Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Most-read articles are from the articles published in 2023 during the last three month.

Original Article

Association Between Digital Addiction and Physical Activity in Korean Adults Across Age Groups: An Analysis of Community Health Survey Data: Kyungsin Lee, Inmyung Song; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(3):289-297. Published online January 24, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.683

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
Extensive research has been conducted on digital addiction, particularly concerning internet, gaming, and smartphone use among adolescents and young adults. However, there is limited information about digital addiction in adults, especially in relation to physical activity (PA). This study investigated the prevalence of digital addiction among Korean adults and explored its association with PA across various age groups.
Methods
Using data from the 2023 Community Health Survey (n=231 752), this study estimated the prevalence of digital addiction, defined as experiencing impaired daily functioning due to excessive internet, gaming, or smartphone use. PA was defined as exercise and regular walking. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between PA and digital addiction in the full sample and by age group (<40, 40-59, and ≥60 years).
Results
In 2023, the prevalence of digital addiction among adults was estimated to be 12.0%. Significantly higher odds of digital addiction were observed in younger age groups. Individuals who reported perceived stress or depression were at an increased risk for digital addiction. Conversely, PA was linked to a reduced risk of digital addiction, with odds ratios of 0.96 (p<0.05) for exercise and 0.93 (p<0.001) for regular walking. Notably, regular walking was associated with a reduced risk of digital addiction only in the 40-59 age group.
Conclusions
PA, particularly regular walking, is linked to a lower risk of digital addiction in Korean adults. Encouraging regular walking may help reduce digital addiction among middle-aged adults.; Summary

Korean summary
2023년 지역사회건강조사 자료를 분석한 결과, 한국 19세 이상 성인에서 디지털중독 유병률은 12.0%였으며, 규칙적인 신체활동은 낮은 디지털중독의 위험과 유의한 연관성이 있음을 확인하였다(운동 OR=0.96, p<0.05; 걷기 OR=0.93, p<0.001). 특히 중년층(40~59세)에서 규칙적인 걷기는 디지털중독의 위험 감소와 유의한 관련성을 보였다. 이 결과는 중년층을 대상으로 한 신체활동 증진이 디지털중독의 위험을 낮추는데 기여할 수 있음을 시사한다.

Key Message
Previous studies on digital addiction have focused on adolescents and young adults. We found that regular walking was associated with a lower risk of digital addiction, especially among adults aged 40 to 59 years. Physical activity may lower the risk of digital addiction in this age group.

Reviews

Qualitative Research in Healthcare: Necessity and Characteristics: Jeehee Pyo, Won Lee, Eun Young Choi, Seung Gyeong Jang, Minsu Ock; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(1):12-20. Published online January 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.451

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1,179 Download
53 Web of Science
62 Crossref

Abstract Summary PDF

Quantitative and qualitative research explore various social phenomena using different methods. However, there has been a tendency to treat quantitative studies using complicated statistical techniques as more scientific and superior, whereas relatively few qualitative studies have been conducted in the medical and healthcare fields. This review aimed to provide a proper understanding of qualitative research. This review examined the characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research to help researchers select the appropriate qualitative research methodology. Qualitative research is applicable in following cases: (1) when an exploratory approach is required on a topic that is not well known, (2) when something cannot be explained fully with quantitative research, (3) when it is necessary to newly present a specific view on a research topic that is difficult to explain with existing views, (4) when it is inappropriate to present the rationale or theoretical proposition for designing hypotheses, as in quantitative research, and (5) when conducting research that requires detailed descriptive writing with literary expressions. Qualitative research is conducted in the following order: (1) selection of a research topic and question, (2) selection of a theoretical framework and methods, (3) literature analysis, (4) selection of the research participants and data collection methods, (5) data analysis and description of findings, and (6) research validation. This review can contribute to the more active use of qualitative research in healthcare, and the findings are expected to instill a proper understanding of qualitative research in researchers who review qualitative research reports and papers.

Summary

Korean summary
이 원고는 질적연구 방법론의 필요성 및 특징과 함께 보건의료 분야에서 질적연구 방법론이 활용된 선행 연구들을 정리하였다. 이는 보건의료 분야의 사회과학적 특성을 더 잘 드러내는 질적연구 방법론의 적용 및 확대에 도움이 될 것이다.

