- Changes in Dietary Behavior Among Adolescents and Their Association With Government Nutrition Policies in Korea, 2005-2009
-
Sang Geun Bae, Jong Yeon Kim, Keon Yeop Kim, Soon Woo Park, Jisuk Bae, Won Kee Lee
-
J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(1):47-59. Published online January 31, 2012
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.1.47
-
-
15,889
View
-
110
Download
-
38
Crossref
-
 Abstract
 PDF
- Objectives
This study was conducted to observe recent changes in adolescents' dietary behavior and indirectly evaluate the effects of the government's nutritional policies in Korea. MethodsWe analyzed the secular trends in seven dietary behaviors using the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey data from 2005 to 2009. Through literature review, we included the policies implemented for the improvement of adolescents'dietary behaviors during the same periods. ResultsThe significant linear trends were observed in all dietary behaviors (p<0.05). Overall, all behaviors except the fruit intake rate were desirably changed during five years but undesirable changes were observed between 2008 and 2009 in all behaviors. Within those periods, several policies were implemented including 'Ban on carbonated-beverages in school', 'Green Food Zone', etc. Despite confirmed evidence of their effects, the policies on individual behavior such as nutrition education didn't influence the prevalence of dietary behaviors because they were conducted to too limited persons. Polices on the school environmental improvement, such as ban on carbonated beverage in school, were more effective because they decreased the exposure of undesirable food environment. However, for effect of Green Food Zone improving community environment we couldn't come to a conclusion because of too short period after full implementation. ConclusionsAmong government nutrition policies conducted from 2005 to 2009, those on environmental improvement, especially in school, were more effective than those on individual behavior. Therefore, the development and implement of policies on school environmental improvement are needed in Korea.
-
Summary
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by  - Temporal trends and the association between self-rated oral health and falls in community-dwelling older adults in South Korea: a secondary analysis of survey data
Hyun-Ju Seo, Soon-Ki Ahn, Min-Jung Choi
BMJ Open.2024; 14(4): e081549. CrossRef - Comparison of ten policy options to equitably reduce children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing
Ryan Gage, Wei Liu, Amber L Pearson, Moira Smith, Michelle Barr, Ashton Shortridge, Louise Signal
Public Health Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Health lifestyles of six Zhiguo ethnic groups in China: a latent class analysis
Kaiwen Wu, Jie Chen, Yan Xiao, Chaofang Yan, Xiaoju Li, Yuan Huang, Rui Deng
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - The nutrition transition, food retail transformations, and policy responses to overnutrition in the East Asia region: A descriptive review
Oliver Huse, Erica Reeve, Phillip Baker, Daniel Hunt, Colin Bell, Anna Peeters, Kathryn Backholer
Obesity Reviews.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Water Wins, Communication Matters: School-Based Intervention to Reduce Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Increase Intake of Water
Tanja Kamin, Barbara Koroušić Seljak, Nataša Fidler Mis
Nutrients.2022; 14(7): 1346. CrossRef - Secular trends and related factors in leisure-time sedentary behavior among Koreans: an analysis of data from the 2011-2017 Korea Community Health Survey
Hyun-Ju Seo, Min-Jung Choi, Soon-Ki Ahn
Epidemiology and Health.2022; 44: e2022023. CrossRef - Advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages around primary and junior high schools in Ghana's most urbanized and populous region
Gideon Senyo Amevinya, Stefanie Vandevijvere, Bridget Kelly, Seth Kwaku Afagbedzi, Richmond Aryeetey, Akosua Pokua Adjei, Wilhemina Quarpong, Akua Tandoh, Silver Nanema, Charles Agyemang, Francis Zotor, Matilda E. Laar, Kobby Mensah, Dennis Laryea, Gershi
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Changes in retail food environments around schools over 12 years and associations with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Flanders, Belgium
Vincent Smets, Stefanie Vandevijvere
BMC Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Disparity between Subjective Health Perception and Lifestyle Practices among Korean Adolescents: A National Representative Sample
Aniceto Echalico Braza, Jinsoo Jason Kim, Sun Hee Kim
Journal of Lifestyle Medicine.2022; 12(3): 153. CrossRef - Energy and Macronutrient Intake Among Children Aged 6−11 Years Old — China, 2016−2017
Lahong Ju, Wei Piao, Hongyun Fang, Qiya Guo, Shuya Cai, Xiaoli Xu, Shujuan Li, Xue Cheng, Dongmei Yu, Liyun Zhao
China CDC Weekly.2021; 3(9): 181. CrossRef - Cooking Oil and Salt Intakes Among Children Aged 6−17 Years — China, 2016−2017
Lahong Ju, Dongmei Yu, Wei Piao, Hongyun Fang, Qiya Guo, Xiaoli Xu, Shujuan Li, Xue Cheng, Shuya Cai, Liyun Zhao
China CDC Weekly.2021; 3(31): 657. CrossRef - Space-time analysis of unhealthy food advertising: New Zealand children’s exposure and health policy options
Wei Liu, Michelle Barr, Amber L Pearson, Tim Chambers, Karin A Pfeiffer, Moira Smith, Louise Signal
Health Promotion International.2020; 35(4): 812. CrossRef - Variability in sociodemographic factors and obesity in Korean children: a cross-sectional analysis of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination survey data (2007–2015)
Hae Jeong Lee, Sung Hoon Kim, Mi Hyeon Jin, Ju Suk Lee
Annals of Epidemiology.2020; 43: 51. CrossRef - Consumo de frutas e verduras por adolescentes catarinenses ao longo de uma década
Jaqueline Aragoni da Silva, Kelly Samara da Silva, Mônica Costa Silva, Pablo Magno da Silveira, Giovâni Firpo Del Duca, Jucemar Benedet, Markus Vinicius Nahas
Ciência & Saúde Coletiva.2020; 25(2): 613. CrossRef - Kids in a Candy Store: An Objective Analysis of Children’s Interactions with Food in Convenience Stores
Christina McKerchar, Moira Smith, Ryan Gage, Jonathan Williman, Gillian Abel, Cameron Lacey, Cliona Ni Mhurchu, Louise Signal
Nutrients.2020; 12(7): 2143. CrossRef - Where we eat is who we are: a survey of food-related travel patterns to Singapore’s hawker centers, food courts and coffee shops
Shin Bin Tan, Mariana Arcaya
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Why are restricted food items still sold after the implementation of the school store policy? the case of South Korea
Seul Ki Choi, Edward A. Frongillo, Christine E. Blake, James F. Thrasher
Food Policy.2019; 83: 161. CrossRef - Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health
Peter von Philipsborn, Jan M Stratil, Jacob Burns, Laura K Busert, Lisa M Pfadenhauer, Stephanie Polus, Christina Holzapfel, Hans Hauner, Eva Rehfuess
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - The effect of Public Health/Pediatric Obesity interventions on socioeconomic inequalities in childhood obesity: A scoping review
Francesco Venturelli, Francesca Ferrari, Serena Broccoli, Laura Bonvicini, Pamela Mancuso, Annalisa Bargellini, Paolo Giorgi Rossi
Obesity Reviews.2019; 20(12): 1720. CrossRef - Korean Adolescents’ Energy Intake of Selected Foods by Eating Place from 1998 to 2012 During Implementation of Two National School Nutrition Policies
Seul Ki Choi, Edward A. Frongillo, Christine E. Blake, James F. Thrasher
Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition.2018; 13(1): 116. CrossRef - Effectiveness of school food environment policies on children’s dietary behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Renata Micha, Dimitra Karageorgou, Ioanna Bakogianni, Eirini Trichia, Laurie P. Whitsel, Mary Story, Jose L. Peñalvo, Dariush Mozaffarian, Manuel Portero-Otin
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(3): e0194555. CrossRef - Examining community and consumer food environments for children: An urban-suburban-rural comparison in Southwestern Ontario
Catherine M. DuBreck, Richard C. Sadler, Godwin Arku, Jason A. Gilliland
