- Smoking-attributable Mortality in Korea, 2020: A Meta-analysis of 4 Databases
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Eunsil Cheon, Yeun Soo Yang, Suyoung Jo, Jieun Hwang, Keum Ji Jung, Sunmi Lee, Seong Yong Park, Kyoungin Na, Soyeon Kim, Sun Ha Jee, Sung-il Cho
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(4):327-338. Published online July 3, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.471
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Abstract
Summary
PDFSupplementary Material
- Objectives
Estimating the number of deaths caused by smoking is crucial for developing and evaluating tobacco control and smoking cessation policies. This study aimed to determine smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in Korea in 2020.
Methods Four large-scale cohorts from Korea were analyzed. A Cox proportional-hazards model was used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) of smoking-related death. By conducting a meta-analysis of these HRs, the pooled HRs of smoking-related death for 41 diseases were estimated. Population-attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated based on the smoking prevalence for 1995 in conjunction with the pooled HRs. Subsequently, SAM was derived using the PAF and the number of deaths recorded for each disease in 2020.
Results The pooled HR for all-cause mortality attributable to smoking was 1.73 for current men smokers (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53 to 1.95) and 1.63 for current women smokers (95% CI, 1.37 to 1.94). Smoking accounted for 33.2% of all-cause deaths in men and 4.6% in women. Additionally, it was a factor in 71.8% of men lung cancer deaths and 11.9% of women lung cancer deaths. In 2020, smoking was responsible for 53 930 men deaths and 6283 women deaths, totaling 60 213 deaths.
Conclusions Cigarette smoking was responsible for a significant number of deaths in Korea in 2020. Monitoring the impact and societal burden of smoking is essential for effective tobacco control and harm prevention policies.
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Summary
Korean summary
한국의 흡연율은 상당 수준 감소하였지만 흡연의 장기적인 건강영향은 지속적으로 나타나고 있다. 4개의 대규모 코호트와 1995년 흡연율을 사용하여 2020년 한국의 흡연기인 사망자수를 산출한 결과 남성 53,930명, 여성 6283명으로 총 60,213명이였다. 효과적인 담배규제와 금연 정책을 위하여 장기적인 사망자수 모니터링이 필요할 것이다.
Key Message
Despite the significant decrease in smoking rates in South Korea, the long-term health effects of smoking continue to manifest. Our analysis using four large-scale cohorts and 1995 smoking prevalence revealed that in 2020, the number of smoking-attributable death in South Korea was 53,930 for men and 6,283 for women, totaling 60,213. Long-term monitoring is necessary for effective tobacco control and smoking cessation policies.
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- The economic cost of direct smoking in South Korea
Kristine Namhee Kwon, Kangyeon Lee, Wankyo Chung Preventive Medicine Reports.2024; 46: 102865. CrossRef
- The Korea Cohort Consortium: The Future of Pooling Cohort Studies
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Sangjun Lee, Kwang-Pil Ko, Jung Eun Lee, Inah Kim, Sun Ha Jee, Aesun Shin, Sun-Seog Kweon, Min-Ho Shin, Sangmin Park, Seungho Ryu, Sun Young Yang, Seung Ho Choi, Jeongseon Kim, Sang-Wook Yi, Daehee Kang, Keun-Young Yoo, Sue K. Park
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(5):464-474. Published online September 12, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.299
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Abstract
Summary
PDFSupplementary Material
- Objectives
We introduced the cohort studies included in the Korea Cohort Consortium (KCC), focusing on large-scale cohort studies established in Korea with a prolonged follow-up period. Moreover, we also provided projections of the follow-up and estimates of the sample size that would be necessary for big-data analyses based on pooling established cohort studies, including population-based genomic studies.
Methods We mainly focused on the characteristics of individual cohort studies from the KCC. We developed “PROFAN”, a Shiny application for projecting the follow-up period to achieve a certain number of cases when pooling established cohort studies. As examples, we projected the follow-up periods for 5000 cases of gastric cancer, 2500 cases of prostate and breast cancer, and 500 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The sample sizes for sequencing-based analyses based on a 1:1 case-control study were also calculated.
Results The KCC consisted of 8 individual cohort studies, of which 3 were community-based and 5 were health screening-based cohorts. The population-based cohort studies were mainly organized by Korean government agencies and research institutes. The projected follow-up period was at least 10 years to achieve 5000 cases based on a cohort of 0.5 million participants. The mean of the minimum to maximum sample sizes for performing sequencing analyses was 5917-72 102.
Conclusions We propose an approach to establish a large-scale consortium based on the standardization and harmonization of existing cohort studies to obtain adequate statistical power with a sufficient sample size to analyze high-risk groups or rare cancer subtypes.
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Summary
Korean summary
한국 코호트 컨소시엄(KCC)은 “2015년 한국의 생활 습관 및 환경 요인에 따른 암 기여분율” 프로젝트의 3단계 과업으로써, 본 프로젝트에 참여한 기존의 구축된 개인 코호트 연구의 연구자들을 주도로 다수의 대규모 한국 코호트 연구를 기반으로 구성되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 KCC에 포함된 한국 코호트 연구를 소개하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 또한 여러 기 확립된 국제 컨소시엄을 기반으로 빅데이터 기반 코호트 풀링 연구의 중요성을 제시하였다.
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- A Comparison of Green, Delta, and Monte Carlo Methods to Select an Optimal Approach for Calculating the 95% Confidence Interval of the Population-attributable Fraction: Guidance for Epidemiological Research
Sangjun Lee, Sungji Moon, Kyungsik Kim, Soseul Sung, Youjin Hong, Woojin Lim, Sue K. Park Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(5): 499. CrossRef - The relationship between regional inequalities in the provision of emergency health services and other health services
Erkan Boğa Medicine.2023; 102(45): e35930. CrossRef
- Well-being Index Scores and Subjective Health Status of Korean Healthcare Workers
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Yoonhee Shin, Bohyun Park, Nam-eun Kim, Eun Jeong Choi, Minsu Ock, Sun Ha Jee, Sue K. Park, Hyeong Sik Ahn, Hyesook Park
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(3):226-233. Published online May 31, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.114
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3,755
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the subjective level of health-related quality of life of Korean healthcare workers using various quality-of-life instruments.
Methods This study included 992 participants, who were doctors and nurses. A survey was conducted between November 28 and December 4, 2019. Data from 954 participants divided into 3 groups (physicians, residents, and nurses) were analyzed. Four measurement tools (29 questions) were used in the survey to evaluate subjective health status and well-being.
Results In the Mayo Well-being Index, burnout during work (88.5%) and emotional difficulties caused by work (84.0%) were frequently cited by the respondents. Regarding questions on burnout and emotional difficulties, residents and nurses had the highest scores (91.0 and 89.6%, respectively). Emotional problems, such as anxiety, depression, and irritability, accounted for a high percentage (73.1%) of the total, while 82.2% of respondents reported that their work schedules interfered with their leisure and family time. There was no significant difference among the groups in subjective health status. However, 10.1% of the residents experienced very low quality of life, which was a higher proportion than that of physicians (2.7%) and nurses (5.2%).
Conclusions The level of well-being that Korean medical workers experienced in relation to work was lower than the results of the United States healthcare workers surveyed using the same tool. This study was unique in that it conducted a subjective quality-of-life survey on Korean healthcare workers.
