1Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
2Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
Copyright © 2023 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest associated with the material presented in this paper.
FUNDING
None.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Both authors contributed equally to conceiving the study, analyzing the data, and writing this paper.
Characteristics | Vaccination against COVID-19 | p-value2 | |
---|---|---|---|
|
|||
Yes (n=7203) | No (n=536) | ||
Overall | 94.3 (93.5, 95.1) | 5.7 (4.9, 6.5) | |
|
|||
Gender | 0.069 | ||
Men | 93.8 (92.7, 94.7) | 6.2 (5.3, 7.3) | |
Women | 94.9 (93.8, 95.8) | 5.1 (4.2, 6.2) | |
|
|||
Age (y) | 0.814 | ||
18–59 | 94.3 (93.4, 95.1) | 5.7 (4.9, 6.6) | |
≥60 | 94.7 (91.1, 96.9) | 5.3 (3.1, 8.9) | |
|
|||
Educational level | <0.001 | ||
Higher education | 96.1 (95.0, 96.9) | 3.9 (3.1, 5.0) | |
Secondary education | 93.1 (91.6, 94.2) | 6.9 (5.8, 8.4) | |
Primary education or less | 91.7 (89.3, 93.7) | 8.3 (6.3, 10.7) | |
|
|||
Has a migratory permit | <0.001 | ||
No | 89.5 (87.6, 91.1) | 10.5 (8.9, 12.4) | |
Yes | 96.4 (95.5, 97.1) | 3.6 (2.9, 4.5) | |
|
|||
Worked in the last week | 0.007 | ||
Yes | 94.8 (93.9, 95.5) | 5.2 (4.5, 6.1) | |
No | 92.9 (91.2, 94.3) | 7.1 (5.7, 8.8) | |
|
|||
Health insurance status | <0.001 | ||
Uninsured | 93.3 (92.3, 94.2) | 6.7 (5.8, 7.7) | |
Insured | 97.9 (96.5, 98.8) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.5) | |
|
|||
Period of arrival in Peru | 0.016 | ||
During COVID-19 pandemic | 92.9 (91.2, 94.2) | 7.1 (5.8, 8.8) | |
Pre-pandemic | 94.8 (93.8, 95.6) | 5.2 (4.4, 6.2) | |
|
|||
Has experienced discrimination | 0.478 | ||
No | 94.2 (93.1, 95.1) | 5.8 (4.9, 6.9) | |
Yes | 94.7 (93.4, 95.7) | 5.3 (4.3, 6.6) | |
|
|||
Had or has COVID-19 | 0.003 | ||
No | 93.5 (92.5, 94.4) | 6.5 (5.6, 7.5) | |
Yes | 96.0 (94.6, 97.0) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.4) | |
|
|||
Physical or psychological limitation | 0.897 | ||
No | 94.3 (93.4, 95.1) | 5.7 (4.9, 6.6) | |
Yes | 94.6 (88.5, 97.6) | 5.4 (2.4, 11.5) | |
|
|||
Chronic disease | 0.561 | ||
No | 94.2 (93.3, 95.1) | 5.8 (4.9, 6.7) | |
Yes | 94.8 (92.9, 96.2) | 5.2 (3.8, 7.1) |
Values are presented as % (95% confidence interval); Weighted % of the row unless otherwise indicated.
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ENPOVE, Encuesta Dirigida a la Población Venezolana que Reside en el País (Survey of the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru).