Social Science & Medicine.2018; 209: 33. CrossRef - Unhealthy food marketing around New Zealand schools: a national study
Stefanie Vandevijvere, Janine Molloy, Naadira Hassen de Medeiros, Boyd Swinburn
International Journal of Public Health.2018; 63(9): 1099. CrossRef - Regulatory initiatives to reduce sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America
Paola Bergallo, Valentina Castagnari, Alicia Fernández, Raúl Mejía, Daniel Romer
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(10): e0205694. CrossRef - The utility of the agency‐structure framework to estimate the health equity impact of universal obesity prevention policies
K. Backholer, A. Peeters
Obesity Reviews.2017; 18(1): 126. CrossRef - Efficacy of school-based interventions aimed at decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among adolescents: a systematic review
Lydi-Anne Vézina-Im, Dominique Beaulieu, Ariane Bélanger-Gravel, Danielle Boucher, Caroline Sirois, Marylène Dugas, Véronique Provencher
Public Health Nutrition.2017; 20(13): 2416. CrossRef - Breast milk fatty acid composition and fatty acid intake of lactating mothers in South Korea
Hyesook Kim, Sujeong Kang, Byung-Moon Jung, Hyunju Yi, Ji A. Jung, Namsoo Chang
British Journal of Nutrition.2017; 117(4): 556. CrossRef - Neighborhood Environments: Links to Health Behaviors and Obesity Status in Vulnerable Children
Jina Choo, Hye-Jin Kim, Sooyeon Park
Western Journal of Nursing Research.2017; 39(8): 1169. CrossRef - Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: Links to Socioeconomic Status and Fruit and Vegetable Intakes
Jihyun You, Jina Choo
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2016; 13(3): 307. CrossRef - Happiness and health behaviors in South Korean adolescents: a cross-sectional study
Su Yeon Kye, Jeong Hyun Kwon, Keeho Park
Epidemiology and Health.2016; 38: e2016022. CrossRef - Can policy ameliorate socioeconomic inequities in obesity and obesity‐related behaviours? A systematic review of the impact of universal policies on adults and children
D. L. Olstad, M. Teychenne, L. M. Minaker, D. R. Taber, K. D. Raine, C. I. J. Nykiforuk, K. Ball
Obesity Reviews.2016; 17(12): 1198. CrossRef - Obesogenic Retail Food Environments Around New Zealand Schools
Stefanie Vandevijvere, Zaynel Sushil, Daniel J. Exeter, Boyd Swinburn
American Journal of Preventive Medicine.2016; 51(3): e57. CrossRef - Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health
Peter von Philipsborn, Jan M Stratil, Jacob Burns, Laura K Busert, Lisa M Pfadenhauer, Stephanie Polus, Christina Holzapfel, Hans Hauner, Eva Rehfuess
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - Smart food policies for obesity prevention
Corinna Hawkes, Trenton G Smith, Jo Jewell, Jane Wardle, Ross A Hammond, Sharon Friel, Anne Marie Thow, Juliana Kain
The Lancet.2015; 385(9985): 2410. CrossRef - CVD Prevention Through Policy: a Review of Mass Media, Food/Menu Labeling, Taxation/Subsidies, Built Environment, School Procurement, Worksite Wellness, and Marketing Standards to Improve Diet
Ashkan Afshin, Jose Penalvo, Liana Del Gobbo, Michael Kashaf, Renata Micha, Kurtis Morrish, Jonathan Pearson-Stuttard, Colin Rehm, Siyi Shangguan, Jessica D. Smith, Dariush Mozaffarian
Current Cardiology Reports.2015;[Epub] CrossRef - Unexpected plateauing of childhood obesity rates in developed countries
Martin Wabitsch, Anja Moss, Katrin Kromeyer-Hauschild
BMC Medicine.2014;[Epub] CrossRef - Current Information and Asian Perspectives on Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy: Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations from an Early Nutrition Academy Workshop
Berthold Koletzko, Christopher C.M. Boey, Cristina Campoy, Susan E. Carlson, Namsoo Chang, Maria Antonia Guillermo-Tuazon, Sadhana Joshi, Christine Prell, Seng Hock Quak, Damayanti Rusli Sjarif, Yixiang Su, Sarayut Supapannachart, Yuichiro Yamashiro, Sask
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism.2014; 65(1): 49. CrossRef - The impact of nutritional policy on socioeconomic disparity in the unhealthy food intake among Korean adolescents
Kirang Kim, Sun Min Park, Kyung Won Oh
Appetite.2013; 71: 388. CrossRef
- Test-Retest Reliability of a Questionnaire for the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey.
-
Jisuk Bae, Hyojee Joung, Jong Yeon Kim, Kyoung Nam Kwon, Young Taek Kim, Soon Woo Park
-
J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(5):403-410.
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.5.403
-
-
8,080
View
-
185
Download
-
103
Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
A web-based survey has been administered annually since 2005 throughout Korea to assess the prevalence of adolescent health risk behaviors among middle and high school students. The aim of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) questionnaire. METHODS: A convenience sample of 2298 middle and high school students participated in self-administered questionnaire surveys twice, approximately two weeks apart, in 2008. The percent agreement, kappa statistics, and prevalence rates at the first and second surveys were computed for the core subset of 39 self-reported health risk behavior indices of the KYRBWS. RESULTS: Among 39 indices, seven indices had kappas > or = 0.81 and all of the indices had kappas > or = 0.41. Based on non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals, three indices had significantly different prevalence rates between the first and second surveys. In the subgroup analyses by school grade and gender, two indices had significantly different reliability estimates between middle and high school students. There were no significantly different reliability estimates between male and female students, except for one index. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the reliability estimates for the KYRBWS questionnaire are varied, but generally reliable over time. The indices with low reliability estimates need to be evaluated further in order to determine whether the indices should be modified or deleted from future versions of the KYRBWS.
-
Summary
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Validity of Self-Reported Height, Weight, and Body Mass Index of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey Questionnaire.
-
Jisuk Bae, Hyojee Joung, Jong Yeon Kim, Kyoung Nam Kwon, Yoonjung Kim, Soon Woo Park
-
J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(5):396-402.
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.5.396
-
-
8,084
View
-
116
Download
-
78
Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
Self-reported anthropometric values, such as height and weight, are used to calculate body mass index (BMI) and assess the prevalence of obesity among adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of self-reported height, weight, and BMI of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey questionnaire. METHODS: A convenience sample of 137 middle school students and 242 high school students completed a self-administered questionnaire in 2008. Body height and weight were directly measured after self-reported values were obtained from the questionnaire survey. Sensitivity, specificity, and kappa statistics were computed in order to evaluate the validity of the prevalence of obesity (BMI > or = 95th percentile or > or = 25 kg/m2) based on self-reported data. RESULTS: Self-reported weight and BMI tended to be underestimated. Self-reported height tended to be overestimated among middle school females and high school males. Obese adolescents tended to underestimate their weight and BMI and overestimate their height more than non-obese adolescents. The prevalence estimate of obesity based on self-reported data (10.6%) was lower than that based on directly measured data (15.3%). The estimated sensitivity of obesity based on self-reported data was 69.0% and the specificity was 100.0%. The value of kappa was 0.79 (95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that self-reported height and weight may lead to the underestimation of BMI and consequently the prevalence of obesity. These biases should be taken into account when self-reported data are used for monitoring the prevalence and trends of obesity among adolescents nationwide.