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Qualitative Research in Healthcare: Data Analysis: Dasom Im, Jeehye Pyo, Haneul Lee, Hyeran Jung, Minsu Ock; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(2):100-110. Published online February 15, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.471

33,032 View
1,149 Download
40 Web of Science
48 Crossref

Abstract Summary PDF

Qualitative research methodology has been applied with increasing frequency in various fields, including in healthcare research, where quantitative research methodology has traditionally dominated, with an empirically driven approach involving statistical analysis. Drawing upon artifacts and verbal data collected from in-depth interviews or participatory observations, qualitative research examines the comprehensive experiences of research participants who have experienced salient yet unappreciated phenomena. In this study, we review 6 representative qualitative research methodologies in terms of their characteristics and analysis methods: consensual qualitative research, phenomenological research, qualitative case study, grounded theory, photovoice, and content analysis. We mainly focus on specific aspects of data analysis and the description of results, while also providing a brief overview of each methodology’s philosophical background. Furthermore, since quantitative researchers have criticized qualitative research methodology for its perceived lack of validity, we examine various validation methods of qualitative research. This review article intends to assist researchers in employing an ideal qualitative research methodology and in reviewing and evaluating qualitative research with proper standards and criteria.

Summary

Korean summary
질적연구 방법론은 보건의료 연구에서 연구 참여자가 경험하는 주요 현상을 잘 포착할 수 있도록 해 준다. 이 논문에서는 합의적 질적연구, 현상학적 연구, 질적 사례 연구, 근거이론, 포토보이스, 내용 분석 등 6가지의 대표적인 질적 연구 방법론에 대한 간략한 철학적 배경과 구체적인 데이터 분석 및 해석 방법을 소개한다.

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Systematic Review

Coping Mechanisms Utilized by Individuals With Drug Addiction in Overcoming Challenges During the Recovery Process: A Qualitative Meta-synthesis: Agus Setiawan, Junaiti Sahar, Budi Santoso, Muchtaruddin Mansyur, Syamikar Baridwan Syamsir; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(3):197-211. Published online May 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.042

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
Recovery from drug addiction often poses challenges for the recovering person. The coping mechanisms employed by these individuals to resist temptations and manage stress play a key role in the healing process. This study was conducted to explore the coping strategies or techniques that individuals with addiction use to handle stress and temptation while undergoing treatment.
Methods
A qualitative meta-synthesis approach was utilized to critically evaluate relevant qualitative research. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines were used for article selection, with these standards applied to 4 academic databases: Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, and CINAHL. The present review included studies published between 2014 and 2023, selected based on pre-established inclusion criteria. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative Studies Checklist. This review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the registration number CRD42024497789.
Results
The analysis of 13 qualifying qualitative articles revealed 5 major themes illustrating the coping mechanisms employed in the pursuit of recovery by individuals who use drugs. These themes include seeking social support, as well as psychological coping strategies, spiritual experiences, professional interventions, and the enhancement of awareness.
Conclusions
Among individuals with drug addiction, coping mechanisms are crucial for resisting stress and temptations throughout the recovery process. Healthcare professionals, as medical specialists, can establish more thorough and effective plans to support these patients on their path to recovery.

Summary

Key Message
This study attempts to investigate the coping mechanisms used by individuals with drug addiction during the recovery process. Through a qualitative meta-synthesis of 13 qualitative studies, we identified five main coping mechanisms: seeking social support, psychological coping strategies, spiritual experiences, professional interventions, and the enhancement of awareness. These results suggest that these coping mechanisms are important for managing stress and temptation, supporting a more holistic approach to addiction treatment.

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A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis on Drug Addicts Recovery Based on a Transtheoretical Model
Riah Kim, Youngeun Park, Jieun Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2024; 33(3): 238. CrossRef

Original Article

Predictors and Prevalence of Alcohol and Cannabis Co-use Among Filipino Adolescents: Evidence From a School-based Student Health Survey: Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III, Jerico B. Ogaya, Victor C. Cañezo Jr., Roland A. Niez, Florante E. Delos Santos, Melchor M. Magramo, Ann Rosanie Yap-Tan, Francis Ann R. Sy, Omar Kasimieh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(3):288-297. Published online May 9, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.052

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
This study explored the prevalence and predictors of alcohol and cannabis co-use among 9263 Filipino adolescents, using data from the 2019 Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS).
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional secondary analysis of the GSHS, targeting adolescents aged 13-17 years and excluding cases with incomplete data on alcohol and cannabis use. Our analysis employed the bivariate chi-square test of independence and multivariable logistic regression using Stata version 18 to identify significant predictors of co-use, with a p-value threshold set at 0.05.
Results
The weighted prevalence of co-users was 4.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4 to 5.3). Significant predictors included male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.50; 95% CI, 3.31 to 6.10; p<0.001) and being in a lower academic year, specifically grade 7 (aOR, 4.08; 95% CI, 2.39 to 6.99; p<0.001) and grade 8 (aOR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.30 to 3.72; p=0.003). Poor sleep quality was also a significant predictor (aOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.29 to 2.44; p<0.001), as was a history of attempted suicide (aOR, 5.31; 95% CI, 4.00 to 7.06; p<0.001). Physical inactivity was associated with lower odds of co-use (aOR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.62; p<0.001). Additionally, non-attendance of physical education classes (aOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.05; p=0.021), infrequent unapproved parental checks (aOR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.80; p=0.024), and lower parental awareness of free-time activities (aOR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.87; p=0.005) were associated with higher odds of co-use. Factors not significantly linked to co-use included age group, being in grade 9, always feeling lonely, having no close friends, being bullied outside school, and whether a parent or guardian understood the adolescent’s worries.
Conclusions
The findings highlight the critical need for comprehensive interventions in the Philippines, addressing not only physical inactivity and parental monitoring but also focusing on sex, academic grade, participation in physical education classes, sleep quality, and suicide attempt history, to effectively reduce alcohol and cannabis co-use among adolescents.