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Summary
Korean summary
본 연구의 목적은 다양한 삶의 질 도구를 사용하여 한국 의료종사자들의 건강과 관련된 삶의 질에 대한 주관적인 수준을 평가하는 것이다. 피로와 정서적 어려움, 업무로 인한 일상생활의 방해 등 한국 의료종사자의 일부 삶의 질 점수가 낮았다. 의료 종사자의 소진 경험이 환자의 치료에 부정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 고려할 때 의료 종사자들의 삶의 질을 향상시키는 정책이 마련되어야하며, 건강과 관련된 직업적 위험요인 연구도 추가적으로 필요하다.
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- Evaluating the Impact of an Online Mindfulness Program on Healthcare Workers in Korean Medicine Institutions: A Two-Year Retrospective Study
Chan-Young Kwon Healthcare.2024; 12(22): 2238. CrossRef
- Smoking Is Associated With Abdominal Obesity, Not Overall Obesity, in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
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Ji Eun Yun, Heejin Kimm, Young Ju Choi, Sun Ha Jee, Kap Bum Huh
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(5):316-322. Published online September 28, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.5.316
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Abstract
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- Objectives
Abdominal obesity increases mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular disease and there is a possibility that smoking effects obesity. However, previous studies concerning the effects of smoking on obesity are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to examine whether smoking is positively related to abdominal obesity in men with type 2 diabetes. MethodsSubjects consisted of 2197 type 2 diabetic patients who visited Huh's Diabetes Center from 2003 to 2009. Indices of abdominal obesity were defined as visceral fat thickness (VFT) measured by ultrasonography and waist circumference (WC). Overall obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI). ResultsStatistically significant differences in WC and VFT by smoking status were identified. However, there was no statistical difference in BMI according to smoking status. Means of WC and VFT were not significantly higher in heavy smokers and lower in mild smokers. Compared to nonsmokers, the BMI confounder adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for VFT in ex-smokers and current-smokers were 1.70 (1.21 to 2.39) and 1.86 (1.27 to 2.73), respectively. ConclusionsSmoking status was positively associated with abdominal obesity in type 2 diabetic patients.
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- Nutritional status of people who inject drugs in Coastal Kenya: a cross-sectional study
Valentine Budambula, Moses Ngari, Nancy L.M. Budambula, Aabid A. Ahmed, Tom Were BMC Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Smoking and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective observational study
Peder af Geijerstam, Fredrik Janryd, Fredrik H. Nyström Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Prevalence and Predictors of Combined Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference Among Indian Adults
Neha Shri, Saurabh Singh, Akancha Singh International Journal of Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Prevalence and related factors of abdominal obesity among urban adults aged 35 to 79 years in southwest China
Chuan Huang, Ying Zhang, Ya Liu, Jian-Xiong Liu, Yong-Mei Hu, Wei-Wei Tang, Tzung-Dau Wang, Xiao-bo Huang Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Exploring the Impact of the Obesity Paradox on Lung Cancer and Other Malignancies
Lindsay Joyce Nitsche, Sarbajit Mukherjee, Kareena Cheruvu, Cathleen Krabak, Rohit Rachala, Kalyan Ratnakaram, Priyanka Sharma, Maddy Singh, Sai Yendamuri Cancers.2022; 14(6): 1440. CrossRef - Long-Term Adverse Effects of Cigarette Smoking on the Incidence Risk of Metabolic Syndrome With a Dose-Response Relationship: Longitudinal Findings of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study Over 12 Years
Ae Hee Kim, In-Ho Seo, Hye Sun Lee, Yong-Jae Lee Endocrine Practice.2022; 28(6): 603. CrossRef - Sex-Dependent Effects of Inhaled Nicotine on the Gut Microbiome
Anna K Whitehead, Margaret C Meyers, Christopher M Taylor, Meng Luo, Scot E Dowd, Xinping Yue, Lauri O Byerley Nicotine & Tobacco Research.2022; 24(9): 1363. CrossRef - Determinants of Metabolic Health Across Body Mass Index Categories in Central Europe: A Comparison Between Swiss and Czech Populations
Sarka Kunzova, Andrea Maugeri, Jose Medina-Inojosa, Francisco Lopez-Jimenez, Manlio Vinciguerra, Pedro Marques-Vidal Frontiers in Public Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research
Radia Khan, Zoey Chua, Jia Tan, Yingying Yang, Zehuan Liao, Yan Zhao Medicina.2019; 55(9): 546. CrossRef - Cigarette Smoking Is Negatively Associated with the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Men with Normal Weight but Positively Associated with Stroke in Men
Su Wang, Jie Chen, Yuzhong Wang, Yu Yang, Danyu Zhang, Chao Liu, Kun Wang Journal of Diabetes Research.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef - Forecasting obesity prevalence in Korean adults for the years 2020 and 2030 by the analysis of contributing factors
Inkyung Baik Nutrition Research and Practice.2018; 12(3): 251. CrossRef - Obesity in Older Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Does Working Environment Add Vulnerability?
Maria Piedade Brandão, Margarida Fonseca Cardoso International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(12): 2677. CrossRef - Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes
Judith Maddatu, Emily Anderson-Baucum, Carmella Evans-Molina Translational Research.2017; 184: 101. CrossRef - Risk for metabolic diseases in normal weight individuals with visceral fat accumulation: a cross-sectional study in Japan
Yukako Tatsumi, Yoko M Nakao, Izuru Masuda, Aya Higashiyama, Misa Takegami, Kunihiro Nishimura, Makoto Watanabe, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Tomonori Okamura, Yoshihiro Miyamoto BMJ Open.2017; 7(1): e013831. CrossRef - Metabolic effects of smoking cessation
Kindred K. Harris, Mohan Zopey, Theodore C. Friedman Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2016; 12(5): 299. CrossRef - Smoking status and abdominal obesity among normal- and overweight/obese adults: Population-based FINRISK study
Eeva-Liisa Tuovinen, Suoma E. Saarni, Satu Männistö, Katja Borodulin, Kristiina Patja, Taru H. Kinnunen, Jaakko Kaprio, Tellervo Korhonen Preventive Medicine Reports.2016; 4: 324. CrossRef - Joint Association of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Variants with Abdominal Obesity in American Indians: The Strong Heart Family Study
Yun Zhu, Jingyun Yang, Fawn Yeh, Shelley A. Cole, Karin Haack, Elisa T. Lee, Barbara V. Howard, Jinying Zhao, Mohammed Akaaboune PLoS ONE.2014; 9(7): e102220. CrossRef
- Cigarette Smoking and Serum Bilirubin Subtypes in Healthy Korean Men: The Korea Medical Institute Study
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Jaeseong Jo, Heejin Kimm, Ji Eun Yun, Kyu Jang Lee, Sun Ha Jee
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(2):105-112. Published online March 31, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.2.105
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Cigarette smoking is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Bilirubin is a potent antioxidant and its concentration decreases in smokers. However, studies about the association between cigarette smoking and bilirubin are scarce and most are limited to total bilirubin. Additionally, bilirubin is highly related to hemoglobin. Therefore, this study evaluates the association between bilirubin subtypes and cigarette smoking in healthy Korean men independently of hemoglobin. MethodsThis study included 48 040 Korean men aged 30 to 87 years who visited the Korea Medical Institute for routine health examinations from January to December, 2007. The association of smoking with total, direct, and indirect bilirubin was assessed by logistic regression analysis taking into consideration differences in subjects and smoking characteristics. ResultsCurrent smokers had lower bilirubin concentrations than never-smokers and ex-smokers. Smoking amount and duration were inversely significantly associated with total, direct, and indirect bilirubin. In a multivariable adjusted model, compared to never-smokers, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of current smokers with the highest number of pack-years were 1.7 (1.6 to 1.9) for total, 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) for direct, and 1.7 (1.6 to 1.9) for indirect bilirubin. After further adjustment for hemoglobin, this association became stronger (OR [95% CI], 2.1 [1.9 to 2.2] for total; 1.9 [1.8 to 2.0] for direct; 2.0 [1.9 to 2.2] for indirect bilirubin). ConclusionsIn this study, bilirubin subtypes are inversely associated with smoking status, smoking amount, and smoking duration in healthy Korean men independently of hemoglobin. Further studies are needed to investigate this association in healthy Korean women.