-
Summary
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by - Association between body mass index and atopic dermatitis among adolescents: Findings from a national cross-sectional study in Korea
Jae Hyeok Lim, Yun Seo Jang, Dan Bi Kim, Suk-Yong Jang, Eun-Cheol Park, Dong Keon Yon
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(7): e0307140. CrossRef - Mukbang and Cookbang watching and dietary behavior in Korean adolescents
Jimin Sung, Jae-Young Hong, Jihong Kim, Jihye Jung, Seoeun Choi, Ji Yun Kang, Mi Ah Han
Nutrition Research and Practice.2024; 18(4): 523. CrossRef - Difference in Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Korean Adolescents
Munsu Park, Dahyun Kim, Mingee Choi, Jaeyong Shin
The Journal of Nutrition.2023; 153(8): 2147. CrossRef - Factors affecting the use of herbal medicines for weight loss in overweight and obese adolescents
Mi Hong Yim, Boram Lee
Frontiers in Pediatrics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in obesity among Korean adolescents: the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS) 2006 to 2020
Eunji Kim, Ga Bin Lee, Dong Keon Yon, Hyeon Chang Kim
Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023033. CrossRef - Physical activity levels, exercise preferences, and exercise barriers in Korean children and adolescents after cancer treatment
Ji Young Kim, Samuel Yoo, Su Jin Yeon, Ji Hee Min, Dong-il Kim, Ji Won Lee, Jung Woo Han, Chuhl Joo Lyu, Justin Y. Jeon
Supportive Care in Cancer.2022; 30(2): 1787. CrossRef - Association Between Graphic Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs and Smoking Cessation Attempts in Korean Adolescent Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Hye Jin Joo, Jae Hong Joo, Seung Hoon Kim, Eun-Cheol Park, Sung-In Jang
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Adolescent’s self-reported weight and its association with media impact on decision to lose weight and body thinness perception
Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa, Balqees A. Al-Awadhi, Yousef A. Al-Dashti, Fahhad A. Alajmi, Fawaz D. Almansour, Ahmed R. Al-Haifi
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Trends in Obesity and Obesity-Related Risk Factors among Adolescents in Korea from 2009 to 2019
Eunok Park, Young Ko
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(9): 5672. CrossRef - Factors associated with body image perception of adolescents
Hyunju Chae
Acta Psychologica.2022; 227: 103620. CrossRef - Association of Household Type and Fast-Food Consumption in Korean Adolescents
Hwa Sook Kwon, Soo Hyun Kang, Yu Shin Park, Jung Gu Kang, Eun Cheol Park
Nutrients.2022; 14(15): 3024. CrossRef - Change of obesity prevalence and lifestyle patterns before and during COVID-19 among Korean adolescents
Hong Kyu Park, Jung Sub Lim
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 27(3): 183. CrossRef - Reliability of Self-Reported Height and Weight in Children: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study and a Review
Magali Rios-Leyvraz, Natalia Ortega, Arnaud Chiolero
Nutrients.2022; 15(1): 75. CrossRef - Energy-drink consumption is associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis in Korean adolescents
Jee Hye Wee, Chanyang Min, Min Woo Park, Il-Seok Park, Bumjung Park, Hyo Geun Choi
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2021; 75(7): 1077. CrossRef - The Association between Vigorous Physical Activity and Stress in Adolescents with Asthma
Sunga Kong, Wi-Young So, Seyong Jang
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(7): 3467. CrossRef - Leisure-time and study-time Internet use and dietary risk factors in Korean adolescents
Dohyun Byun, Rockli Kim, Hannah Oh
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2021; 114(5): 1791. CrossRef - Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, and Atopic Dermatitis Incidence in Korean Adolescents before and after COVID-19
Hyo Geun Choi, Il Gyu Kong
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(15): 3446. CrossRef - Changes in Dietary Habits and Exercise Pattern of Korean Adolescents from Prior to during the COVID-19 Pandemic
So Young Kim, Dae Myoung Yoo, Chanyang Min, Hyo Geun Choi
Nutrients.2021; 13(10): 3314. CrossRef - Regional Adolescent Obesity and Overweight Status in Korea from 2018–2019: Comparison between Two Data Sources
Dong-Hee Ryu, Su-Jin Lee
Healthcare.2021; 9(12): 1751. CrossRef - Prevalence and correlates of highly caffeinated beverage consumption among Korean adolescents
Ho-Kyung Kwak, Jaesin Sa, Siyoung Choe, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Joon Chung, Gayle Cummings, Jounghee Lee
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2021; 12(6): 374. CrossRef - Association of frequent intake of fast foods, energy drinks, or convenience food with atopic dermatitis in adolescents
Soo Ick Cho, Hanjae Lee, Dong Hun Lee, Kyu-Han Kim
European Journal of Nutrition.2020; 59(7): 3171. CrossRef - Association of Early Menarche with Adolescent Health in the Setting of Rapidly Decreasing Age at Menarche
Eun Jeong Yu, Seung-Ah Choe, Jae-Won Yun, Mia Son
Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology.2020; 33(3): 264. CrossRef - The association between high hygiene scores and allergic rhinitis in Korean adolescents
Jee Hye Wee, Min Woo Park, Chanyang Min, Il‐Seok Park, Bumjung Park, Hyo Geun Choi
International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology.2020; 10(8): 1024. CrossRef - Association of exposure to secondhand smoke at home with early age at menarche in South Korea
S.H. Kang, J.H. Joo, S.I. Jang, E.C. Park
Public Health.2020; 185: 144. CrossRef - Poor oral health is associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis in Korean adolescents
Jee Hye Wee, Min Woo Park, Chanyang Min, Il-Seok Park, Bumjung Park, Hyo Geun Choi
Medicine.2020; 99(31): e21534. CrossRef - Korean Youth with Comorbid Allergic Disease and Obesity Show Heightened Psychological Distress
Soo Yeon Kim, Sun Ha Choi, Jong Deok Kim, In Suk Sol, Min Jung Kim, Yoon Hee Kim, Young-Chul Jung, Myung Hyun Sohn, Kyung Won Kim
The Journal of Pediatrics.2019; 206: 99. CrossRef - Validity of Measured vs. Self-Reported Height, Weight and Body-Mass Index in Urban Croatian Adolescents
Lovro Štefan, Mario Baić, Damir Pekas
International Journal of Sport Studies for Health.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Height development of men and women from China, South Korea, and Taiwan during the rapid economic transformation period of the 1960s–1980s
Daniel Schwekendiek, Joerg Baten
Economics & Human Biology.2019; 34: 169. CrossRef - The Effect of Family-Based Empowerment on Obesity among Adolescents in Tana Toraja
R. Erni Yetti, Muhammad Syafar, Andi Zulkifli, Rahayu Indriasari, Burhanuddin Bahar, Suriah ., Agus Bintara Birawida, Bagoes Widjanarko, Zadrak Tombeg, Saskiyanto Manggabara, Anto J. Hadi
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition.2019; 18(9): 866. CrossRef - Risk factors for disordered weight control behaviors among Korean adolescents: Multilevel analysis of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Yongjoo Kim, S. Bryn Austin, S.V. Subramanian, Jennifer J. Thomas, Kamryn T. Eddy, Debra L. Franko, Rachel F. Rodgers, Ichiro Kawachi
International Journal of Eating Disorders.2018; 51(2): 124. CrossRef - Lack of sleep is associated with internet use for leisure
So Young Kim, Min-Su Kim, Bumjung Park, Jin-Hwan Kim, Hyo Geun Choi, Andrew Lepp
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(1): e0191713. CrossRef - Effect of the Online Game Shutdown Policy on Internet Use, Internet Addiction, and Sleeping Hours in Korean Adolescents
Jiyun Choi, Hyunseok Cho, Seungmin Lee, Juyeong Kim, Eun-Cheol Park
Journal of Adolescent Health.2018; 62(5): 548. CrossRef - How accurate is the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents derived from self-reported data? A meta-analysis
Jinbo He, Zhihui Cai, Xitao Fan
Public Health Nutrition.2018; 21(10): 1865. CrossRef - Association between Parents' Country of Birth and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: the Early Stages of Multicultural Society
Jieun Jang, Eun-Cheol Park, Sang Ah Lee, Young Choi, Yoon Soo Choy, Woorim Kim, Sung-In Jang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between BMI for Obesity and Distress about Appearance in Korean Adolescents
Hyo Geun Choi, Hyoseob Lim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - The association between sleep duration, sleep quality, and food consumption in adolescents: A cross-sectional study using the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey
Chanyang Min, Hyung-Jong Kim, Il-Seok Park, Bumjung Park, Jin-Hwan Kim, Songyong Sim, Hyo Geun Choi
BMJ Open.2018; 8(7): e022848. CrossRef - Do causes of stress differ in their association with problem drinking by sex in Korean adolescents?