Summary

Key Message
This cross-sectional study examines the prevalence and key predictors of alcohol and cannabis co-use among 9263 Filipino adolescents using data from the 2019 Global School-based Student Health Survey. Significant predictors of co-use include male sex, lower academic grade, poor sleep quality, history of attempted suicide, physical inactivity, non-attendance in physical education classes, infrequent parental checks, and low parental awareness of adolescents' activities, with a weighted co-use prevalence of 4.2%. The study underscores the need for comprehensive interventions addressing these factors to reduce substance co-use among Filipino adolescents.

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Comparing self-rated health among exclusive e-cigarette users and traditional cigarette smokers: an analysis of the Health Survey for England 2019
Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Duaa Abdullah Bafail
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2025; 20(2): 441. CrossRef
Self-rated health differences between exclusive e-cigarette users and exclusive cigarette smokers: evidence from the 2017–2019 Scottish Health Survey
Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno, Isaac Olushola Ogunkola
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2025; 20(3): 771. CrossRef
Prevalence, drug education, and other associated factors of current illicit drug use among a nationally representative sample of school-aged adolescents in the Philippines in 2019
Supa Pengpid, Karl Peltzer, Lyndon Esconde Santos, Earl Francis Infante Mallari
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Systematic Review

Food is Medicine Initiative for Mitigating Food Insecurity in the United States: Vidya Sharma, Ramaswamy Sharma; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(2):96-107. Published online March 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.505

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
While several food assistance programs in the United States tackle food insecurity, a relatively new program, “Food is Medicine,” (FIM) initiated in some cities not only addresses food insecurity but also targets chronic diseases by customizing the food delivered to its recipients. This review describes federal programs providing food assistance and evaluates the various sub-programs categorized under the FIM initiative.
Methods
A literature search was conducted from July 7, 2023 to November 9, 2023 using the search term, “Food is Medicine”, to identify articles indexed within three major electronic databases, PubMed, Medline, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). Eligibility criteria for inclusion were: focus on any aspect of the FIM initiative within the United States, and publication as a peer-reviewed journal article in the English language. A total of 180 articles were retrieved; publications outside the eligibility criteria and duplicates were excluded for a final list of 72 publications. Supporting publications related to food insecurity, governmental and organizational websites related to FIM and other programs discussed in this review were also included.
Results
The FIM program includes medically tailored meals, medically tailored groceries, and produce prescriptions. Data suggest that it has lowered food insecurity, promoted better management of health, improved health outcomes, and has, therefore, lowered healthcare costs.
Conclusions
Overall, this umbrella program is having a positive impact on communities that have been offered and participate in this program. Limitations and challenges that need to be overcome to ensure its success are discussed.

Summary

Key Message
In 2023, the United States Department of Health & Human Services (HHS), developed a "Food is Medicine" (FIM) initiative to address food insecurity and chronic diseases by providing healthy food options tailored to recipients' specific health needs. Programs categorized under the FIM initiative include Medically Tailored Meals, Medically Tailored Groceries, and Produce Prescriptions, which are described in this review. Overall, the program appears to have had a positive impact by improving health outcomes and enhancing the overall quality of life.

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Will a Programmatic Framework Integrating Food Is Medicine Achieve Value on Investment?
Lynn Fredericks, Olivia Thomas, Anthony Imamura, Julia MacLaren, Auden McClure, Joy Khalil, Jennifer Massa
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Nor Faiza Mohd. Tohit, Roselawati Mat Ya, Mainul Haque
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Development of a statewide network hub for screening, referral, and enrollment into food as medicine programs across Kentucky
Christa Mayfield, Carolyn Lauckner, Joshua Bush, Ethan Cosson, Lauren Batey, Alison Gustafson
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Effects of Food and Nutrition Insecurity on Global Health
Julie R. Ingelfinger, Clement D. Lee, Danielle Gallegos
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Impact of a multicomponent food-as-medicine intervention on behavioral and mental health outcomes for patients with and without food insecurity
Marcela D. Radtke, June M. Tester, Lan Xiao, Wei-ting Chen, Benjamin O. Emmert-Aronson, Elizabeth A. Markle, Steven Chen, Lisa G. Rosas
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Original Articles

