (34.1, 37.1) | |
2-3 | 42.7 (40.2, 45.3) | 37.1 (35.7, 38.6) | 37.1 (35.7, 38.6) | 34.2 (32.8, 35.7) | 45.7 (44.1, 47.2) | |
≥4 | 23.4 (21.3, 25.6) | 36.9 (35.5, 38.3) | 36.9 (35.5, 38.3) | 43.3 (41.8, 44.8) | 18.8 (17.6, 20.0) | |
Took iron pills | ||||||
Yes | 92.9 (92.2, 93.5) | 98.7 (98.3, 99.0) | 93.2 (92.5, 93.8) | NA | 93.8 (93.6, 94.8) | |
No | 7.2 (6.5, 7.8) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.7) | 6.8 (6.2, 7.5) | 6.2 (6.0, 6.4) | ||
Maternal anemia (Hb, g/dL) | ||||||
Anemic (<12.0) | NA | 59.4 (58.1, 60.7) | 74.9 (72.8, 76.8) | 72.3 (70.9, 73.6) | 63.1 (62.3, 63.8) | |
Non-anemic (≥12.0) | 40.6 (39.3, 42.0) | 25.1 (23.2, 27.2) | 27.7 (26.4, 29.1) | 36.9 (36.2, 37.7) | ||
Number of ANC visits | ||||||
Inadequate (0 or 1) | 37.8 (33.2, 40.8) | 5.5 (3.7, 6.8) | 8.3 (6.8, 9.5) | 12.7 (10.2, 15.8) | 11.4 (9.8, 14.3) | |
Intermediate (2 or 3) | 25.6 (23.6, 27.8) | 51.5 (48.9, 54.3) | 43.2 (40.6, 45.9) | 21.6 (19.7, 23.6) | 18.8 (16.2, 20.7) | |
Adequate (4 or more) | 36.6 (35.1, 38.1) | 43.0 (41.4, 44.7) | 48.5 (46.8, 50.1) | 65.7 (64.1, 67.3) | 69.8 (69.5, 70.1) | |
Place of delivery | ||||||
Facility | 48.2 (47.6, 52.9) | 52.8 (45.6, 56.9) | 57.6 (45.9, 61.2) | 65.3 (59.2, 68.9) | 86.8 (86.4, 87.1) | |
Home | 51.8 (48.2, 53.9) | 47.2 (42.6, 55.2) | 42.4 (39.5, 49.1) | 34.7 (29.8, 38.9) | 13.2 (12.9, 13.6) | |
Nutritional status | ||||||
Low BMI | 14.6 (13.1, 16.3) | 9.0 (8.3, 9.8) | 9.7 (8.5, 11.0) | 4.9 (5.3, 6.6) | 7.6 (7.4, 7.8) | |
Normal BMI | 54.2 (52.1, 56.3) | 73.2 (72.0, 74.4) | 73.9 (71.9, 75.8) | 64.7 (63.3, 66.1) | 57.2 (56.8, 57.6) | |
Overweight | 31.2 (29.3, 33.1) | 17.8 (16.8, 18.9) | 16.5 (14.9, 18.2) | 29.4 (28.1, 30.8) | 35.2 (34.8, 35.6) | |
Wealth status | ||||||
Poor (lower 40%) | 45.1 (43.8, 46.3) | 44.7 (43.4, 46.1) | 43.8 (42.5, 45.1) | 43.9 (42.5, 45.3) | 50.5 (50.1, 50.8) | |
Middle (middle 40%) | 39.2 (38.0, 40.4) | 41.1 (39.8, 42.4) | 37.7 (36.4, 38.9) | 40.4 (39.0, 1.9) | 35.5 (35.2, 35.8) | |
Rich (upper 20%) | 15.7 (14.9, 16.6) | 14.2 (13.2, 15.1) | 18.5 (17.5, 19.6) | 15.7 (14.7, 16.8) | 14.1 (13.9, 14.3) | |
Place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 29.1 (28.1, 30.2) | 20.3 (19.2, 21.5) | 14.2 (13.4, 15.1) | 29.8 (28.4, 31.2) | 42.0 (41.6, 42.4) | |
Rural | 70.9 (69.8, 72.0) | 79.7 (78.6, 80.8) | 85.8 (84.9, 86.6) | 70.2 (68.8, 71.6) | 58.0 (57.6, 58.5) | |
Total (n) | 1458 | 4325 | 4078 | 3862 | 59 932 |
Factors | Countries |
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armenia | Cambodia | Colombia | Indonesia | Jordan | Nepal | Pakistan | Tanzania | Uganda | Zimbabwe | All countries | |
Constant | 0.4 (0.1, 0.8) |
0.1 (0.0, 0.2) |
0.1 (0.1, 0.4) |
0.1 (0.0, 0.2) |
0.2 (0.1, 0.4) |
0.4 (0.01, 4.7) | 0.02 (0.0, 1.9) |
0.02 (0.0, 2.2) |
0.0 (0.0, 0.3) |
0.1 (0.0, 0.4) |
0.6 (0.1, 1.9) |
Maternal age (y) | |||||||||||
≤19 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
20-34 | 0.3 (0.1, 1.1) | 2.0 (0.5, 8.0) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.03) | 9.7 (0.2, 483.4) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.4) | 2.2 (0.2, 19.5) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) |
35-49 | 1.6 (1.1, 2.8) |
3.7 (1.9, 5.3) |
1.9 (1.6, 3.2) |
0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 1.4 (1.1, 2.8) |
1.6 (1.1, 2.5) |
7.7 (1.2, 14.1) |
1.4 (1.1, 3.0) |
1.4 (1.1, 3.9) |
1.6 (1.1, 2.2) |
1.7 (1.2, 3.1) |
Maternal height (cm) | |||||||||||
Short (≤ 145) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Average (146-155) | NA | 1.5 (0.9, 2.3) |
2.3 (1.6, 3.1) |
NA | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.3, 3.1) | 1.1 (0.5, 1.9) | 1.2 (0.9, 2.1) | 2.9 (1 , 8.2) |