Jae-Woo Choi, Eun-Cheol Park, Jae-Hyun Kim, So-Hee Park
Addictive Behaviors.2017; 64: 62. CrossRef - The Relationships Between Recreational Drug Abuse and School Records Among Korean Adolescents
Dong-Hyun Kim, Wi-Young So
Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse.2017; 26(1): 86. CrossRef - Allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma are associated with differences in school performance among Korean adolescents
So Young Kim, Min-Su Kim, Bumjung Park, Jin-Hwan Kim, Hyo Geun Choi, Luo Zhang
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(2): e0171394. CrossRef - Physical activity, weight status and psychological well-being among a large national sample of South Korean adolescents
Ji Hee Min, Eun-Young Lee, John C. Spence, Justin Y. Jeon
Mental Health and Physical Activity.2017; 12: 44. CrossRef - The associations between internet use time and school performance among Korean adolescents differ according to the purpose of internet use
So Young Kim, Min-Su Kim, Bumjung Park, Jin-Hwan Kim, Hyo Geun Choi, Stefano Federici
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(4): e0174878. CrossRef - Accuracy of using self-reported data to screen children and adolescents for overweight and obesity status: A diagnostic meta-analysis
Jinbo He, Zhihui Cai, Xitao Fan
Obesity Research & Clinical Practice.2017; 11(3): 257. CrossRef - Validity of self-reported weight and height: a cross-sectional study among Malaysian adolescents
C. C. Kee, K. H. Lim, M. G. Sumarni, C. H. Teh, Y. Y. Chan, M. I. Nuur Hafizah, Y. K. Cheah, E. O. Tee, Y. Ahmad Faudzi, M. Amal Nasir
BMC Medical Research Methodology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - Physical Activity, Sedentary Habits, Sleep, and Obesity are Associated with Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, and Atopic Dermatitis in Korean Adolescents
Man-Sup Lim, Chang Hee Lee, Songyong Sim, Sung Kwang Hong, Hyo Geun Choi
Yonsei Medical Journal.2017; 58(5): 1040. CrossRef - High stress, lack of sleep, low school performance, and suicide attempts are associated with high energy drink intake in adolescents
So Young Kim, Songyong Sim, Hyo Geun Choi, Russell J. de Souza
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(11): e0187759. CrossRef - Atopic dermatitis is associated with active and passive cigarette smoking in adolescents
So Young Kim, Songyong Sim, Hyo Geun Choi, Bernard Le Foll
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(11): e0187453. CrossRef - Active, passive, and electronic cigarette smoking is associated with asthma in adolescents
So Young Kim, Songyong Sim, Hyo Geun Choi
Scientific Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - Avaliação da consistência de valores de peso, altura e índice de massa corporal no questionário Consumo Alimentar e Atividade Física de Escolares: o controle da qualidade da entrada de dados no sistema
Gilmar Mercês de Jesus, Maria Alice Altenburg de Assis, Emil Kupek, Lizziane Andrade Dias
Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia.2017; 20(4): 573. CrossRef - Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: Links to Socioeconomic Status and Fruit and Vegetable Intakes
Jihyun You, Jina Choo
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2016; 13(3): 307. CrossRef - Dietary Habits Are Associated With School Performance in Adolescents
So Young Kim, Songyong Sim, Bumjung Park, Il Gyu Kong, Jin-Hwan Kim, Hyo Geun Choi
Medicine.2016; 95(12): e3096. CrossRef - Weight status misperceptions among UK adults: the use of self-reported vs. measured BMI
Eric Robinson, Melissa Oldham
BMC Obesity.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - Data Resource Profile: The Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS)
Yoonjung Kim, Sunhye Choi, Chaemin Chun, Suyeon Park, Young-Ho Khang, Kyungwon Oh
International Journal of Epidemiology.2016; : dyw070. CrossRef - School- and Individual-level Predictors of Weight Status Misperception among Korean Adolescents: A National Online Survey
Yongjoo Kim, Ichiro Kawachi, Martin J Tovée
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(5): e0154826. CrossRef - Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Academic Achievement: a Cross-sectional Study
Dong Jun Sung, Wi-Young So, Taikyeong Ted. Jeong
Central European Journal of Public Health.2016; 24(1): 45. CrossRef - Association between Perceived Stress and Asthma Symptoms in Adolescents
Cho Jaelim
Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health.2016; : 011. CrossRef - Web-Based Self-Reported Height, Weight, and Body Mass Index Among Swedish Adolescents: A Validation Study
Sandra Ekström, Inger Kull, Sara Nilsson, Anna Bergström
Journal of Medical Internet Research.2015; 17(3): e73. CrossRef - Separating boys and girls and increasing weight? Assessing the impacts of single-sex schools through random assignment in Seoul
Jaesung Choi, Hyunjoon Park, Jere R. Behrman
Social Science & Medicine.2015; 134: 1. CrossRef - The Effect of Physical Activities on the Growth Indices in Adolescents
Hye Lim Lee
The Journal of Korean Oriental Pediatrics.2015; 29(2): 16. CrossRef - Validity of self-reported height and weight for estimating prevalence of overweight among Estonian adolescents: the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study
Katrin Aasvee, Mette Rasmussen, Colette Kelly, Elvira Kurvinen, Mariano Vincenzo Giacchi, Namanjeet Ahluwalia
BMC Research Notes.2015;[Epub] CrossRef - Physical Activity, Study Sitting Time, Leisure Sitting Time, and Sleep Time Are Differently Associated With Obesity in Korean Adolescents
Il Gyu Kong, Hyo-Jeong Lee, So Young Kim, Songyong Sim, Hyo Geun Choi
Medicine.2015; 94(44): e1965. CrossRef - Measuring Vulnerability of Urban Korean Women to Weight Management Problems
Padmanand Madhavan Nambiar, Wojciech J. Florkowski, Dong-Kyun Suh
Food and Nutrition Sciences.2015; 06(16): 1496. CrossRef - Sleep Deprivation Is Associated with Bicycle Accidents and Slip and Fall Injuries in Korean Adolescents
So Young Kim, Songyong Sim, Sung-Gyun Kim, Hyo Geun Choi, Fabio Lucidi
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(8): e0135753. CrossRef - Prevalence and Associated Factors of Subjective Halitosis in Korean Adolescents
So Young Kim, Songyong Sim, Sung-Gyun Kim, Bumjung Park, Hyo Geun Choi, A Al-Ahmad
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(10): e0140214. CrossRef - Association between cigarette consumption and academic achievement in Korean adolescents
Wi-Young So
Addiction Research & Theory.2014; 22(5): 424. CrossRef - Self-reported anthropometric information cannot vouch for the accurate assessment of obesity prevalence in populations of middle-aged and older Korean individuals
Kyuhyun Yoon, Soong-Nang Jang, Heeran Chun, Sung-il Cho
Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2014; 59(3): 584. CrossRef - Systematic review to identify and appraise outcome measures used to evaluate childhood obesity treatment interventions (CoOR): evidence of purpose, application, validity, reliability and sensitivity
Maria Bryant, Lee Ashton, Julia Brown, Susan Jebb, Judy Wright, Katharine Roberts, Jane Nixon
Health Technology Assessment.2014; 18(51): 1. CrossRef - Relationships Among Subjective Social Status, Weight Perception, Weight Control Behaviors, and Weight Status in Adolescents: Findings From the 2009 Korea Youth Risk Behaviors Web‐Based Survey
Yeongmi Ha, Eunsook Choi, Yeongmi Seo, Tae‐gu Kim
Journal of School Health.2013; 83(4): 273. CrossRef - Body weight misperception patterns and their association with health‐related factors among adolescents in South Korea
Hyunjung Lim, Youfa Wang
Obesity.2013; 21(12): 2596. CrossRef - Does the Duration and Time of Sleep Increase the Risk of Allergic Rhinitis? Results of the 6-Year Nationwide Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey
Jeoung A. Kwon, Minjee Lee, Ki-Bong Yoo, Eun-Cheol Park, Andrej A. Romanovsky
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(8): e72507. CrossRef - Does Stress Increase the Risk of Atopic Dermatitis in Adolescents? Results of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (KYRBWS-VI)
Jeoung A. Kwon, Eun-Cheol Park, Minjee Lee, Ki-Bong Yoo, Sohee Park, Pal Bela Szecsi
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(8): e67890. CrossRef - Association between Overweight/Obesity and Academic Performance in South Korean Adolescents
Jong-Hyuck Kim, Wi-Young So
Central European Journal of Public Health.2013; 21(4): 179. CrossRef - Association between weight status and recreational drug abuse in Korean adolescents
Seong-Ik Baek, Wi-Young So
Open Medicine.2012; 7(2): 224. CrossRef - Changes in Dietary Behavior Among Adolescents and Their Association With Government Nutrition Policies in Korea, 2005-2009
Sang Geun Bae, Jong Yeon Kim, Keon Yeop Kim, Soon Woo Park, Jisuk Bae, Won Kee Lee
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2012; 45(1): 47. CrossRef - Association between physical activity and academic performance in Korean adolescent students
Wi-Young So
BMC Public Health.2012;[Epub] CrossRef - The relationship between daily Internet use time and school performance in Korean adolescents
Dong-Hyun Kim, Wi-Young So
Open Medicine.2012; 7(4): 444. CrossRef - Association between asthma and physical activity in Korean adolescents: the 3rd Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS-III)
J.-W. Kim, W.-Y. So, Y. S. Kim
The European Journal of Public Health.2012; 22(6): 864. CrossRef - Relationship between obesity in Korean adolescents and the frequency of alcohol consumption, the amount of alcohol consumed, and the frequency of severe alcohol intoxication
Seong-Ik Baek, Wi-Young So
Obesity Research & Clinical Practice.2012; 6(2): e159. CrossRef - Relationship Changes of Married Couples after Disaster
Soon-Dool Chung, Jong-Hee Kim, Go-Eun Kim
Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation.2011; 11(5): 169. CrossRef
- Validity of Self-reported Smoking Using Urinary Cotinine among Vocational High School Students.
-
Soon Woo Park, Jong Yeon Kim
-
J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(4):223-230.