Institutional Delivery in the Philippines: Does a Minimum of 8 Antenatal Care Visits Matter?: Felly Philipus Senewe, Agung Dwi Laksono, Roy Glenn Albert Massie, Leny Latifah, Syarifah Nuraini, Rozana Ika Agustiya, Jane Kartika Propiana, Wahyu Pudji Nugraheni; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(1):44-51. Published online October 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.245

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
This cross-sectional study investigated the association between the utilization of 8 antenatal care (ANC) visits and delivery in a healthcare institution in the Philippines, using data from the 2022 National Demographic and Health Survey.
Methods
A sample of women who had given birth within the past 3 years was selected for analysis (n=4452). The association between ANC utilization and institutional delivery was assessed using logistic regression models, covariates by relevant socio-demographic factors, and childbirth history.
Results
We found that 97.2% of respondents who completed ANC opted for institutional delivery. A higher proportion of rural residents did not undergo institutional delivery than urban residents (12.9 vs. 6.9%). The group aged 20-24 years had the highest coverage (92.8%), and the group aged 40-44 years had the lowest. Higher education levels, employment, and greater wealth were associated with higher institutional delivery rates. Divorced or widowed mothers (85.1%) and grand multiparous mothers had lower rates than other groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed a significant positive association between ANC utilization and institutional deliveries after adjusting for covariates (adjusted odds ratio, 2.486; 95% confidence interval, 2.485 to 2.487; p<0.001).
Conclusions
ANC visits were associated with deliveries in institutions in the Philippines. Policymakers should promote ANC by ensuring 8 World Health Organization-recommended visits, strengthening programs, conducting community outreach, addressing access barriers, and integrating maternal health services to increase institutional births and improve maternal and infant health.; Summary

Key Message
This study examines the determinants of institutional delivery in the Philippines, with a focus on compliance with the WHO-recommended eight antenatal care (ANC) visits. Analysis of data from the 2022 National Demographic and Health Survey reveals a strong positive correlation between completing the recommended ANC visits and choosing institutional delivery, alongside significant influences from maternal age, education, marital status, employment, socioeconomic status, and parity. Findings underscore the importance of expanding ANC access and targeted interventions, particularly in underserved areas, to increase institutional delivery rates and improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes.

Common Mental Disorders and Associated Factors During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in Indonesia: An Analysis of Data From the 2018 Basic Health Research: Arum Ariasih, Besral , Meiwita Budiharsana, Sudarto Ronoatmodjo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(4):388-398. Published online June 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.082

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
A substantial proportion of women experience mental health challenges during pregnancy or the postpartum period. Common mental disorders (CMDs), including depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, are prevalent. Identifying causes and associated risk factors is imperative for early intervention and the prevention of mental health issues.
Methods
This study utilized data from the 2018 Basic Health Research, which was conducted nationwide in Indonesia, using a crosssectional approach. We focused on women aged 13-49 years who were currently or previously married, and had experienced pregnancy, including 8889 pregnant women and 77 012 women who had delivered between January 1, 2013 and August 31, 2018. The Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 was employed to assess CMDs. Multivariate logistic regression was performed.
Results
The prevalence of CMDs in pregnant women was 12.6%, while postpartum mothers exhibited a prevalence of 10.1%. Poor health status displayed the strongest impact on CMDs during both pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 12.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.01 to 16.60) and the postpartum period (aOR, 16.72; 95% CI, 14.85 to 18.82). Additional significant factors for both group include young maternal age, lack of education, unemployment, history of hypertension, and smoking status. Among pregnant women, CMDs was also associated with first-trimester pregnancy, previous pregnancy complications, and small upper arm circumference. For postpartum mothers, significant factors include living in rural areas, history of abortion, unwanted pregnancy, pregnancy complications, lack of antenatal care, spontaneous delivery, postpartum complications and contraceptive use.
Conclusions
CMDs can impact in pregnant and postpartum women. Early diagnosis and management must be seamlessly integrated into primary healthcare practices.

Summary

Key Message
A significant proportion of women experience common mental disorders (CMDs) during pregnancy (12.6%) and postpartum (10.1%) in Indonesia. Poor health status is the strongest predictor of CMDs in both periods. Other significant factors include young maternal age, lack of education, unemployment, hypertension history, and smoking. Additional pregnancy-specific factors are first-trimester pregnancy, previous complications, and small upper arm circumference. In contrast, postpartum factors include rural living, abortion history, unwanted pregnancy, pregnancy complications, lack of antenatal care, spontaneous delivery, postpartum complications, and contraceptive use. Integrating early diagnosis and management of CMDs into primary healthcare is essential.