1.2 (1.0, 1.6) |
Tall (>155) | NA | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) |
0.7 (0.6, 0.8) |
NA | 0.6(0.6, 0.7) |
0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) |
0.7 (0.5, 0.8) |
0.5 (0.3, 0.7) |
0.8 (0.6 , 0.9) |
0.7 (0.6, 0.8) |
Sex of child | |||||||||||
Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Female | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) |
1.4 (1.1, 1.6) |
1.3 (1.1, 1.5) |
1.2 (1.1, 1.3) |
1.6 (1.3, 1.8) |
1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) |
1.2 (0.7, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) |
Maternal education | |||||||||||
No education | 1.4 (1.1, 2.2) |
0.9 (0.5, 1.8) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.9) | 2.5 (1.5, 4.4) |
1.6 (1.1, 2.7) |
1.3 (1.1, 1.5) |
2.6 (1.1, 6.6) |
0.6 (0.3, 1.5) | 2.1 (1.1, 7.6) |
0.8 (0.1, 5.5) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.7) |
Primary | 1.6 (0.6, 4.6) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) |
1.4 (1.1, 2.1) |
1.4 (0.6, 2.2) | 2.8 (1.3, 6.1) |
0.6 (0.3, 0.8) |
0.6 (0.2, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 1.6 (1.2, 1.8) |
Secondary or higher | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Maternal occupation | |||||||||||
Not working | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Working | 1.1 (0.5, 2.2) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.8) |
1.4 (1.1, 2.7) |
0.7 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.5, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.8 , 1.6) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.9) |
Marriage to first birth interval (mo) | |||||||||||
First birth | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
<24 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 1.3 (0.9, 2.1) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) |
1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.6) | 1.8 (0.8, 4.1) | 1.3 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.4) |
24-47 | 1.4 (0.6, 2.9) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.1) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.1) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.3) | 2.9 (1.2, 7.1) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.5) |
≥ 48 | 2.8 (1.6, 4.1) |
1.9 (1.1, 3.7) |
1.4 (1.1, 1.9) |
0.9 (0.7, 1.4) | 2.2 (1.4, 3.3) |
0.8 (0.3, 2.3) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.3) | 2.4 (1.1, 5.4) |
2.2 (1.2, 3.5) |
1.5 (0.6, 3.3) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.5) |
Parity | |||||||||||
First child | 1.5 (1.1, 2.7) |
1.3 (0.9, 1.9) |
1.3 (1.1, 3.2) |
1.7 (1.1, 2.9) |
1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.4 (1.1, 2.1) |
1.4 (1.1, 3.1) |
1.4 (1.1, 2.8) |
1.4 (1.1, 2.9) |
1.3 (1.0, 1.8) |
1.5 (1.1, 2.9) |
2-3 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) |
1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 1.6 (0.3, 2.9) |
≥4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Took iron pills | |||||||||||
No | 1.7 (0.8, 4.3) | 2.5 (1.1, 7.5) |
NA | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) |
4.4 (3.2, 6.1) |
0.2 (0.1, 13.5) | 4.2 (1.8, 9.5) |
0.5 (0.1, 3.9) | 0.9 (0.3, 3.2) | NA | 3.0 (2.4, 4.1) |
Yes | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Maternal anemia (Hb, g/dL) | |||||||||||
Anemic (<12.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Non-anemic (≥12.0) | NA | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | NA | NA | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.3) |
NA | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.3 (0.5, 2.9) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9 , 1.2) |
No. of ANC visits | |||||||||||