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.4.223
-
-
5,708
View
-
85
Download
-
27
Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to validate self-reported smoking among high school students using urinary cotinine. METHODS: A self report of smoking behavior was collected together with urine sample for cotinine analysis from 130 male and female students in two vocational high school students in November, 2007. Validity and agreement between self-reported smoking and urinary cotinine was analyzed with STATA 9.0 for different definitions of current smokers, and frequent and daily smokers. Urinary cotinine concentration was measured by the DRI Cotinine Assay for urine (Microgenics Corp., Fremont, CA) on Toshiba 200FR. The cut-off point of urinary cotinine was 50 ng/dl. RESULTS: The concentrations of urinary cotinine were significantly different according to the frequency and amount of smoking. Sensitivity and specificity was 90.9% and 91.8% respectively, and the Cohen's kappa value was 0.787 among the current smokers who smoked at least one day during one month preceding the survey. The comparable high sensitivity, specificity, and kappa value were shown also among the other definitions of current smokers, that is, subjective smokers, and weekly smokers. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the high validity of self-reported smoking among high school students. However, due to the small sample size and limitation of the participants, it is cautious to generalize the results to overall high school students.
-
Summary
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by - Effects of a Smoking Cessation Coaching Program to Improve Smoking Habits
So-Hyeong Ryu, Jae-Hong Yoo, An-Na Choi, So-Ra Kim, Sang-Sinn Park, Jin-Kook Tak
Journal of Social Science.2022; 33(2): 33. CrossRef - Analysis of the Accuracy and Related Factors of Self-Reported Smoking Status according to Urinary Cotinine Concentration in Adolescents: The KoNEHS Cycle (2015~2017)
Sunkyoung Jung, Sangshin Park
Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2022; 48(4): 216. CrossRef - Smoking Susceptibility and Tobacco Media Engagement Among Youth Never Smokers
Saida I. Coreas, Erik J. Rodriquez, Sana G. Rahman, Sherine El-Toukhy, Wilson M. Compton, Carlos Blanco, Heather L Kimmel, Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable
Pediatrics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - A comparison of self-reported to cotinine-detected smoking status among adults in Georgia
Julianne Williams, Ivo Rakovac, Enrique Loyola, Lela Sturua, Nino Maglakelidze, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Kristina Mauer-Stender, Bente Mikkelsen, João Breda
European Journal of Public Health.2020; 30(5): 1007. CrossRef - Clustering of chronic diseases risk factors among adolescents: a quasi-experimental study in Sousse, Tunisia
Emna Dendana, Rim Ghammem, Jihene Sahli, Jihen Maatoug, Sihem Ben Fredj, Imed Harrabi, Molka Chaieb, Hassen Ghannem
International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Consistency and reliability of smoking-related variables: longitudinal study design in asthma and COPD
Eveliina Hirvonen, Mikhail Stepanov, Maritta Kilpeläinen, Ari Lindqvist, Tarja Laitinen
European Clinical Respiratory Journal.2019; 6(1): 1591842. CrossRef - Underestimation of Self-Reported Smoking Prevalence in Korean Adolescents: Evidence from Gold Standard by Combined Method
Jun Hwang, Jong Kim, Do Lee, Hye Jung, Soon-Woo Park
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(4): 689. CrossRef - Tobacco smoking and the risk of atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Dagfinn Aune, Sabrina Schlesinger, Teresa Norat, Elio Riboli
European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.2018; 25(13): 1437. CrossRef - Susceptibility to tobacco product use among youth in wave 1 of the population Assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study
Dennis R. Trinidad, John P. Pierce, James D. Sargent, Martha M. White, David R. Strong, David B. Portnoy, Victoria R. Green, Cassandra A. Stanton, Kelvin Choi, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Yuyan Shi, Jennifer L. Pearson, Annette R. Kaufman, Nicolette Borek, Bla
Preventive Medicine.2017; 101: 8. CrossRef - Lipid profiles and determinants of total cholesterol and hypercholesterolaemia among 25–74 year-old urban and rural citizens of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: a cross-sectional study
Aung Soe Htet, Marte Karoline Kjøllesdal, Wai Phyo Aung, Aye Nyein Moe Myint, Win Thuzar Aye, Myint Myint Wai, Than Than Nu, Ei Mon Hla, Pyone Pyone Soe, Nan Wut Yi Tun, Naw Angela, Mya Mya Khaing, Aung Kyaw Htoo, Soe Tun, Pai Thitsar, Theeoo Lwin, San Sa
BMJ Open.2017; 7(11): e017465. CrossRef - Comparative analysis of two tobacco surveillance questionnaires used in NHANES: accuracy of self-reported smoking status
Ram B. Jain
Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry.2016; 98(1): 137. CrossRef - Influence of Stress, Self-efficacy for Smoking Cessation, Smoking Temptation and Nicotine Dependency in Male College Students who Smoke
Nam-Jo Kim, Hae-Sook Hong
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2016; 18(1): 1. CrossRef - Tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure in young adolescents aged 12–15 years: data from 68 low-income and middle-income countries
Bo Xi, Yajun Liang, Yunxia Liu, Yinkun Yan, Min Zhao, Chuanwei Ma, Pascal Bovet
The Lancet Global Health.2016; 4(11): e795. CrossRef - Association between Second-Hand Smoking and Laryngopathy in the General Population of South Korea
Haewon Byeon, Dongwoo Lee, Sunghyoun Cho, Hiroyoshi Ariga
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(11): e0165337. CrossRef - Relationship between women's smoking and laryngeal disorders based on the urine cotinine test: results of a national population-based survey
Haewon Byeon, Dongwoo Lee, Sunghyoun Cho
BMJ Open.2016; 6(11): e012169. CrossRef - Evaluating the validity of self-reported smoking in Mexican adolescents
María del Carmen Valladolid-López, Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu, James F Thrasher, Ingris Peláez-Ballestas, Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce, Mauricio Hernández-Ávila
BMJ Open.2015; 5(10): e007485. CrossRef - The Correlation of Different Cotinine Levels With Questionnaire Results
Myung Bae Park, Eun Woo Nam, Seon Kui Lee, Chun-Bae Kim, Chhabi Ranabhat
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2015; 27(5): 542. CrossRef - The Relationship between Smoking and Personal Psychological Factors and Socioeconomic Status in 8th Grade Students from the 2010-2012 Online Survey of Adolescent Health Behaviors of Korea
Cheol-Hwan Kim, Min-jung Jun, Sung-eun Kim
Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2015; 6(1): 26. CrossRef - Validation of Self-Reported Smokeless Tobacco Use by Measurement of Serum Cotinine Concentration Among US Adults
I. T. Agaku, B. A. King
American Journal of Epidemiology.2014; 180(7): 749. CrossRef - Prevalence and validity of self-reported smoking in Indigenous and non-Indigenous young adults in the Australian Northern Territory
Mark S Pearce, Kay D Mann, Gurmeet Singh, Belinda Davison, Susan M Sayers
BMC Public Health.2014;[Epub] CrossRef - Use of mobile phone text messaging to deliver an individualized smoking behaviour intervention in Chinese adolescents
Hui-Jing Shi, Xiao-Xiao Jiang, Chun-Yan Yu, Yue Zhang
Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare.2013; 19(5): 282. CrossRef - Lifetime History of Cigarette Smoking Associated with Aggression and Impulsivity in Both Healthy and Personality Disorered Volunteers
Elias Dakwar, Marias Popii, Emil F. Coccaro
Journal of Personality Disorders.2011; 25(5): 645. CrossRef - Earlier Age of Smoking Initiation May Not Predict Heavier Cigarette Consumption in Later Adolescence
Holly E. R. Morrell, Anna V. Song, Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher
Prevention Science.2011; 12(3): 247. CrossRef - Smoking-Induced Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia in a 15-year-old Girl: A Case Report
Ji-Seok Youn, Ji-Won Kwon, Byoung-Ju Kim, Soo-Jong Hong
Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Research.2010; 2(2): 144. CrossRef - Evaluating the impact of a school-based helmet promotion program on eligible adolescent drivers: different audiences, different needs?
E. Germeni, C. Lionis, V. Kalampoki, B. Davou, M. Belechri, E. Petridou
Health Education Research.2010; 25(5): 865. CrossRef - A novel C6-phenyl liquid chromatographic technique for rapid and simultaneous measurements of urinary cotinine and nicotine
Bee Lan Lee, Yanhong Gao, Ai Li New, Xu Wang, Woon-Puay Koh, Choon Nam Ong
Analytical Methods.2010; 2(7): 878. CrossRef - Smoking and Risk for Diabetes Incidence and Mortality in Korean Men and Women
Sun Ha Jee, Athena W. Foong, Nam Wook Hur, Jonathan M. Samet
Diabetes Care.2010; 33(12): 2567. CrossRef
- Predictors of Current Smoking among Male Students in a Technical High School: A Prospective Study.