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Pregnant Women's Depression and Mental Health Knowledge
Lutfatul Latifah, Nina Setiawati, Aprilia Kartikasari, Reza Fajar Amalia, Dian Susmarini, C. Jan, I. Anwer, L. Li, S. Ferse, M. Nishi, P. Puangprakhon
E3S Web of Conferences.2025; 609: 04002. CrossRef
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Adji Suwandono, Busyra
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Bekahegn Girma, Migbar Sibhat, Addisu Getnet, Wegayehu Zeneb Teklehaimanot, Leweyehu Alemaw Mengstie, Mohammed Tessema Gebeyehu, Jemberu Nigussie
BMC Psychiatry.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

Potential Increasing Trend in Schizophrenia Relapse Prevention in the Past 40 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis: Isymiarni Syarif, Hasnawati Amqam, Saidah Syamsuddin, Veni Hadju, Syamsiar Russeng, Yusran Amir; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(5):421-434. Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.201

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
Schizophrenia is an organic disease and a severe mental disorder with a relatively high risk of relapse. The rising rate of schizophrenia relapse has motivated researchers and academics to innovate and develop interventions aimed at relapse prevention. This bibliometric study sought to examine the publication trends in schizophrenia relapse prevention from 1973 to 2023, assess the contribution of international collaborations across various journals, identify the most influential authors and articles, and forecast future developments in this field.
Methods
The study included 683 articles obtained from the Scopus database, analyzed using VOSviewer software, and visualized with Tableau.
Results
Reports of schizophrenia relapse prevention strategies have increased significantly over the last 3 decades. However, fluctuations persist, as evidenced by the annual number of publications ranging from 25 to 40 within the past 5 years. Nevertheless, this increasing trend underscores the sustained interest in this area of research. Regarding contribution size, the United States produced the largest volume of publications on this subject. John M. Kane authored the most articles, while Stefan Leucht exhibited the highest h-index. Frequently used keywords in this field include “relapse AND schizophrenia” AND “prevention.”
Conclusions
These results represent an important reference for determining the current state of research on schizophrenia relapse prevention and future research directions.

Summary

Key Message
- Significant Growth in Schizophrenia Relapse Research: The study revealed a notable increase in research on schizophrenia relapse prevention over the past 40 years.
- Key Contributions: The United States is identified as the largest contributor to this body of research, with John M. Kane being the most prolific author.
- Effective Prevention Strategies: Family interventions, the use of digital technology, and antipsychotic treatments are highlighted as the primary strategies to prevent relapse.
- Bibliometric Approach: A bibliometric analysis of 683 articles provides insights into key trends, collaborations, and research directions for future studies on schizophrenia relapse prevention.

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Original Articles

Excess Deaths in Korea During the COVID-19 Pandemic: 2020-2022: So-Jin Im, Ji-Yeon Shin, Duk-Hee Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(5):480-489. Published online August 20, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.254

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
Excess deaths, an indicator that compares total mortality rates before and during a pandemic, offer a comprehensive view of the pandemic’s impact. However, discrepancies may arise from variations in estimating expected deaths. This study aims to compare excess deaths in Korea during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic using 3 methods and to analyze patterns using the most appropriate method.
Methods
Expected deaths from 2020 to 2022 were estimated using mortality data from 2015-2019 as reference years. This estimation employed 3 approaches: (1) simple average, (2) age-adjusted average, and (3) age-adjusted linear regression. Excess deaths by age, gender, and cause of death were also presented.
Results
The number of excess deaths varied depending on the estimation method used, reaching its highest point with the simple average and its lowest with the age-adjusted average. Age-adjusted linear regression, which accounts for both the aging population and declining mortality rates, was considered most appropriate. Using this model, excess deaths were estimated at 0.3% for 2020, 4.0% for 2021, and 20.7% for 2022. Excess deaths surged among individuals in their 20s throughout the pandemic, largely attributed to a rise in self-harm and suicide. Additionally, the results indicated sharp increases in deaths associated with “endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases” and “symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified.”
Conclusions
Substantial variations in excess deaths were evident based on estimation method, with a notable increase in 2022. The heightened excess deaths among young adults and specific causes underscore key considerations for future pandemic responses.; Summary