Inadequate (0 or 1) | 0.8 (0.2, 5.4) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.7) | 3.4 (2.2, 5.4) |
2.4 (1.3, 3.4) |
3.6 (1.6, 8.1) |
1.5 (1.1, 5.9) |
1.3 (1.1, 1.8) |
3.6 (1.5, 8.9) |
3.2 (1.8, 7.1) |
4.9 (2.9, 8.2) |
1.7 (1.1, 2.8) |
Intermediate (2 or 3) | 3.6 (0.7, 18.4) | 1.1 (0.4, 2.7) | 2.7 (1.7, 4.6) |
2.0 (1.2, 3.3) |
1.7 (1.1, 4.3) |
1.7 (0.6, 4.8) | 2.3 (0.6, 9.8) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.1) | 2.3 (0.3, 19.1) | 3.2 (1.4, 7.2) |
1.5 (1.1, 2.8) |
Adequate (4 or more) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Place of delivery | |||||||||||
Facility | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Home | NA | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | NA | 1.4 (1.1, 2.1) |
NA | 1.4 (1.2, 2.9) |
1.2 (0.9, 2.9) | 1.5 (1.2, 3.2) |
1.3 (1.0, 2.9) |
2.5 (2.1, 3.5) |
1.6 (1.3, 2.1) |
Nutritional status | |||||||||||
Low BMI | NA | 2.9 (1.4, 6.3) |
1.5 (1.1, 2.0) |
NA | 2.2 (1.3, 3.9) |
1.9 (1.1, 4.9) |
1.5 (1.1, 3.1) |
1.2 (0.9, 2.6) |
1.9 (1.2, 4.8) |
1.2 (0.9, 1.9) |
1.6 (1.2, 2.1) |
Normal BMI | NA | 1.6 (0.8, 3.1) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | NA | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) |
1.4 (0.6, 2.9) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 2.4 (0.8, 5.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
Overweight | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Wealth status | |||||||||||
Poor (lower 40%) | 2.0 (1.1, 5.0) |
1.6 (1.2, 3.2) |
1.3 (1.1, 1.8) |
1.3 (1.1, 1.7) |
1.7 (1.2, 2.9) |
1.5 (1.1, 2.3) |
3.4 (1.9, 7.5) |
1.4 (1.1, 2.8) |
0.7 (0.2, 2.6) | 1.3 (1.1, 2.2) |
1.4 (1.1, 1.8) |
Middle (middle 40%) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.3) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.3, 3.6) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |
Rich (upper 20)% | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Place of residence | |||||||||||
Urban | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Rural | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) |
1.5 (1.1, 2.8) |
1.0 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) |
1.5 (1.1, 1.9) |
1.3 (1.1, 2.2) |
0.9 (0.5, 1.9) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) |
1.1 (0.9, 1.9) |
0.8 (0.6, 1.3) | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) |
Total (n) | 1426 | 5929 | 12 029 | 15 135 | 9734 | 1955 | 1458 | 4325 | 4078 | 3862 | 59 932 |
Likelihood ratio chi-square | 31.7 |
82.5 |
82.8 |
22.5 |
149.5 |
38.3 |
78.0 |
29.2 |
40.8 |
89.3 |
212.8 |
Cox-Snell R2 (%) | 12.9 | 19.7 | 11.8 | 18.7 | 22.1 | 23.0 | 15.8 | 14.3 | 22.1 | 29.3 | 22.0 |
Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic | 335.6 |
293.3 |
792.3 |
385.7 |
286.7 |
163.9 |
744.3 |
280.3 |
254.8 |
836.4 |
427.3 |
Mean VIF (Max) | 3.2 (4.6) | 2.9 (3.7) | 2.6 (4.6) | 3.2 (3.9) | 3.6 (4.1) | 3.4 (4.3) | 3.1 (4.5) | 3.9 (4.3) | 3.9 (4.6) | 3.9 (4.9) | 2.2 (4.1) |
LBW, low birth weight; DHS, Demography and Health Survey. All data were derived from the standard DHS. DHS sampling weight was adjusted. LBW was defined as a birth weight between 1500 g and 2500 g. Extreme LBW was defined as a birth weight <1500 g. The overall prevalence of LBW was defined based on an LBW definition of birth weight <2500 g.
Values are presented as % (95% confidence interval). DHS, Demography and Health Survey; NA, not available; BMI, body mass index; Hb, hemoglobin; ANC, antenatal care. DHS sampling weight adjusted.
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Hb, hemoglobin; ANC, antenatal care; BMI, body mass index; NA, not available; VIF, variance inflation factor; Max, maximum.