-
Jong Yeon Kim, Soon Woo Park
-
J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(1):59-66.
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.1.59
-
-
5,100
View
-
34
Download
-
6
Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
This study was performed using a longitudinal approach to explore the predictors for current smoking among male high school students. METHODS: Baseline data was collected in May 2004 through a self-administrated questionnaire completed by 607 male students in a technical high school in Daegu city, Korea. Subsequently, their smoking behaviors were followed one year after. Among the 544 followed participants, data for 439 non-smokers in the first year was used in longitudinal analysis. Current smokers were defined as those respondents who had smoked one or more cigarettes within the 30 days preceding the survey. Several potential predictors for smoking were investigated including smoking history (never, experimental, former smoker), sociodemographic factors, environmental factors, attitudes toward smoking, and behavioral factors. Logistic regression was used to predict smoking with SPSS ver. 12.0. RESULTS: According to multiple logistic regression analysis, those students who were more likely to smoke after one year were former smokers (OR: 2.12, 95% CI=1.01-4.44), current drinkers (OR: 2.55, 95% CI=1.33-4.89), who had four or five smokers among five best friends (OR: 3.43. 95% CI=1.14-10.30). In addition, those who had smokers among family members besides parents or siblings (OR: 1.66, 95% CI=0.92-2.98), exhibited a high level of subjective stress (OR: 1.77, 95% CI=0.96-3.26), or had a very good relationship with friends (OR: 1.93, 95% CI=0.99-3.75) were also more likely to smoke albeit with marginal statistical significance (p<0.1). CONCLUSIONS: A smoking prevention program aimed at high school students may be more effective with due consideration of the predictors highlighted in this study. However, further studies with larger sample size and various target populations are necessary to find potential predictors not found in this study but suggested in other longitudinal studies.
-
Summary
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by - The Causes and Courses of Nonviolent and Violent Delinquency among South Korean Adolescents
Trent Bax, Vladimir Hlasny
Deviant Behavior.2019; 40(7): 816. CrossRef - Adolescent Abuse and Smoking Behavior Among High School Students in the Republic of Korea
Junghee Kim, Sunhee Park
Journal of Child and Family Studies.2019; 28(1): 52. CrossRef - Structural Equation Modeling on Smoking Cessation Intention in Male Technical High School Students
Eun Su Do, Eunsuk Choi
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2017; 47(2): 211. CrossRef - Age at Smoking Initiation and Subsequent Smoking Among Korean Adolescent Smokers
Jun Hyun Hwang, Soon-Woo Park
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2014; 47(5): 266. CrossRef - Alcohol and tobacco use among South Korean adolescents: An ecological review of the literature
Jun Sung Hong, Na Youn Lee, Andrew Grogan-Kaylor, Hui Huang
Children and Youth Services Review.2011; 33(7): 1120. CrossRef - A Longitudinal Study on the Causal Association Between Smoking and Depression
Eunjeong Kang, Jaehee Lee
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2010; 43(3): 193. CrossRef
- Estimation of Smoking Prevalence among Adolescents in a Community by Design-based Analysis.
-
Soon Woo Park, Jong Yeon Kim, Sang Won Lee, Jung Han Park, Yeon Oh Yun, Won Kee Lee
-
J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(4):317-324.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to estimate the unbiased smoking prevalence and its standard errors among adolescents in a large city in Korea, by designbased analysis. METHODS: All the students in Daegu city were stratified by grade, gender and region, and then schools as primary sampling units (PSU) were selected by probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling. One or two classes were sampled randomly from each grade, from 5th grade in elementary schools to the 3rd grade in high schools. The students anonymously completed a standardized selfadministered questionnaire from October to December 2004. The total number of respondents was 8,480 in the final analysis, excluding the third graders in the general high schools because of incomplete sampling. The sampling weight was calculated for each student after poststratification adjustment, with adjustment being made for the missing cases. The data were analyzed with Stata 8.0 with consideration of PSU, weighting and the strata variables. RESULTS: The smoking prevalence (%) and standard errors for male students from the fifth grade in elementary schools to the second grade in high schools were 0.93[0.47, 1.83[ 0.74, 3.16[1.00, 5.12[1.02, 10.86[1.13, 15.63[2.44 and 17.96[2.67, and those for the female students were 0.28[ 0.28, 1.17[0.73, 3.13[0.60, 1.45[0.58, 3.94[0.92, 8.75 [1.86 and 10.04[1.70, sequentially. CONCLUSIONS: The smoking prevalence from this study was much higher than those from the other conventional studies conducted in Korea. The point estimates and standard errors from the design-based analysis were different from those of the model-based analysis. These findings suggest the importance of design-based analysis to estimate unbiased prevalence and standard errors in complex survey data and this method is recommended to apply to future surveys for determining the smoking prevalence for specific population.
-
Summary
- Factors Associated with Perceived Peer Smoking Prevalence among Adolescents.
-
Soon Woo Park, Sang Won Lee, Jong Yeon Kim, Jung Han Park
-
J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(3):249-254.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to examine the factors related to the perceived peer smoking prevalence for adolescents. METHODS: A self-administrated questionnaire was administered to 352 students in a technical high school in Kangwon Province in May, 2002. The questions included in the questionnaire were concerned with the estimated number of smokers among ten students of the same grade in their school, the sociodemographic characteristics, the smoking-related behaviors and attitudes, and the smoking-related environments. All the students had their expiratory carbon monoxide level measured with EC50 Micro-Smokerlyzer? to verify their smoking status. Multiple regression analysis was applied for data analysis using Windows SPSS 11.5. RESULTS: The former and current smokers overestimated the peer smoking prevalence. Multiple regression analysis for estimating the peer smoking prevalence for the male showed that the perceived smoking prevalence was higher in the female students than in the male students, higher in those students whose mothers had a higher educational level, who had smoked more frequently, who had more best friends smoking, and who had a higher actual smoking rate of the class. For estimating the peer smoking prevalence for the female, the perceived smoking prevalence was higher in the female students than in the male students, higher in those who smoked more frequently, whose five best friends smoked, who had higher actual smoking rate of the class, and who had smoking siblings. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that a higher perceived peer smoking rate is related with their own smoking history and smoking frequency, the smoking related environment, and gender. Smoking prevention and smoking cessation programs need to focus on correcting the falsely perceived smoking prevalence.
-
Summary
- Non-Fatal Injuries among Preschool Children in Daegu and Kyungpook.
-
Soon Woo Park, Youn Jeong Heo, Sang Won Lee, Jung Han Park
-
J Prev Med Public Health. 2004;37(3):274-281.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate the injury rates and risk factors for preschool children in Daegu city and Kyungpook province. METHOD : A questionnaire survey about medically attended injuries during the preschool period was performed in nine primary schools located in Daegu city, Pohang city and Goryung County. The overall injury rate was estimated using person-year. The causes and patterns of the injuries, and their risk factors were examined. RESULT : A total of 469 medically attended injuries were reported in 330 of the 959 study subjects during the preschool period. The overall annual injury rate was 7.5 per 100 children. The injury rate increased sharply during the period from infant (2.4) to 1 year of age (7.5), and the peak injury rate (9.2) was reported for 5 year olds. The most common causes of injuries were falling (36.0%), followed by being struck by an object (23.7%), and traffic accidents (14.1%). Among the traffic accidents, 72.8% occurred while playing on the road, riding a bicycle or roller-skating. A proportional hazard model showed that males (hazard ratio=1.49, p< 0.001 compared with female) and the mother's higher education level (hazard ratio of college or higher= 1.51, p=0.013; high school=1.32, p=0.085 compared with those of middle school or lower) were significant risk factors of childhood injury. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that efforts for children's safety should be made, especially from the toddler stage, and in male children. To develop a more specific childhood injury prevention program, a surveillance system for injuries should be established. Further study of the relationship between mother's occupation and injury rates is also needed.
-
Summary
- Smoking Behaviors and Its Relationships with Other Health Behaviors among Medical Students.