Korean summary
초과 사망은 팬데믹 영향을 종합적으로 평가하는 핵심 지표로 잘 알려져 있으나, 추정 방법에 따라 결과가 다양한 것으로 보고되고 있다. 코로나19 팬데믹동안 흔하게 사용된 3가지 방법 – 단순 평균, 연령보정 평균, 연령 보정 선형 회귀식-을 이용하여 초과사망을 추정하였을 때, 추정 방법에 따라서 초과사망에 큰 차이가 있었다. 3가지 방법 중 인구 고령화와 사망률 감소 추이를 고려한 연령 보정 선형 회귀식이 가장 적절한 것으로 판단되었으며, 이 방법을 이용한 한국의 초과 사망은 2020년 0.3%, 2021년 4.0%, 2022년 20.7%로 추정되었다. 또한 팬데믹 전 기간 동안 20대 초과 사망이 급증했는데 이는 주로 자해와 자살의 증가로 인한 것이었으며, '내분비, 영양 및 대사 질환' 및 ' 달리 분류되지 않은 증상, 징후와 임상 및 검사의 이상소견”으로 인한 초과사망도 급증하였다.

Key Message
● Excess deaths, a comprehensive indicator of the pandemic’s impact, varied by estimation method.
● Using an age-adjusted linear regression approach, which considers an aging population and declining mortality rates, excess deaths in Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic were estimated at 0.3% for 2020, 4.0% for 2021, and 20.7% for 2022.
● Excess deaths surged among individuals in their 20s throughout the pandemic, mainly due to increased self-harm and suicide, alongside a sharp rise in deaths related to ‘endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases’, and ‘symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified’.

Postpartum Depression in Young Mothers in Urban and Rural Indonesia: Alifa Syamantha Putri, Tri Wurisastuti, Indri Yunita Suryaputri, Rofingatul Mubasyiroh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(3):272-281. Published online May 7, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.534

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Young mothers are vulnerable to postpartum depression due to role transition-related stress. Understanding the causes underlying these stressors is essential for developing effective interventions.
Methods
This study analyzed the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research data. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to assess postpartum depression symptoms in mothers aged 15-24 years with infants aged 0-6 months. In 1285 subjects, the risk factors for postpartum depression were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression.
Results
The overall prevalence of depression in the 6 months postpartum was 4.0%, with a higher prevalence in urban areas (5.7%) than in rural areas (2.9%). Urban and rural young mothers showed distinct postpartum depression risk factors. In urban areas, living without a husband (odds ratio [OR], 3.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24 to 11.76), experiencing preterm birth (OR, 4.67; 95% CI, 1.50 to 14.50), having pregnancy complications (OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.20 to 7.66), and having postpartum complications (OR, 5.23; 95% CI, 1.98 to 13.80) were associated with a higher risk of postpartum depression. In rural areas, postpartum depression was significantly associated with a smaller household size (OR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.00 to 10.38), unwanted pregnancy (OR, 4.40; 95% CI, 1.15 to 16.86), and pregnancy complications (OR, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.31 to 8.88).
Conclusions
In both urban and rural contexts, postpartum depression relates to the availability of others to accompany young mothers throughout the postpartum period and offer support with reproductive issues. Support from the family and the healthcare system is essential to young mothers’ mental health. The healthcare system needs to involve families to support young mothers’ mental health from pregnancy until the postpartum period.

Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Postpartum depression and associated factors among childbearing women from the recent Demographic and Health Survey data of Mozambique: Multilevel analysis
Mamaru Melkam, Bezawit Melak Fente, Yohannes Mekuria Negussie, Zufan Alamrie Asmare, Hiwot Altaye Asebe, Beminate Lemma Seifu, Alemayehu Kasu Gebrehana, Sintayehu Simie Tsega, Meklit Melaku Bezie, Angwach Abrham Asnake
Heliyon.2025; 11(1): e41106. CrossRef
Intelligent Internet of Medical Things for Depression: Current Advancements, Challenges, and Trends
Md Belal Bin Heyat, Deepak Adhikari, Faijan Akhtar, Saba Parveen, Hafiz Muhammad Zeeshan, Hadaate Ullah, Yun-Hsuan Chen, Lu Wang, Mohamad Sawan, Stefano Cirillo
International Journal of Intelligent Systems.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Women with Postpartum Depression: A Literature Review
Ridha Wahyuni, Nik Nairan Abdullah, Akmal Hisyam Arshad
Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal.2025; 10(31): 231. CrossRef
Maternal postnatal depression, bonding, and health care practices in providing essential services for preterm and low birth weight infants in Indonesia
Ricvan Dana Nindrea, Long Chiau Ming, Nissa Prima Sari
Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.2025; 33: 102028. CrossRef
Association between infant feeding practices, COVID-19 related cognitive factors, and postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional online study in Thailand
Wichukorn Suriyawongpaisal, Punpawee Kittikul, Eun Young Lee, Li-Yin Chien, Yan-Shing Chang, Kelly Pereira Coca, Doungjai Buntup, Seo Ah Hong
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The efficacy of integrative antenatal class (IAC) to improve the psychological well-being of pregnant mothers
Lastri M. Winarni, Rita Damayanti, Sabarinah Prasetyo, Yati Afiyanti
Journal of Education and Health Promotion.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Common Mental Disorders and Associated Factors During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in Indonesia: An Analysis of Data From the 2018 Basic Health Research
Arum Ariasih, Besral, Meiwita Budiharsana, Sudarto Ronoatmodjo
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(4): 388. CrossRef
Association Between Maternal Weight Perception Before and During Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression Status in Southern China
Qin Zhang, Menglu Qiu, Laidi Guo, Yuanyuan Li, Zhencheng Xie, Wanyi Yang, Lishan Ouyang, Jia Yin, Yun Zhou, Minghan Fu, Ye Ding, Zhixu Wang
Nutrients.2024; 16(21): 3696. CrossRef
Budaya dan Intervensi Depresi Postpartum: Tinjauan Literatur Sistematik Lintas Benua
Ria Anggraini, Ninik Setiyowati
Jurnal Psikologi.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Qualitative Study of Perinatal Mental Health Services: Experiences and Perspectives of Health Workers and Patients
Evi Diliana Rospia, Dwi Kartika Cahyaningtyas, Siti Mardiyah WD, Cahaya Indah Lestari
EMBRIO.2023; 15(2): 216. CrossRef