1 The weighting factor and sample specifications of ENPOVE were included.
2 Estimated p-value using the chi-square test with Rao-Scott adjustment.
Variables | Crude | Adjusted2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
PR (95% CI) | p-value | aPR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Gender | ||||
Men | Reference | Reference | ||
Women | 0.82 (0.67, 1.02) | 0.070 | 0.76 (0.61, 0.95) | 0.016 |
|
||||
Age (y) | ||||
18–59 | Reference | Not included | ||
≥60 | 0.94 (0.56, 1.59) | 0.814 | Not included | |
|
||||
Educational level | ||||
Higher education | Reference | Reference | ||
Secondary education | 1.78 (1.33, 2.39) | <0.001 | 1.29 (0.97, 1.71) | 0.075 |
Primary education or less | 2.12 (1.51, 2.98) | <0.001 | 1.35 (0.98, 1.87) | 0.066 |
|
||||
Has a migratory permit | ||||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 0.34 (0.27, 0.44) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.31, 0.54) | <0.001 |
|
||||
Worked in the last week | ||||
Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
No | 1.36 (1.09, 1.70) | 0.007 | 1.31 (1.04, 1.65) | 0.022 |
|
||||
Health insurance status | ||||
Uninsured | Reference | Reference | ||
Insured | 0.31 (0.18, 0.53) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.27, 0.81) | 0.007 |
|
||||
Period of arrival in Peru | ||||
During COVID-19 pandemic | Reference | Reference | ||
Pre-pandemic | 0.73 (0.56, 0.94) | 0.016 | 1.26 (0.97, 1.64) | 0.082 |
|
||||
Has experienced discrimination | ||||
No | Reference | Not included | ||
Yes | 0.91 (0.71, 1.17) | 0.478 | Not included | |
|
||||
Had or has COVID-19 | ||||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 0.62 (0.46, 0.86) | 0.003 | 0.76 (0.56, 1.04) | 0.083 |
|
||||
Physical or psychological limitation | ||||
No | Reference | Not included | ||
Yes | 0.95 (0.43, 2.10) | 0.897 | Not included | |
|
||||
Chronic disease | ||||
No | Reference | Not included | ||
Yes | 0.90 (0.65, 1.27) | 0.562 | Not included |
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ENPOVE, Encuesta Dirigida a la Población Venezolana que Reside en el País (Survey of the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru); PR, prevalence ratio; aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval.
1 The weighting factors and sample specifications of ENPOVE were included for all analyses.
2 Adjusted for all variables with a value of p<0.2 in the crude model.
Characteristics | Absolute frequency (n=7739) | % (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Men | 3740 | 48.4 (47.3, 49.4) |
Women | 3999 | 51.6 (50.6, 52.7) |
| ||
Age (y) | ||
18–59 | 7440 | 96.3 (95.7, 96.8) |
≥60 | 299 | 3.7 (3.2, 4.3) |
| ||
Educational level | ||
Higher education | 3265 | 46.1 (44.3, 48.0) |
Secondary education | 3451 | 44.3 (42.4, 46.3) |
Primary education or less | 1023 | 9.6 (8.6, 10.6) |
| ||
Has a migratory permit | ||
No | 2867 | 29.7 (27.9, 31.6) |
Yes | 4872 | 70.3 (68.4, 72.1) |
| ||
Worked in the last week | ||
Yes | 5839 | 76.4 (75.1, 77.7) |
No | 1900 | 23.6 (22.3, 24.9) |
| ||
Health insurance status | ||
Uninsured | 6293 | 77.4 (75.7, 79.1) |
Insured | 1446 | 22.6 (20.9, 24.3) |
| ||
Period of arrival in Peru | ||
During COVID-19 pandemic | 2005 | 24.1 (22.5, 25.7) |
Pre-pandemic | 5734 | 75.9 (74.3, 77.5) |