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Fangyi Gu, Andriy Derkach, Neal D Freedman, Maria Teresa Landi, Demetrius Albanes, Stephanie J Weinstein, Alison M Mondul, Charles E Matthews, Kristin A Guertin, Qian Xiao, Wei Zheng, Xiao-ou Shu, Joshua N Sampson, Steven C Moore, Neil E Caporaso International Journal of Epidemiology.2016; 45(5): 1421. CrossRef - Cigarette Smoking Habit and Subjective Quality of Sleep
Alimohamad Asghari, Seyed Kamran Kamrava, Mohsen Rezaee Hemami, Maryam Jalessi, Parin Yazdanifard, Mohammad Farhadi, Seyed Behzad Pousti, Seyed Saleh Tabatabaie Scimetr.2015;[Epub] CrossRef - Serum Bilirubin Levels Predict Future Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Healthy Middle-aged Nonsmoking Men
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- Public Health Challenges of Electronic Cigarettes in South Korea
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Sungkyu Lee, Heejin Kimm, Ji Eun Yun, Sun Ha Jee
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2011;44(6):235-241. Published online November 14, 2011
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2011.44.6.235
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46,857
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Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarrettes) were recently introduced and advertised as a smoking cession device in South Korea. As the social norm to quit smoking has gained hold in the country, the number of e-cigarette users is growing rapidly. This phenomenon should be urgently considered, because of the lack of research that has been conducted to examine the safety of e-cigarettes and its efficacy as a smoking cessation aid. This paper raises several public health concerns on e-cigarettes in South Korea. Uncertain regulations of the government on e-cigarettes are contributing to an increase of e-cigarette users and allowing the e-cigarette industry to circumvent existing regulations. The aggressive marketing activity of this industry is also a core factor that is responsible for the rapid increase of e-cigarette use, in particular among the youth. Following the enforcement of tobacco control, some cigarette smokers may be encouraged to purchase e-cigarettes in order to circumvent the regulations, even though the dual use of e-cigarette and cigarette may be more harmful. Until there is clear evidence of the e-cigarette's safety, it is recommended that the industry's marketing and promotional activities be banned and closely monitored, and public campaigns be initiated to educate the public regarding e-cigarettes.
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Young Gyu Cho Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2019; 40(4): 201. CrossRef - Factors Associated With E-Cigarette Usage and the Reasons for Initiation Among Malaysian Adolescents
Tania Gayle Robert Lourdes, Hamizatul Akmal Abd Hamid, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Wan Shakira Rodzlan Hasani, Halizah Mat Rifin, Thamil Arasu Saminathan, Nur Liana Ab Majid, Jane Miaw Yn Ling, Hasimah Ismail, Tahir Aris Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2019; 31(7_suppl): 44S. CrossRef - Differences in Adolescent E-cigarette and Cigarette Prevalence in Two Policy Environments: South Korea and the United States
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Jung Lee, Sungkyu Lee, Hong-Jun Cho International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2017; 14(3): 305. CrossRef - E-cigarette marketing targeted to youth in South Korea
Wonkyong Beth Lee Tobacco Control.2017; 26(e2): e140. CrossRef - Dual use of electronic and tobacco cigarettes among adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Poland
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Melinda Pénzes, Kristie L. Foley, Péter Balázs, Róbert Urbán Substance Use & Misuse.2016; 51(9): 1083. CrossRef - Experimentation and correlates of electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarettes) among university students – A cross sectional study
K.H. Awan The Saudi Dental Journal.2016; 28(2): 91. CrossRef - E-cigarettes, conventional cigarettes, and dual use in Korean adolescents and university students: Prevalence and risk factors
Christina Jeon, Keum Ji Jung, Heejin Kimm, Sungkyu Lee, Jessica L. Barrington-Trimis, Rob McConnell, Jonathan M. Samet, Sun Ha Jee Drug and Alcohol Dependence.2016; 168: 99. CrossRef - Electronic cigarettes recognition and influence factors of electronic cigarettes of among smoking university
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Ziya Salturk, Çağlar Çakır, Gürcan Sünnetçi, Yavuz Atar, Tolgar Lütfi Kumral, Güven Yıldırım, Güler Berkiten, Yavuz Uyar Journal of Voice.2015; 29(5): 560. CrossRef - Use of electronic cigarettes among Romanian university students: a cross-sectional study
Lucia Maria Lotrean BMC Public Health.2015;[Epub] CrossRef - Electronic Cigarette Use Among Korean Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study of Market Penetration, Dual Use, and Relationship to Quit Attempts and Former Smoking
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Elizabeth L Durmowicz Tobacco Control.2014; 23(suppl 2): ii41. CrossRef - High International Electronic Cigarette Use Among Never Smoker Adolescents
Lauren M. Dutra, Stanton A. Glantz Journal of Adolescent Health.2014; 55(5): 595. CrossRef - Inhallation of e-Cigarette Cartridge Solution Aggravates Allergen-induced Airway Inflammation and Hyper-responsiveness in Mice
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- The Korean Prediction Model for Adolescents' Future Smoking Intentions.
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Sungkyu Lee, Ji Eun Yun, Ja Kyoung Lee, Il Soon Kim, Sun Ha Jee
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(4):283-291.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.4.283
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6,080
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction model for future smoking intention among Korean adolescents aged 13 to 15 in order to identify the high risk group exposed to future smoking. METHODS: The data was collected from a total of 5940 students who participated in a self-administrated questionnaire of a cross-sectional school-based survey, the 2004 Korea Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify the relevant determinants associated with intentions of adolescents' future smoking. Receiver Operation Characteristic (ROC) assessment was applied to evaluate the explanation level of the developed prediction model. RESULTS: 8.4% of male and 7.2% of female participants show their intentions of future smoking. Among non-smoking adolescents; who have past smoking experience [odds ratio (OR) 2.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.92 - 3.88]; who have intentions of smoking when close friends offer a cigarette (OR 31.47; 95% CI = 21.50 - 46.05); and who have friends that are mostly smokers (OR 5.27; 95% CI = 2.85 - 9.74) are more likely to be smokers in the future. The prediction model developed from this study consists of five determinants; past smoking experience; parents smoking status; friends smoking status; ownership of a product with a cigarette brand logo; and intentions of smoking from close friends' cigarette offer. The area under the ROC curve was 0.8744 (95% CI=0.85 - 0.90) for current non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: For efficiency, school-based smoking prevention programs need to be designed to target the high risk group exposed to future smoking through the prediction model developed by the study, instead of implementing the programs for all the students.