Workstation Risk Factors for Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among IT Professionals in Indonesia: Tofan Agung Eka Prasetya, Nurul Izzah Abdul Samad, Aisy Rahmania, Dian Afif Arifah, Ratih Andhika Akbar Rahma, Abdullah Al Mamun; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(5):451-460. Published online July 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.214

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to identify workstation factors influencing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among information technology (IT) professionals in Indonesia.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 IT workers at small-enterprise companies who were randomly selected across East Java, Indonesia. The data were modeled using multiple linear regression, with a 95% level of confidence for determining statistical significance.
Results
The respondents reported that the neck had the highest level of discomfort and was the most at risk of WMSDs, followed by the lower back, right shoulder, and upper back. Screen use duration (p=0.040) was associated with whole-body WMSDs, along with seat width (p=0.059), armrest (p=0.027), monitor (p=0.046), and a combined telephone and monitor score (p=0.028). Meanwhile, the factors significantly related to the risk of WMSDs in the hands and wrist were working period (p=0.039), night shift (p=0.024), backrest (p=0.008), and mouse score (p=0.032).
Conclusions
Occupational safety authorities, standards-setting departments, and policymakers should prioritize addressing the risk factors for WMSDs among IT professionals.; Summary

Key Message
This study investigates workstation risk factors contributing to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among IT professionals in Indonesia. Findings indicate that neck discomfort is the most prevalent, with significant associations identified between WMSDs and factors such as screen use duration, seating arrangements, and work conditions. The results underscore the need for ergonomic improvements and targeted preventive measures to enhance occupational health and safety for IT workers.

Smoking-attributable Mortality in Korea, 2020: A Meta-analysis of 4 Databases: Eunsil Cheon, Yeun Soo Yang, Suyoung Jo, Jieun Hwang, Keum Ji Jung, Sunmi Lee, Seong Yong Park, Kyoungin Na, Soyeon Kim, Sun Ha Jee, Sung-il Cho; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(4):327-338. Published online July 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.471

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Estimating the number of deaths caused by smoking is crucial for developing and evaluating tobacco control and smoking cessation policies. This study aimed to determine smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in Korea in 2020.
Methods
Four large-scale cohorts from Korea were analyzed. A Cox proportional-hazards model was used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) of smoking-related death. By conducting a meta-analysis of these HRs, the pooled HRs of smoking-related death for 41 diseases were estimated. Population-attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated based on the smoking prevalence for 1995 in conjunction with the pooled HRs. Subsequently, SAM was derived using the PAF and the number of deaths recorded for each disease in 2020.
Results
The pooled HR for all-cause mortality attributable to smoking was 1.73 for current men smokers (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53 to 1.95) and 1.63 for current women smokers (95% CI, 1.37 to 1.94). Smoking accounted for 33.2% of all-cause deaths in men and 4.6% in women. Additionally, it was a factor in 71.8% of men lung cancer deaths and 11.9% of women lung cancer deaths. In 2020, smoking was responsible for 53 930 men deaths and 6283 women deaths, totaling 60 213 deaths.
Conclusions
Cigarette smoking was responsible for a significant number of deaths in Korea in 2020. Monitoring the impact and societal burden of smoking is essential for effective tobacco control and harm prevention policies.