| ||
Has experienced discrimination | ||
No | 5102 | 66.5 (64.7, 68.3) |
Yes | 2637 | 33.5 (31.7, 35.3) |
| ||
Had or has COVID-19 | ||
No | 5358 | 67.2 (65.4, 69.0) |
Yes | 2381 | 32.8 (31.0, 34.6) |
| ||
Physical or psychological limitation | ||
No | 7583 | 84.8 (82.2, 84.6) |
Yes | 156 | 16.6 (15.4, 17.8) |
| ||
Chronic disease | ||
No | 6402 | 97.9 (97.5, 98.3) |
Yes | 1337 | 2.1 (1.7, 2.5) |
Characteristics | Vaccination against COVID-19 | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
| |||
Yes (n=7203) | No (n=536) | ||
Overall | 94.3 (93.5, 95.1) | 5.7 (4.9, 6.5) | |
| |||
Gender | 0.069 | ||
Men | 93.8 (92.7, 94.7) | 6.2 (5.3, 7.3) | |
Women | 94.9 (93.8, 95.8) | 5.1 (4.2, 6.2) | |
| |||
Age (y) | 0.814 | ||
18–59 | 94.3 (93.4, 95.1) | 5.7 (4.9, 6.6) | |
≥60 | 94.7 (91.1, 96.9) | 5.3 (3.1, 8.9) | |
| |||
Educational level | <0.001 | ||
Higher education | 96.1 (95.0, 96.9) | 3.9 (3.1, 5.0) | |
Secondary education | 93.1 (91.6, 94.2) | 6.9 (5.8, 8.4) | |
Primary education or less | 91.7 (89.3, 93.7) | 8.3 (6.3, 10.7) | |
| |||
Has a migratory permit | <0.001 | ||
No | 89.5 (87.6, 91.1) | 10.5 (8.9, 12.4) | |
Yes | 96.4 (95.5, 97.1) | 3.6 (2.9, 4.5) | |
| |||
Worked in the last week | 0.007 | ||
Yes | 94.8 (93.9, 95.5) | 5.2 (4.5, 6.1) | |
No | 92.9 (91.2, 94.3) | 7.1 (5.7, 8.8) | |
| |||
Health insurance status | <0.001 | ||
Uninsured | 93.3 (92.3, 94.2) | 6.7 (5.8, 7.7) | |
Insured | 97.9 (96.5, 98.8) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.5) | |
| |||
Period of arrival in Peru | 0.016 | ||
During COVID-19 pandemic | 92.9 (91.2, 94.2) | 7.1 (5.8, 8.8) | |
Pre-pandemic | 94.8 (93.8, 95.6) | 5.2 (4.4, 6.2) | |
| |||
Has experienced discrimination | 0.478 | ||
No | 94.2 (93.1, 95.1) | 5.8 (4.9, 6.9) | |
Yes | 94.7 (93.4, 95.7) | 5.3 (4.3, 6.6) | |
| |||
Had or has COVID-19 | 0.003 | ||
No | 93.5 (92.5, 94.4) | 6.5 (5.6, 7.5) | |
Yes | 96.0 (94.6, 97.0) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.4) | |
| |||
Physical or psychological limitation | 0.897 | ||
No | 94.3 (93.4, 95.1) | 5.7 (4.9, 6.6) | |
Yes | 94.6 (88.5, 97.6) | 5.4 (2.4, 11.5) | |
| |||
Chronic disease | 0.561 | ||
No | 94.2 (93.3, 95.1) | 5.8 (4.9, 6.7) | |
Yes | 94.8 (92.9, 96.2) | 5.2 (3.8, 7.1) |
Characteristics | 1st dose | 2nd dose | 3rd dose |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Men | 10.5 | 62.3 | 27.1 |
Women | 6.3 | 61.5 | 32.2 |
| |||
Age (y) | |||
18–59 | 8.5 | 63.2 | 28.3 |
≥60 | 3.4 | 28.4 | 68.1 |
| |||
Educational level | |||
Higher education | 4.6 | 60.3 | 35.1 |
Secondary education | 11.6 | 63.9 | 24.5 |
Up to Primary education | 12.2 | 60.4 | 27.5 |
| |||
Has a migratory permit | |||
No | 17.3 | 67.1 | 15.6 |
Yes | 4.8 | 59.9 | 35.3 |
| |||
Work in the last week | |||
Yes | 8 | 61.8 | 30.2 |
No | 9.7 | 62.1 | 28.2 |
| |||
Has health insurance | |||
No | 10.1 | 64.9 | 25.0 |
Yes | 2.6 | 52.2 | 45.2 |
| |||
Period of arrival in Peru | |||
During COVID-19 pandemic | 14.6 | 63.9 | 21.5 |
Pre-pandemic | 6.4 | 61.3 | 32.3 |
| |||
Been discriminated against | |||
No | 8.1 | 62.6 | 29.3 |
Yes | 8.9 | 60.5 | 30.7 |
| |||
Had or has COVID-19 | |||
No | 9.4 | 62.8 | 27.8 |
Yes | 6.2 | 60.2 | 33.6 |
| |||
Physical or psychological limitation | |||
No | 8.7 | 63.7 | 27.6 |
Yes | 6.6 | 53.0 | 40.4 |