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- Electronic Cigarette Cessation in Youth and Young Adults: A Case Series
Gautam Sikka, MopeninuJesu Oluyinka, Raiza Schreiber, Panagis Galiatsatos Tobacco Use Insights.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Methods for Class Imbalance in a Smoking Cessation Intervention
Khishigsuren Davagdorj, Jong Seol Lee, Van Huy Pham, Keun Ho Ryu Applied Sciences.2020; 10(9): 3307. CrossRef - School-related factors affecting smoking intention among Korean middle school students
Jin Suk Ra, Mi Sook Jung Applied Nursing Research.2018; 39: 34. CrossRef - Subgrouping High School Students for Substance Abuse–Related Behaviors: A Latent Class Analysis
Fariba Khayyati, Asghar Mohammadpoorasl, Hamid Allahverdipour, Mohammad AsghariJafarabadi, Kamiar Kouzekanani American Journal of Men's Health.2017; 11(4): 1200. CrossRef - Socioeconomic Disparities in Smoking Behavior and Early Smoking Initiation Among Men in Malawi
Sanni Yaya, Ghose Bishwajit, Vaibhav Shah, Michael Ekholuenetale Tobacco Use Insights.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between Peer Cigarette Smoking and Electronic Cigarette Smoking among Adolescent Nonsmokers: A National Representative Survey
Jun Hyun Hwang, Soon-Woo Park, Hajo Zeeb PLOS ONE.2016; 11(10): e0162557. CrossRef - Factors Associated with Early Smoking Initiation among Korean Adolescents
Eun Sun So, Ji Young Yeo Asian Nursing Research.2015; 9(2): 115. CrossRef - Personality, Perceived Environment, and Behavior Systems Related to Future Smoking Intentions among Youths: An Application of Problem-Behavior Theory in Shanghai, China
Yong Cai, Rui Li, Jingfen Zhu, Li Na, Yaping He, Pam Redmon, Yun Qiao, Jin Ma, Jacobus van Wouwe PLOS ONE.2015; 10(3): e0122276. CrossRef - Risk Factors of Future Smoking Among Thai Youth
Gyeongsil Lee, Joann Lee, Sungkyu Lee Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2015; 27(2): NP2602. CrossRef - Influence of Experiences of Witnessing Tobacco Advertising and Preferences of Tobacco Companies' Social Responsibility on Current and Future Smoking Intentions in Adolescents
Sung Rae Shin, Sun Hwa Shin, Bok Keun Lee, Jin Hee Yang Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(1): 33. CrossRef - Prevalence and Factors Associated with Smoking Intentions among Non-smoking and Smoking Adolescents in Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia
Lim Kuang Hock, Sumarni Mohamad Ghazali, Kee Chee Cheong, Lim Kuang Kuay, Lim Hui Li, Teh Chien Huey, Chan Ying Ying, Yeo Lay Yen, Fiona Goh Swee Ching, Khoo Yi Yi, Chong Zhuo Lin, Normala Ibrahim, Amal Nasir Mustafa Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention.2014; 15(10): 4359. CrossRef - Influence of Smoker Image Perceived Cigarette Advertising on Intention of Adulthood Smoking Among Highschool Students
Goo-Churl Jeong The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2014; 14(12): 785. CrossRef - Risk Factors for Smoking Behaviors Among Adolescents
Sung Suk Chung, Kyoung Hwa Joung The Journal of School Nursing.2014; 30(4): 262. CrossRef - Analysis of Smoking by South Korean Middle School Students: Shifting Preferences in Brand Choice and Rising Popularity of Marlboro Cigarettes
Randy M. Page, Yarazeth Hernandez Romero International Quarterly of Community Health Education.2013; 33(3): 289. CrossRef - Association between Exposures of Smoking Scenes in Movies and Smoking Behavior among Korean Adolescents
김이경, 이향기, Sun Ha Jee, 이성규 Health and Social Welfare Review.2013; 33(4): 497. CrossRef - Cross‐Cultural Analysis of Cognitive Attributions of Smoking in Thai and South Korean Adolescents
Randy M. Page, Sunhee Park, Jiraporn Suwanteerangkul, Hyunju Park, Maria Kemeny, Lynn Philips Journal of School Health.2012; 82(2): 57. CrossRef - Smoking Trajectories among Koreans in Seoul and California: Exemplifying a Common Error in Age Parameterization
Jon-Patrick Allem, John W. Ayers, Jennifer B. Unger, Veronica L. Irvin, C. Richard Hofstetter, Melbourne F. Hovell Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention.2012; 13(5): 1851. CrossRef - Preventable Lifestyle Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in the Pakistan Adolescents Schools Study 1 (PASS-1)
Ali Khan Khuwaja, Saleem Khawaja, Komal Motwani, Adeel Akbar Khoja, Iqbal Syed Azam, Zafar Fatmi, Badar Sabir Ali, Muhammad Masood Kadir Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2011; 44(5): 210. CrossRef - Current health issues in Korean adolescents
Chang Ho Hong Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2011; 54(10): 395. CrossRef - Public Health Challenges of Electronic Cigarettes in South Korea
Sungkyu Lee, Heejin Kimm, Ji Eun Yun, Sun Ha Jee Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2011; 44(6): 235. CrossRef
- Differential Parental Transmission of Markers in BCL3 among Korean Cleft Case-parent Trios.
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Beyoung Yun Park, Jae Woong Sull, Jung Yong Park, Sun Ha Jee, Terri H Beaty
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(1):1-4.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.1.1
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4,973
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
Isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is among the most common human birth defects, with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 700 live births. The B-Cell Leukemia/lymphoma 3 (BCL3) gene has been suggested as a candidate gene for CL/P based on association and linkage studies in some populations. This study tests for an association between markers in BCL3 and isolated, non-syndromic CL/P using a case-parent trio design, while considering parent-of-origin effects. METHODS: Forty case-parent trios were genotyped for two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BCL3 gene. We performed a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) on individual SNPs, and the FAMHAP package was used to estimate haplotype frequencies and to test for excess transmission of multi-SNP haplotypes. RESULTS: The odds ratio for transmission of the minor allele, OR (transmission), was significant for SNP rs8100239 (OR=3.50, p=0.004) and rs2965169 (OR=2.08, p=0.027) when parent-of-origin was not considered. Parent-specific TDT revealed that SNP rs8100239 showed excess maternal transmission. Analysis of haplotypes of rs2965169 and rs8100239 also suggested excess maternal transmission. CONCLUSIONS: BCL3 appears to influence risk of CL/P through a parent-of-origin effect with excess maternal transmission.