Summary

Korean summary
한국의 흡연율은 상당 수준 감소하였지만 흡연의 장기적인 건강영향은 지속적으로 나타나고 있다. 4개의 대규모 코호트와 1995년 흡연율을 사용하여 2020년 한국의 흡연기인 사망자수를 산출한 결과 남성 53,930명, 여성 6283명으로 총 60,213명이였다. 효과적인 담배규제와 금연 정책을 위하여 장기적인 사망자수 모니터링이 필요할 것이다.

Key Message
Despite the significant decrease in smoking rates in South Korea, the long-term health effects of smoking continue to manifest. Our analysis using four large-scale cohorts and 1995 smoking prevalence revealed that in 2020, the number of smoking-attributable death in South Korea was 53,930 for men and 6,283 for women, totaling 60,213. Long-term monitoring is necessary for effective tobacco control and smoking cessation policies.

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Risk of all-cause mortality by various cigarette smoking indices: A longitudinal study using the Korea National Health Examination Baseline Cohort in South Korea
Heewon Kang, Eunsil Cheon, Jieun Hwang, Suyoung Jo, Kyoungin Na, Seong Yong Park, Sung-il Cho
Tobacco Induced Diseases.2025; 23(January): 1. CrossRef
Cohort profile: the Korean National Health Examination Baseline (KNHEB) cohort for longitudinal health monitoring in South Korea
Suyoung Jo, Eunsil Cheon, Heewon Kang, Min Kyung Lim, Wankyo Chung, Sun Ha Jee, Keum Ji Jung, Yeun Soo Yang, Seong Yong Park, Sunmi Lee, Jin-Kyoung Oh, Kyoungin Na, Soyeon Kim, Jieun Hwang, Sung-il Cho
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Preventable Cancers Caused by Infection in Korea From 2015 to 2030
Sungji Moon, Jeoungbin Choi, Soseul Sung, Youjin Hong, Kwang-Pil Ko, Jung Eun Lee, Inah Kim, Seungho Ryu, Sun Ha Jee, Guen Hui Kim, Sun Young Yang, Aesun Shin, Sun-Seog Kweon, Jeongseon Kim, Jieun Jang, Sangjun Lee, Kyungsik Kim, Woojin Lim, Yoon-Jung Cho
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The economic cost of direct smoking in South Korea
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Preventive Medicine Reports.2024; 46: 102865. CrossRef

The Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Services in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Study on Healthcare Providers’ Perspectives: Sharmin Parveen, Md. Shahriar Mahbub, Nasreen Nahar, K. A. M. Morshed, Nourin Rahman, Ezzat Tanzila Evana, Nazia Islam, Abu Said Md. Juel Miah; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(4):356-369. Published online June 9, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.081

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
The objective of this study was to explore healthcare providers’ experiences in managing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its impact on healthcare services.
Methods
A qualitative study was conducted with 34 healthcare professionals across 15 districts in Bangladesh. Among the participants, 24 were health managers or administrators stationed at the district or upazila (sub-district) level, and 10 were clinicians providing care to patients with COVID-19. The telephone interviews were conducted in Bangla, audio-recorded, transcribed, and then translated into English. Data were analyzed thematically.
Results
Most interviewees identified a range of issues within the health system. These included unpreparedness, challenges in segregating COVID-19 patients, maintaining isolation and home quarantine, a scarcity of intensive care unit beds, and ensuring continuity of service for non-COVID-19 patients. The limited availability of personal protective equipment, a shortage of human resources, and logistical challenges, such as obtaining COVID-19 tests, were frequently cited as barriers to managing the pandemic. Additionally, changes in the behavior of health service seekers, particularly increased aggression, were reported. The primary motivating factor for healthcare providers was the willingness to continue providing health services, rather than financial incentives.
Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic presented a unique set of challenges for health systems, while also providing valuable lessons in managing a public health crisis. To effectively address future health crises, it is crucial to resolve a myriad of issues within the health system, including the inequitable distribution of human resources and logistical challenges.

Summary

Key Message
This qualitative study explored healthcare providers' perspectives on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare services. Issues within the health system, such as a lack of skilled human resources, insufficient critical care facilities, low coverage of COVID-19 tests, inadequate logistical support, poor health behaviors and practices among health service seekers posed barriers to managing the pandemic at different healthcare levels. Ensuring personal protection for health professionals in the face of a novel disease presented a significant challenge. Increasing resource allocation and developing the capacity of healthcare providers were identified as potential solutions.

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The Female Sex Workers' Experiences of Accessing Healthcare Services in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Investigation
Shaharior Rahman Razu, Kim Usher, Rikki Jones, Md. Shahidul Islam
Diversity & Inclusion Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Correspondence

Letter to the Editor: Teenage Pregnancy in the Philippines: Effects and Interventions: Dalmacito A. Cordero Jr.; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(3):304-305. Published online May 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.221

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