-
Soon Woo Park, Jung Han Park, Sang Won Lee, Hyun Sul Lim, Jong Tae Lee, Yune Sik Kang
-
J Prev Med Public Health. 2004;37(3):238-245.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to examine the smoking behaviors and the relationship between smoking and other health behaviors among medical students. METHODS: A self-administrated questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1, 775 students from four medical schools between April and May 2003. Due to the small number of female smokers, the characteristics of smoking behaviors were analyzed only for males. RESULTS: A total of 1, 367 students (920 males and 447 females) completed the questionnaires, with an overall response rate of 77.7%. The smoking rates for males and females were 31.5, and 2.2%, respectively. Among the male smokers, 70.7% smoked daily, and 39.0% smoked one pack or more per day. Male students on medical course were more likely to smoke daily, and one pack or more per day, than those on premedical course. Male daily smokers desired to quit smoking less than occasional smokers, and 65.0% of male daily smokers were not ready to quit compared with 37.8% of the occasional smokers. Among the male daily smokers, 29.6% were severely nicotine dependent. The most common reason for not to quit smoking among male smokers was 'no alternative stress coping method' (44.4%), followed by 'lack of will power' (25.4%), and 'no need to quit' (19.4%). Compared with male non-smokers, male smokers were more likely to drink alcohol more often and in larger amounts, take coffee more often, eat breakfast less regularly, and be overweight or obese. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that many male medical students were serious smokers, especially those on medical course. It is necessary to install a smoking prevention program for pre-medical students, provide effective smoking cessation methods for smokers, teach positive stress coping methods, and make the school environment suitable for coping with stress.
-
Summary
- Annual Visit Days, Prescription Days and Medical Expenses of Hypertensive Patients.
-
Bu Dol Lim, Byung Yeol Chun, Sin Kam, Jeong Soo Im, Soon Woo Park, Jung Han Park
-
Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(4):340-350.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the annual visit days, the annual prescription days and the medical costs of hypertensive patients. METHODS: The medical insurance records of 40,267 incident patients with the diagnostic code of hypertension from September 1998 through August 1999 in Daegu city were reviewed. RESUJLTS: The proportion of the most proper medical care pattern group (Group VIII) who visited for 6-15 days with 240 prescription days or more a year was only 6.2%. The proper care group (Group IX) who visited for more than 16 days with 240 prescription days or more a year was 9.3%. The overall proper care group (Group VIII+IX) was therefore 15.5%. The proportion of the insufficient care group (Group I,IV) in both the number of visiting days and prescription days was 57.4%. The mean prescription day of the most proper group (Group VIII) was 29 days; the mean annual medical expenses, 453,587won; the mean annual amount paid by patients, 218,013won; and mean medical expenses per prescription day, 1,483won. The proportion of the overall proper care group (Group VIII+IX) was significantly higher in adults aged 50-59, those who were enrolled in industrial workers health insurance as well as government employees and private school teachers health insurance, and those who made a higher contribution per month (p<0.01). According to the type of medical facilities, the proportion of the most proper medical care pattern group was highest in the general hospitals (9.3%) but the overall proper care group was higher in the public health centers (22.1%) and private clinics (17.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The management system of hypertension should be reinforced urgently. Therefore, it is necessary to develop guidelines including the number of visiting days per year and prescription days per visit day, and make the system provide medical facilities to more properly care for hypertensive patients.
-
Summary
- Decision-making process and satisfaction of pregnant women for delivery method.
-
Hae Ri Jun, Jung Han Park, Soon Woo Park, Chang Kyu Huh, Soon Gu Hwang
-
Korean J Prev Med. 1998;31(4):751-769.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- This study was conducted to assess the attitude of pregnant women toward delivery method, understanding of the reason for determining her own delivery method, participation in decision-making process and satisfaction with delivery method after labor. Study subjects were 693 pregnant women who had visited obstetric clinic for prenatal care in the last month of pregnancy in one general hospital and one obstetrics-gynecology specialty hospital in Taegu city from February 1 to March 31 in 1998. A questionnaire was administered before and after labor and a telephone interview was done one month after labor. Proportion of women who had health education and/or counselling about delivery method during prenatal care was 24.0% and this proportion was higher for women who had previous c-section(35.5%) than others. Women thought vaginal delivery is better than c-section for both maternal and baby's health regardless of previous delivery method. About 90% of primipara and multiparous women who had previous vaginal delivery wanted vaginal delivery for the index birth, while 85.6% of multiparous women who had previous c-section wanted repeat c-section. Reasons for choosing c-section in pregnant women who preferred vaginal delivery before labor were recommendation of doctors(81.9%), recommendation of husband(0.8%), agreement between doctor and pregnant woman(4.7%), and mother's demand(12.6%). Reasons for choosing vaginal delivery were mother's demand(30.6%) and no indication for c-section(67.2%). Reasons for choosing c-section in pregnant women who preferred c-section before labor were recommendation of doctors(76.2%), mother's demand(20.0%), recommendation of husband(1.3%), and agreement between doctor and pregnant woman(2.5%). Of the pregnant women who had c-section, by doctor's recommendation, the proportion of women who had heard detailed explanation about reason for c-section by doctor was 55.1%. Mother's statement about the reason for c-section was consistent with the medical record in 75.9%. However, over 5% points disparities were shown between mother's statement and medical record in cases of the repeat c-section and mother's demand. In primipara and multiparous women who had previous vaginal delivery, the delivery method for index birth had statistically significant association with the preference of delivery method before labor(p<0.05). All of the women who had previous c-section had delivered the index baby by c-section. Among mothers who had delivered the index baby vaginally, 84.9% of them were satisfied with their delivery method immediately after labor and 85.1% at 1 month after labor. However, mothers who had c-section stated that they are satisfied with c-section in 44.6% immediately after labor and 42.0% at 1 month after labor. Preferred delivery method for the next birth had statistically significant association with delivery method for the index birth both immediately after labor and in 1 month after labor. The proportion of mothers who prefer vaginal delivery for the next birth increased with the degree of satisfaction with the vaginal delivery for the index birth but the proportion of mothers who prefer c-section for the next birth was high and they did not change significantly with the degree of satisfaction with the c-section for the index birth. These results suggest that the current high technology-based, physician-centered prenatal and partritional cares need to be reoriented to the basic preventive and promotive technology-based, and mother-fetus-centered care. It is also suggested that active involvement of pregnant woman in decision-making process for the delivery method will increase the rate of vaginal birth after c-section and decrease c-section rate and improve the degree of maternal satisfaction after delivery.
-
Summary
- Temporary Threshold Shift of Vibration Sensation by Dental Handpiece.
-
Seong Ah Kim, Jong Young Lee, Doohie Kim, Soon Woo Park
-
Korean J Prev Med. 1995;28(4):765-772.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- This study was performed to investigate the possibility of temporary threshold shift (TTS) of vibration sense could induced by exposure to high-frequency vibration or by work position taking by dentists in drilling or polishing. The vibratory perception thresholds (VPT) of 28 healthy men were measured on the index fingertip pulp of dominant hand at 250Hz. The vibrating tool used in test was a low-speed handpiece of 34,000 rpm. For the TTS test, the dominant hand was exposed to high-frequency vibration and to work position for five minutes, respectively. The VPTs before and after vibratory exposure were 23.5+/-3.5 dB, 30.8+/-4.2 dB, respectively and VPT after work position was 23.7+/-4.6 dB. The difference between before and after vibartory exposure was statistically significant (P<0.001). The correlation of height, weight and BMl with baseline VPTs was not statistically significant. Also, there was no difference of VPTs by smoking. These results suggest that high-frequency vibration from dental handpieces might cause the impairment of vibration sensation.
-
Summary
- The Relationship of Low-Level Blood Lead to Plasma Renin Activity and Blood Pressure.
-
Soon Woo Park, Doo Hie Kim
-
Korean J Prev Med. 1991;24(4):516-530.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- A case-control study was conducted to investigate the effect of low-level blood lead on the blood pressure. The plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured also to investigate one of the possible mechanisms by which lead may play a role to influence on the blood pressure. Seventy-two hypertensive and sixty-nine control study subjects were selected from the workers who had no history of job-related lead exposure, in Ulsan city and it's vicinity, Korea. In addition to measuring blood lead levels and PRA, body mass index(BMI), hematocrit, serum sodium, potassium, creatinine, ionized calcium, and cholesterol were measured. Also, the habits of smoking, alcohol drinking and family history of hypertension were checked. The blood lead level of the hypertensive group was 19.8+/-5.5 microgram/dl, which was significantly higher than that of the control group, 12.5+/-4.7 microgram/dl (p<0.01). On multiple logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio of blood lead level on the occurrence of high blood pressure was 1.38, also statistically significant (p<0.01). There was no significant differences between the hypertensive and the control group in the PRA or In(PRA), but there was a marginally significant linear relationship between blood lead and PRA in the hypertensive group (p<0.1). In conclusion, blood lead level which has been known to be within normal limits may be one of the possible risk factors of hypertension and PRA alteration by lead may act as one of the mechanisms.