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Summary
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Genome-Wide Scan for Parent-of-Origin Effects in a sub-Saharan African Cohort With Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate (CL/P)
Lord J. J. Gowans, Carissa L. Comnick, Peter A. Mossey, Mekonen A. Eshete, Wasiu L. Adeyemo, Thirona Naicker, Waheed A. Awotoye, Aline Petrin, Chinyere Adeleke, Peter Donkor, Tamara D. Busch, Olutayo James, Mobolanle O. Ogunlewe, Mary Li, Joy Olotu, Mohan The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal.2022; 59(7): 841. CrossRef - Association of Nucleotide Variants of GRHL3, IRF6, NAT2, SDC2, BCL3, and PVRL1 Genes with Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip With/Without Cleft Palate in Multigenerational Families
Praveen Kumar Neela, Srinivas Reddy Gosla, Akhter Husain, Vasavi Mohan, Sravya Thumoju, B. V. Rajeshwari Contemporary Clinical Dentistry.2021; 12(2): 138. CrossRef - Genetic Factors in Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts
Mahamad Irfanulla Khan, Prashanth CS, Narasimha Murthy Srinath Global Medical Genetics.2020; 07(04): 101. CrossRef - An integrated genomic-transcriptomic approach supports a role for the proto-oncogene BCL3 in atherosclerosis
Giovanna Marchetti, Domenico Girelli, Carlotta Zerbinati, Barbara Lunghi, Simonetta Friso, Silvia Meneghetti, Matteo Coen, Teresa Gagliano, Giuseppe Guastella, Marie-Luce Bochaton-Piallat, Francesca Pizzolo, Francesco Mascoli, Giovanni Malerba, Matteo Bov Thrombosis and Haemostasis.2015; 113(03): 655. CrossRef - Genomic expression in non syndromic cleft lip and palate patients: A review
D. Mehrotra Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research.2015; 5(2): 86. CrossRef - Variant of BCL3 gene is strongly associated with five-year survival of non-small-cell lung cancer patients
Foteinos-Ioannis D. Dimitrakopoulos, Anna G. Antonacopoulou, Anastasia Kottorou, Stella Marousi, Ioulia Koukourikou, Melpomeni Kalofonou, Nikolaos Panagopoulos, Chrisoula Scopa, Dimitrios Dougenis, Helen Papadaki, Athanasios G. Papavassiliou, Haralabos P. Lung Cancer.2015; 89(3): 311. CrossRef - Genetic risk factors for orofacial clefts in Central Africans and Southeast Asians
Jane C. Figueiredo, Stephanie Ly, Haley Raimondi, Kathy Magee, James W. Baurley, Pedro A. Sanchez‐Lara, Ugonna Ihenacho, Caroline Yao, Christopher K. Edlund, David van den Berg, Graham Casey, Yves A. DeClerk, Jonathan M. Samet, William Magee American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A.2014; 164(10): 2572. CrossRef - Genome‐wide approaches (GWA) in oral and craniofacial diseases research
H Kim, S Gordon, R Dionne Oral Diseases.2013; 19(2): 111. CrossRef - Male and female differential reproductive rate could explain parental transmission asymmetry of mutation origin in Hirschsprung disease
Anne-Sophie Jannot, Jeanne Amiel, Anna Pelet, Francesca Lantieri, Raquel M Fernandez, Joke B G M Verheij, Merce Garcia-Barcelo, Stacey Arnold, Isabella Ceccherini, Salud Borrego, Robert M W Hofstra, Paul K H Tam, Arnold Munnich, Aravinda Chakravarti, Fran European Journal of Human Genetics.2012; 20(9): 917. CrossRef - Gene Expression Changes in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J Mice Following Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Chris Downing, Stephen Flink, Maria L. Florez‐McClure, Thomas E. Johnson, Boris Tabakoff, Katerina J. Kechris Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research.2012; 36(9): 1519. CrossRef - BCL3 gene role in facial morphology
Baiba Lace, Inga Kempa, Janis Klovins, Janis Stavusis, Astrida Krumina, Ilze Akota, Biruta Barkane, Alexandre R. Vieira, Erika Nagle, Ieva Grinfelde, Ieva Maulina Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology.2012; 94(11): 918. CrossRef - Microdeletion of Chromosome 15q24.3–25.2 and Orofacial Clefting
Bindya Sing, Dongli Song, Glenn Desandre, Balaji Govindaswami, Scott Rosenthal, Shelly Gunn, Robert Wallerstein The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal.2011; 48(5): 596. CrossRef - MTHFR and MSX1 contribute to the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate
Triin Jagomägi, Tiit Nikopensius, Kaarel Krjutškov, Veronika Tammekivi, Triin Viltrop, Mare Saag, Andres Metspalu European Journal of Oral Sciences.2010; 118(3): 213. CrossRef - Parent‐of‐origin effects for MSX1 in a Chilean population with nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate
José Suazo, José Luis Santos, Lilian Jara, Rafael Blanco American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A.2010; 152A(8): 2011. CrossRef
- Medical Expenditure of National Health Insurance Attributable to Smoking among the Korean Population.
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Sang Yi Lee, Sun Ha Jee, Ji Eun Yun, Su Young Kim, Jakyung Lee, Jonathan M Samet, Il Soon Kim
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(3):227-232.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.3.227
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5,094
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9
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to determine the population-attributable risk (PAR) and estimate the total medical expenditure of the Korean National Health Insurance (KNHI) due to smoking. METHODS: We used data from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study of 1,178,138 Koreans aged 30 to 95. These data were available from 1992 to 2003 and covered a long-term follow-up period among the Korean population. RESULTS: The total medical expenditure of KNHI related to smoking increased by 27% from $324.9 million in 1999 to $413.7 million in 2003. By specific diseases, smokingattributable KNHI medical expenditure was the highest for lung cancer ($74.2 million), followed by stroke ($65.3 million), COPD ($50.1 million), CHD ($49 million) and stomach cancer ($30 million). A total of 1.3 million KNHI patients were suffering from smoking-related diseases in 2003. We predicted rises in total KNHI medical expenditure related to smoking to $675.1 million (63% increase compared with that of 2003) and in the total number of KNHI patients suffering from smoking-related diseases to about 2.6million (an approximate 100% increase compared with those in 2003) in 2015. CONCLUSIONS: We found a substantial economic burden related to the high smoking prevalence in South Korea.
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- Estimates of the Prevalence, Intensity and the Number of Workers Exposed to Cigarette Smoking across Occupations and Industries in Korea
Hyejung Jung, Dong-Hee Koh, Sangjun Choi, Ju-Hyun Park, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Sang-Gil Lee, Donguk Park Journal of Korean Medical Science.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - The Effect of Positive Group Psychotherapy and Motivational Interviewing on Smoking Cessation
Eun Jin Lee Journal of Addictions Nursing.2017; 28(2): 88. CrossRef - Smoking and Oral Diseases
Dal-Nim Yang, Yong-Duk Park Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2015; 6(1): 1. CrossRef - The association between inhaled long-acting bronchodilators and less in-hospital care in newly-diagnosed COPD patients
Jinhee Kim, Kyungjoo Kim, Yuri Kim, Kwang-Ha Yoo, Chin Kook Lee, Hyoung Kyu Yoon, Young Sam Kim, Young Bum Park, Jin Hwa Lee, Yeon-Mok Oh, Sang-Do Lee, Sei Won Lee Respiratory Medicine.2014; 108(1): 153. CrossRef - Predictors of success at six-month follow-up at a public smoking cessation clinic in South Korea
Soo-Young Bhang, Sam-Wook Choi, Joon-Ho Ahn, Kunwoo Kim, Hano Kim, Hye-Kyeong Park Asia-Pacific Psychiatry.2013; 5(3): 197. CrossRef - Cost and effectiveness of the nationwide government-supported Smoking Cessation Clinics in the Republic of Korea
Jin-Kyoung Oh, Min Kyung Lim, E Hwa Yun, Sang Hwa Shin, Eun Young Park, Eun-Cheol Park Tobacco Control.2013; 22(e1): e73. CrossRef - Health and Economic Burden of Major Cancers Due to Smoking in Korea
In-Hwan Oh, Seok-Jun Yoon, Tai-Young Yoon, Joong-Myung Choi, Bong-Keun Choe, Eun-Jung Kim, Young-Ae Kim, Hye-Young Seo, Yoon-Hyung Park Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention.2012; 13(4): 1525. CrossRef - The influence of housing tenure and marital status on smoking in South Korea
Seungji Lim, Woojin Chung, Hanjoong Kim, Sunmi Lee Health Policy.2010; 94(2): 101. CrossRef - Factors influencing cigarette smoking and quantified implications for anti-smoking policy: evidence from South Korea
Woojin Chung, Hanjoong Kim, Seungji Lim, Sunmi Lee, Kyungsook Cho International Journal of Public Health.2009; 54(6): 409. CrossRef
- The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Position and the Predicted Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease with Using Health Risk Appraisal.