| |||
Chronic disease | |||
No | 8.4 | 62.1 | 29.5 |
Yes | 4.9 | 53.3 | 41.8 |
Variables | Crude | Adjusted | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
PR (95% CI) | p-value | aPR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Gender | ||||
Men | Reference | Reference | ||
Women | 0.82 (0.67, 1.02) | 0.070 | 0.76 (0.61, 0.95) | 0.016 |
| ||||
Age (y) | ||||
18–59 | Reference | Not included | ||
≥60 | 0.94 (0.56, 1.59) | 0.814 | Not included | |
| ||||
Educational level | ||||
Higher education | Reference | Reference | ||
Secondary education | 1.78 (1.33, 2.39) | <0.001 | 1.29 (0.97, 1.71) | 0.075 |
Primary education or less | 2.12 (1.51, 2.98) | <0.001 | 1.35 (0.98, 1.87) | 0.066 |
| ||||
Has a migratory permit | ||||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 0.34 (0.27, 0.44) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.31, 0.54) | <0.001 |
| ||||
Worked in the last week | ||||
Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
No | 1.36 (1.09, 1.70) | 0.007 | 1.31 (1.04, 1.65) | 0.022 |
| ||||
Health insurance status | ||||
Uninsured | Reference | Reference | ||
Insured | 0.31 (0.18, 0.53) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.27, 0.81) | 0.007 |
| ||||
Period of arrival in Peru | ||||
During COVID-19 pandemic | Reference | Reference | ||
Pre-pandemic | 0.73 (0.56, 0.94) | 0.016 | 1.26 (0.97, 1.64) | 0.082 |
| ||||
Has experienced discrimination | ||||
No | Reference | Not included | ||
Yes | 0.91 (0.71, 1.17) | 0.478 | Not included | |
| ||||
Had or has COVID-19 | ||||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 0.62 (0.46, 0.86) | 0.003 | 0.76 (0.56, 1.04) | 0.083 |
| ||||
Physical or psychological limitation | ||||
No | Reference | Not included | ||
Yes | 0.95 (0.43, 2.10) | 0.897 | Not included | |
| ||||
Chronic disease | ||||
No | Reference | Not included | ||
Yes | 0.90 (0.65, 1.27) | 0.562 | Not included |
ENPOVE, Encuesta Dirigida a la Población Venezolana que Reside en el País (Survey of the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru); CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019. The weighting factor and sample specifications of ENPOVE were included.
Values are presented as % (95% confidence interval); Weighted % of the row unless otherwise indicated. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ENPOVE, Encuesta Dirigida a la Población Venezolana que Reside en el País (Survey of the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru). The weighting factor and sample specifications of ENPOVE were included. Estimated
Values are presented as %. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ENPOVE, Encuesta Dirigida a la Población Venezolana que Reside en el País (Survey of the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru). The weighting factor and sample specifications of ENPOVE were included.
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ENPOVE, Encuesta Dirigida a la Población Venezolana que Reside en el País (Survey of the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru); PR, prevalence ratio; aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval. The weighting factors and sample specifications of ENPOVE were included for all analyses. Adjusted for all variables with a value of