-
Summary
- Relationship of Hair Copper and Mercury Contents to Personality in Chronic Schizophrenia.
-
Doohie Kim, Young Woo Kang, Soon Woo Park, Kuen Hoo Lee, Young Sook Lee
-
Korean J Prev Med. 1990;23(3):296-308.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- The relationship between copper and mercury contents in the scalp hair and chronic schizaphrenia was investigated. The samples of scalp hair were collected from 80 male chronic schizophrenic patients at the age from 20 to 20, who were hospitalized in the National Psychiatric Hospital in Seoul. As the napes and the Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI) was performed also. The copper and mercury contents were determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Significantly higher T-score of MMPI was seen in patients group for Hypochondriasis Scale (Hs), Depression Scale (D), Psychopathic Deviate Scale (Pd), Paranoia Scale (Pa), Psychasthenia Scale (Pt), Schizophrenia Scale (Sc) subscales than control group, and the frequency distribution by T-score was also significantly different between the patient and the control group for above scales. The content of copper in the hair of patient group was significantly higher than control group. In the case of mercury, the mean value of patient group was significantly higher than control group. Between the value of copper and mercury, statistically significant negative correlation (r=-0.25) was found. When grouped by the T-score of MMPI, there was no difference of copper contents between T-score subgroup at all MMPI scale. But the mercury contents showed significant difference between T-score subgroup at Pt, Sc scale. When compared between the group of above 70 T-score and the group of less than 70, the mercury contents of Pa, Pt, Sc scale of above 70 T-score group were significantly higher than the group of less than 70. In other scales, the mercury content of the above 70 group were higher than the group of less than 70 except Mf scale, although there were no statistically significances. In D, Pa, Sc scales, as the T-score of MMPI increased, the contents of mercury also increased. When divided into the patient group and the control group, the copper contents of the patient groups were significantly lower than the control group at each T-score scale in most MMPI scales. In the case of mercury, the value of patient group were significantly lower than the control group in the less than 44 scale of D, in the 60~69 scale of Pd, in the 45~59 scale of Mf, in the 60~69 scale of Ma, in the less than 44 of Si. These results suggest that the effects of the deficiency of copper or high intake of mercury on schizophrenia and personality may be of possible value. Thus further studies are necessary to determine whether schizophrenia and personality formation would be attributed to copper deficiency or mercury intake.
-
Summary
- Hair Heavy Metal Contents in Mentally Retarded Children IV: In Association with Copper.
-
Doohie Kim, Sang Soong Nam, Soon Woo Park
-
Korean J Prev Med. 1989;22(4):518-527.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- The relationship between copper content in scalp hair and mental retardation was investigated. Samples of scalp hair were collected from 297 mentally retarded children who were students in one of two schools providing special educational services, one, consisted of children living in an orphan home, the other, children living with parents. For comparison, 117 scalp hair samples were collected from the children who had got average or above average academic achievement in a regular elementary school. Hair samples were taken from the nape of the neck and the copper content was determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (IL 551). There was no statistically significant difference in scalp copper levels across different age groups except female orphan group, but no trend or correlation between copper contents and age was found. The hair copper contents of the group accompanied by Down's syndrome and unknown group were significantly lower than that of control group in both sex, and in the case of accompanied by epilepsy or autism, lower than control group in male. Although the results of this study show no evidence that mental retardation has owed to copper deficiency, the possibility of copper deficiency in their fetal or infant age could not be ruled out. Thus further study is needed to determine whether mental retardation could be attributed to copper deficiency. through the examinations about their living environments, dietary pattern, eating habit and the impact of copper deficiency on brain development.
-
Summary
- Hair Heavy Metal Contents in Mentally Retarded Children III: In Association with Mercury.
-
Ki Hwan Han, Bong Ki Jang, Soon Woo Park, Doohie Kim
-
Korean J Prev Med. 1989;22(3):368-379.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- The relationship between mercury level of hair and mental retardation was investigated. The 297 subjects with mental retardation were drawn from two schools providing special educational services, one, consisted of children living in an orphan home, another, children with parents. The 117 control subjects were drawn from whom had got average or above average academic achievement in a regular elementary school. Hair sample were taken from the nape of the neck and the mercury analysis was carried out on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer(IL 551). There was no relationship between mercury contents and age, and there was a statistically significant difference in mercury contents between male and female in the mentally retarded children living with parents. Children in the retarded group had significantly higher mercury contents compared with control group except the female group with parents. Also, the mercury levels in the retarded group living in an orphan home were significantly higher than that of the retarded group with parents. The concomitant diseases were Down's syndrome, epilepsy, cerebral palsy and autism. There were statistically significant differences in hair mercury levels in the cases of accompanying Down's syndrome and cerebral palsy in male and Down's syndrome and autism in female compared with the control group of the same sex. The most accompanying handicap was speech disturbance(40.7%) and the others were crippled, emotional disturbance etc. The percentages of double handicap were 66.7% among 6 persons exceeding 6ppm of their hair mercury contents, 10.4% among 3~6 ppm and 15.7% among the group of 3ppm or less. The findings of this study suggest that the more opportunities of exposure to mercury in mentally retarded children may have occurred, so it can not be excluded the possibility of mercury as a contributing factor to mental retardation. Therefore, the causal relationship between mercury levels and mental retardation should be established through the examinations about their living environments, dietary pattern, eating habit etc.
-
Summary
- Hair Heavy Metal Contents in Mentally Retarded Children II: In Association with Cadmium and Zinc.
-
Soon Woo Park, Jong Young Lee, Doohie Kim
-
Korean J Prev Med. 1989;22(2):215-222.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- The relationship between cadmium level and mental retardation was investigated. The 297 subjects with mental retardation were drawn from two schools providing special educational services, one, consisted of children living in an orphan home, another, children with parents. The 117 control subjects were drawn from whom had got average or above average academic achievement in a general elementary school. Hair sample was taken from the nape of the neck and the cadmium and zinc analysis were carried out on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (IL 551). Children in the retarded group had significantly higher cadmium levels compared with control but not in zinc levels. There was no relationship between metal concentrations and age except control male group, which showed significant positive linear relationship in zinc, and there was no difference between sex in both metal except the male orphan group in cadmium. In the orphan group, there was relationship between severity of retardation and cadmium concentration in both sex but not in retarded children with parents. No difference in cadmium levels between the group with Down's syndrome, one of causes of mental retardation and the control group suggested the cadmium as a possible cause of mental retardation. In the case of accompanying autism, zinc level was significantly lower than that of other accompanying disease. Although not establishing an etiologic relationship, findings of this study suggest that there are some influences of cadmium on mental retardation, and call for a continuing study.
-
Summary
- Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Against the Environmental Factors.
-
Sang Chual Kim, Doohie Kim, Soon Woo Park
-
Korean J Prev Med. 1988;21(1):183-194.
-
-
-
Abstract
PDF
- This study was carried out to investigate for resistance of V. parahaemolyticus that isolated from patients of food poisoning and fish and shellfish, captured in east coast of Kyungpook province of Korea from 1985 to 1986. VP ATCC 17802 and NAG V. ATCC 6538 were used as control. In fish, shellfish and seaweed, the more temperature increased, the shorter survival time was. In case of sea-water, the more temperature rose up, the longer survival time was, particularly in 37 degrees C and 25 degrees C, the strains had survived after 6 months. And in tapwater, it was sterilized in 150 mins. and survived for 11.5 days on maximum in ground water. In kimchi, at room temperature, germicidal time was shorter more than 6 times compared with that which had been kept in refrigerator. It survived for 57.1 days in milk, 49.2 mins. in yougurt. Strains had been surviving in frozen condition at -70 degrees C even after 6 months, present study time. In resistance test in water bath at several degrees of temperature, all the strains were sterilized in 20 mins. with 60 degrees C. In resistance test to driness, number of surviving strains dropped rapidly in 10-11% water contents. In UV 2538A, strains were sterilized in 20 mins. In resistance test to alcohol, strains had survived for 0.1-4 mins. in fermentative wine of below than 25% and distilled wine of over than 25% in alcohol concentration. The bactericidal concentration of disinfectant was 1% in phenol and 3% in cresol. In 0.1M acetic acid and 0.1M lactic acid, number of surviving colonies decreased rapidly but not in citric acid. The more NaCl concentration rose up, the lower decreasing rate of number of surviving colonies was. The strains had showed sensitive response to vancomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and resisted to carbenicillin, ampicillin and kanamycin. When one day culture strain was cultured till 25th day, resistant strains to tetracycline and cephalothin were changed to sensitive.
-
Summary
|
KSPM