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Dong Hee Koh, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Sun Shil Han, Sun Ha Jee
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(4):359-364.
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The object of this study is to assess the relationship between socioeconomic factors and the predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease by using health risk appraisal of ischemic heart disease. METHODS: The study population was taken from The 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey, and it consisted of 1,566 men and 1,984 women aged 30-59. We calculated 10-year risk using the risk function of ischemic heart disease as developed by Jee. The educational level and equivalized household income were dichotomized by a 12 years education period and the median income level. Occupation was dichotomized into manual/non-manual work. We stratified the population by age(10 years) and sex, and then we rated the risk differences according to socioeconomic factors by performing t-tests for each strata. RESULTS: There were gradients of the predicted 10-year risk of ischemic heart disease with the educational level and the equivalized household income, and thet was an increasing tendency of risk differences with age. Manual workers didn't show significant risk difference from nonmanual workers. CONCLUSIONS: There was definite relationship between low socioeconomic position and the predicted risk of ischemic heart disease in the future.
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Summary
- Factors Associated with Hypertension Control and Antihypertensive Medication among Hypertensive Patients in a Community.
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Dong Han Lee, Youn Hee Choi, Kang Hee Lee, Dae Ryong Kang, Sun Ha Jee, Chung Mo Nam, Il Suh
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Korean J Prev Med. 2003;36(3):289-297.
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The main objectives of this study are to identify the factors associated with hypertension control and to determine the influencing factors associated with antihypertensive therapy. METHODS: The study was conducted on 107 subjects who participated in the 1999 and 2002 Gwacheon Study and who had had uncontrolled hypertension (systolic > or=140 or diastolic > or= 90mmHg) in 1999. We compared the characteristics of the controlled and uncontrolled hypertensive group and investigated the characteristics of those taking antihypertensive medication. Univariate associations between hypertension control and its characteristics and the association between antihypertension treatment and its characteristics were tested with x2-test. We also performed logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The participants who had their blood pressure checked within 6 months before their first measurement and those who had taken the antihypertensive medication showed significantly better hypertension control during the follow-up. The multivariate analysis showed that baseline antihypertensive therapy was the most important determinant factor of hypertension control during the follow-up. Socioeconomic level and life style did not affect hypertension control when controlled by the treatment variable in this study. The factors associated with antihypertensive therapy at follow-up were previous antihypertensive therapy, old age, and high educational level. CONCLUSIONS: Those who received antihypertensive therapy and those who had their blood pressure re-checked within 6 months both showed well controlled hypertension. The subjects with high educational level complied well with the antihypertensive regimen, but those in their forties did not.
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Summary
- Pesticides and Cancer Incidence: The Kangwha Cohort Study.
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Jae Woong Sull, Sang Wook Yi, Tae Yong Sohn, Sun Ha Jee, Chung Mo Nam, Heechul Ohrr
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Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(1):24-32.
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Few studies have examined the relationship between the risk of cancer and exposure to pesticides in Korea or in other East Asian that have until recently used chlorophenoxy herbicides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the exposure to pesticides and cancer incidence. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study with a follow-up period of 13 years (1985-1998). The subjects included 2,687 male and 3,589 female Kangwha Island residents, Koreans aged fifty-five or more as of March 1985, who received a personal health interview and completed a health examination survey. A Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RR). RESULTS: At baseline, the mean age of the study participants in 1985 was 66.4 for males and 67.1 for females. During the 13 years follow-up, a total of 300 incidents of cancer in males and 146 in females developed. In males, the total cancer incidence in the highest group was RR, 1.4 (95% CI=1.0-1.9), p for trend=0.041, for digestive organ cancer incidence in the highest group, RR, 1.5 (95% CI=1.0-2.3), p for trend=0.057, for stomach cancer incidence in the highest group, RR, 1.6 (95% CI=0.9-2.8), p for trend=0.094, for gallbladder cancer incidence in the highest group, RR, 9.1 (95% CI=1.1-77.0), p for trend=0.014 were elevated according to the higher frequency of pesticide use per year. In particular, the risk of gallbladder cancer was very high. Although not significant, the risk of liver cancer was higher than in the non-exposed group (in the highest group, RR, 2.0 (95% CI=0.7-5.9)). In females, although not significant, breast cancer incidence in the highest exposure group was higher than in the non-exposed group (in the highest group, RR, 4.7 (95% CI=0.8-27.9)). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that Korean farmers who use pesticides, particularly males, have a significantly higher total cancer incidence, particularly from digestive organ cancers such as, stomach, gallbladder, and liver cancer. In particular, the risk of gallbladder cancer was very high.
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Summary
- Cohort Study on Age at Menopause and Mortality- Kangwha Cohort Study -.
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Jae Seok Hong, Sang Wook Yi, Sun Ha Jee, Tae Yong Sohn, Heechoul Ohrr
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Korean J Prev Med. 2001;34(4):323-330.
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To examine the association between age at menopause and mortality in a population-based sample of women in Kangwha, Korea. METHODS: From the Kangwha Cohort, followed-up from 1985 to 1999, the data of the over 55 year old female group(n=3,596) was used in this study to examine the association between age at menopause and mortality. We calculated the all causes mortality risk ratio and the cancer mortality risk ratio by age at menopause grouping using the Cox Proportional Hazards Model with adjustments for age, BMI, smoking, education, chronic disease, self-rated health status, alcohol consumption and age at first birth. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Compared to women who had menopause at 45-49 years, the all causes mortality risk ratio was 1.24 for women with menopause at less than 40 years(95% CI=1.01-1.53) and 1.05 for women with menopause at over 50 years(95% CI=0.92-1.20). Also, compared to women who had menopause at 45-49 years, the cancer mortality risk ratio was 1.53 for women with menopause at less than 40 years(95% CI=0.78-2.98) and 1.17 for women with menopause at over 50 years(95% CI=0.77-1.80).
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Summary
- Analysis of Socioeconomic Costs of Smoking in Korea.
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Han Joong Kim, Tae Kyu Park, Sun Ha Jee, Hye Young Kang, Chung Mo Nam
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Korean J Prev Med. 2001;34(3):183-190.
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To estimate the annual economic costs attributable to cigarette smoking in Korea. METHODS: The costs were classified as being direct medical and non-medical costs, indirect costs and others. We focused on those costs related that are incurred in the treatment of selected diseases (cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and cancers), which have been proven to be caused by smoking. In addition to the basic costs of treatment, the additional amount of costs occurred due to smoking was obtained by computing the population attributable risk (PAR%) caused by smoking. To compute the PAR%, relative risks of smoking to the number of outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and the death were estimated using the Cox proportional hazard model, respectively. Our major data source was the 'Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC) cohort study,' which was composed of a total of 115,682 male and 67,932 female beneficiaries who had complete records of their smoking histories in the year of 1992. RESULTS: The annual costs that could be attributable to smoking were estimated to be in the range of 2,847,500 million Won to 3,959,100 million Won. The maximum estimate of 3,959,100 million Won includes 233,100 million Won for medical costs, 5,100 million Won for transportation costs, 27,600 million Won for care giver's economic costs, 69,100 million Won in productivity loss, 3,435,000 million Won lost because of premature death, 172,100 million Won in costs resulting from passive smoke inhalation and 17,100 million Won for costs that resulted from fires that were caused by careless smoking. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that the magnitude of the economic burden of smoking to Korean society is substantial. Therefore, this study provides strong evidence that there is a strong need for a national policy of tobacco control in Korea.
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Summary
- Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disorders in Koreans.
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Jong Ku Park, Ki Soon Kim, Chun Bae Kim, Tae Yong Lee, Duk Hee Lee, Kwang Wook Koh, Kang Sook Lee, Sun Ha Jee, Il Suh, So Yeon Ryu, Kee Ho Park
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Korean J Prev Med. 2001;34(2):157-165.
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To identify the risk factors of cerebrovascular disorders(CVD) in Koreans using a nested case-control study. METHODS: The cohort consisted of beneficiaries who had taken health examinations of the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC cohort: 115,600 persons) in 1990 and 1992 consecutively. Four hundred and twenty five (425) cases were selected following the validation of diagnosis among 2,026 reported CVD (I60-I68) inpatients during the year from 1993 to 1997. Controls were matched (1:1) with age and gender of the cases among inpatients without CVD during the same period. The source of data in this study were the files of the 1990 health examinations and the 1992 health questionnaires, as well as an additional telephone survey undertaken from March to November 1999. RESULTS: In a bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors for total CVD were hyperglycemia and hypertension. Unrespectively, the odds ratio of ex-smoker was significantly lower than that of those who had never smoked. The risk factors for ischemic CVD also were hyperglycemia and hypertension. However, only blood pressure was found to be a risk factor for hemorrhagic CVD. Hypercholesterolemia was not a risk factor for total CVD, ischemic CVD, and hemorrhagic CVD. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the most important risk factor for CVD (including subtype) in Koreans was hypertension.
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Summary
- A Nested Case Control Study on Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease in Korean.
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Ki Soon Kim, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Jong Ku Park, Chun Bae Kim, Byung Yeol Chun, Tae Yong Lee, Kang Sook Lee, Duk Hee Lee, Kwang Wook Koh, Sun Ha Jee, Il Suh
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Korean J Prev Med. 2001;34(2):149-156.
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To elucidate risk factors for coronary heart diseases among Korean males. METHODS: A nested case control study was conducted among a Korea Medical Insurance Cooperation(KMIC) cohort composed of 108,802 males. The cases included 246 male patients who were admitted to hospital due to coronary heart diseases from 1993 to 1997 (I20-25 by ICD) and whose diagnosis was confirmed by the protocol by WHO MONICA Project(1994). The control group was composed of 483 patients selected by frequency matching considering age and resident area from an inpatient care group without coronary heart disease during the same period. For study cases and the controls, the results of a health check-up in 1990 and a questionnaire on life style in 1992 were received through the KMIC. Some additional information was collected by telephone interviews during October 1999. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio(OR) of coronary heart diseases among past smokers and current smokers as compared to non-smokers were 1.94(95% CI : 1.14-3.31) and 2.20(95% CI : 1.35-3.59), respectively. The OR among persons who drank 4 cups or more of caffeinated beverages such as coffee or tea daily as compared to persons who drank one cup for 2-3 days was 2.56(95% CI : 1.07-6.12). The OR among persons with high normal BP and stage 3 hypertension against normotension were 2.51(95% CI : 1.44-4.37) and 5.08(95% CI : 2.38-10.84). The OR among persons whose blood cholesterol were 240 mg/dL or more against lower than 200mg/dL was 2.24(95% CI : 1.43-3.49). CONCLUSION: Smoking, drinking of excessive caffeinated beverages, hypertension and high blood cholesterol were proven to be significant risk factors for coronary heart diseases among Korean males.
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Summary
- Timing of Menarche and Physical Growth during Childhood and Adolescence: The Kangwha Study.
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Chang Soo Kim, Chung Mo Nam, Duck Hi Kim, Hyun Chang Kim, Kang Hee Lee, Sun Ha Jee, Il Suh
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Korean J Prev Med. 2000;33(4):521-529.
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To assess height, weight and body mass index from childhood to adolescence according to the age at menarche and hence to study the influence of childhood growth on the menarche age. METHODS: "The Kangwha Study" was a community-based prospective cohort study which included the entire population of 219 female first graders in Kangwha county in 1986. Among the 219 girls, 119 girls who had received complete follow up checks during the study period(1986~1997), were included in this study, except one for whom menarche age information was unavailable. The remaining 118 girls were divided into three groups according to the timing of menarche : early(<25 percentile), intermediate and late(> or =75 percentile) maturers. RESULTS: The average age at menarche was 12.7 years : early 11.3 years, intermediate 12.6 years and late 13.7 years. The early maturers were taller and heavier between 6~8 years. But, the mean weight and body mass index at the menarche age did not differ statistically among the three groups. The weight and body mass index of the early maturers were consistently higher than those of the late maturers over the entire period of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Critical body weight and body mass index must be attained for menstruation to be attained and the age at menarche is largely determined by the childhood growth. In addition, it seems that childhood growth and age at menarche are associated with adolescent weight and body mass index.
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Summary
- Factors Affecting the Participation Rate in the Health Screening Program of Medical Insurance.
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Sung Tae Youn, Han Joong Kim, Sun Ha Jee, Il Suh, Heechoul Ohrr
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Korean J Prev Med. 2000;33(2):150-156.
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To analyze the factors affecting the participation rate in the health screening program of medical insurance. METHOD: We investigated the factors associated with the participation rate in the health screening program in Korea. Data were collected at the aggregate level from 145 employee health insurance societies and 227 self-employed health insurance societies from 1995 to 1997. Data were also collected at the individual level from four health insurance societies. This study hypothesized that the participation rate of the health screening program was related to 1) the characteristics of its members and the size of the health insurance society; 2) the specifications of the health screening program; 3) the venue of the health screening institution and the interests of individuals in the health screening program; and 4) the activities of the health insurance society. We used bivariate and multiple regression models to examine the factors on the participation rate of the health screening program. RESULTS: First, in the case of dependents of on employee health insurance society, the ratio of dependents 40 years old and over, the average monthly contribution per household, the interest and satisfaction level of individuals in health screening, and the level of refunds for over-payment were all associated with the participation rate in the health screening program, accounting for 54.4% of the participation rate. Second, in case of those insured by the self-employed health insurance society, the interest and satisfaction level of individuals in health screening, the level of refunds for over-payment, and the performance level of on-the-spot health screening were statistically significant, accounting for 40.1% of the participation rate. CONCLUSION: The factors concerning the participation rate in the health screening program of medical insurance, in both a health insurance society and for individuals, were closely related to the age and gender of individuals and household contributions.
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Summary
- The Accuracy of ICD codes for Cerebrovascular Diseases in Medical Insurance Claims.
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Jong Ku Park, Ki Soon Kim, Chun Bae Kim, Tae Yong Lee, Kang Sook Lee, Duk Hee Lee, Sunhee Lee, Sun Ha Jee, Il Suh, Kwang Wook Koh, So Yeon Ryu, Kee Ho Park, Woonje Park, Seungjun Wang, Hwasoon Lee, Yoomi Chae, Hyensook Hong, Jin Sook Suh
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Korean J Prev Med. 2000;33(1):76-82.
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We attempted to assess the accuracy of ICD codes for cerebrovascular diseases in medical insurance claims (ICMIC) and to investigate the reasons for error. This study was designed as a preliminary study to establish a nationwide surveillance system. METHODS: A total of 626 patients with medical insurance claims who indicated a diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases during the period from 1993 to 1997 was selected from the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation cohort (KMIC cohort: 115,600 persons). The KMIC cohort was 10% of those insured who had taken health examinations in 1990 and 1992 consecutively. The registered medical record administrators were trained in the survey technique and gathered data from March to May 1999. The definition of cerebrovascular diseases in this study included cases which met one of two criteria (Minnesota, WHO) or 'definite stroke' in CT/MRI finding. We questioned the medical record administrators to explain the error if the final diagnoses were not coded as stroke. RESULTS: The accuracy rate of the ICMIC was 83.0% (425 cases). Medical records were not available for 8.2% (51 cases) due to the closing of hospitals, the absence of a computer system or omission of medical record, etc. Sixty-three cases (10.0%) were classified as impossible to interpret due to insufficient records in 'major clinical symptoms' or 'neurological deficits'. The most common reason was 'to meet review criteria of medical insurance benefits (52.9%)'. The department where errors in the ICMIC occurred most frequently was the department for medical insurance claims in the hospital. CONCLUSION: The accuracy rate of the ICMIC was 83.0%.
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Summary
- Meta-analysis on the Blood Lipids as Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Diseases in Koreans.
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So Yeon Ryu, Ki Soon Kim, Yang ok Kim, Jong Park, Jong Ku Park, Chun Bae Kim, Sun Ha Jee
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Korean J Prev Med. 1999;32(4):491-493.
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To determine the relations between seven blood lipids such as total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), HDL-cholesterol(HDL), LDL-cholesterol(LDL), apolipoprotein A-1(Apo A1), apolipoprotein B(Apo B) and lipoprotein(a)(Lp(A)) and the coronary heart diseases(CHD), the quantitative techniques of meta-analysis were applied to studies of blood lipids and CHD in Koreans. METHODS: We searched the Korean and the English literature published from 1980 to August, 1997 by manual search and bibliography review. Information on sample size, study design, participant characteristics(gender, age) and blood lipid levels were abstracted by reviewers using inclusion criteria. Estimates of the effect sizes of blood lipid levels on CHD in Koreans and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random-effect models. RESULTS: We identified 16 case-control studies to apply meta-analysis. The overall effect sizes for CHD were 20.3(95% CI : 14.23-26.22) in TC, 24.8(95% CI : 12.6-36.86) in TG, 15.16(95% CI : 3.99 - 26.33) in LDL, -3.48(95% CI : -5.79 - -1.17) in HDL, -9.78(95% CI : -16.98 - -2.58) in Apo-a1, 17.88(95% CI : 9.72 - 26.05) in Apo B and 18.95(95% CI : 17.88 - 20.02) in Lp(a). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that seven blood lipids were significantly associated with CHD in Koreans. Well-designed and prospective studies between blood lipids and CHD in Koreans should be performed.
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Summary
- Twelve-year Incidence of Hypertension and Its Risk Factors in a Lean Population: the Kangwha Study.
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Hyeon Chang Kim, Il Suh, Kang Hee Lee, Sun Ha Jee, Chang Soo Kim, Chung Mo Nam
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Korean J Prev Med. 1999;32(4):435-442.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the twelve-year incidence of hypertension, and to find risk factors for the incidence in adult population in Kangwha County, Korea. METHODS: In 1986, 413 males(mean age 37 years) and 434 females(mean age 33 years) were examined in the Kangwha Study. Among 764 non-hypertensive participants, 164 males and 214 females were reexamined in 1998. Blood pressure(BP) was measured with standard mercury sphygmomanometers. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the relative risk of risk factors on the incidence of hypertension. RESULTS: During the 12-year period, 68 of 164 males and 53 of 214 females developed hypertension. In a multiple logistic model adjusted for age and pulse rate, baseline BP, baseline body mass index(BMI) and BMI change during the follow-up period were significantly related to the incidence of hypertension. Adjusted relative risk(RR)s of baseline high-normal BP were 3.90(95% CI: 1.81-7.84) in males, and 12.72(95% CI: 3.70-30.73) in females. Compared with lower baseline BMI group, adjusted RRs of middle baseline BMI group were 2.66(95% CI: 1.19-5.70) in males, and 2.33(95% CI: 0.95-5.55) in females. Adjusted RRs of upper baseline BMI group were 3.52(95% CI: 1.53-7.67)in males and 3.63(95% CI: 1.50-8.43) in females. Increase of BMI was positively related to the incidence in males(adjusted RR=2.71, 95% CI: 1.00-6.71) and females(adjusted RR=3.05, 95% CI: 1.29-6.88). CONCLUSIONS: The twelve-year incidence of hypertension was 41.5% in males, and 25.8% in females. Baseline BP, baseline BMI, and BMI change were strongly related to the incidence of hypertension.
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Summary
- The Prevalence of Cancer in Kangwha County.
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Sang Wook Yi, Heechoul Ohrr, Kang Hee Lee, Suk Il Kim, Hyung Gon Kang, Sun Ha Jee
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Korean J Prev Med. 1999;32(3):333-342.
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Most descriptive studies of cancer have focused either on cancer incidence or mortality. Cancer prevalence has rarely been estimated. Cancer prevalence data can be used as a measure of the economic and social burden of cancer and are also useful for health care planning. This study attempts to estimate cancer prevalence in Kangwha county. METHODS: This investigation is based on data of Kangwha cancer registry. The data include all cases of cancer diagnosed from 1983 through 1992. We define "prevalent cases" as cancer patients who is alive as of January 1, 1993. For each five-year age group, the number of "known prevalent cases" is added to the number of "estimated prevalent cases". Prevalence is calculated by dividing these sums by the populations of Kangwha County on December 31, 1992(derived from Kangwha Statistics Annual). RESULTS: Crude prevalence of cancer among males and females are 536.7 and 601.1 per 100,000 respectively. Gastric cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm(213.2 per 100,000, crude prevalence) among males. It is followed by lung cancer(45.1 per 100,000), liver cancer(32.8 per 100,000), rectal cancer(25.4 per 100,000) and colon cancer(25.4 per 100,000). Cervical cancer is the most common cancer(201.9 per 100,000, crude prevalence) and is followed by gastric cancer(91.5 per 100,000), thyroid cancer(64.8 per 100,000), breast cancer(57.2 per 100,000) and rectal cancer(32.7 per 100,000) among females. CONCLUSIONS: We tried to estimate cancer prevalence based on the Kangwha cancer registry for the first time in Korea. The estimation of cancer prevalence based on a population-based cancer registry will be more correct and useful as the data accumulate. We will make another estimation in the near future.
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Summary
- A Meta-analysis of Ambient Air Pollution in Relation to Daily Mortality in Seoul, 1991~1995.
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Jong Tae Lee, Douglas W Dockery, Chun Bae Kim, Sun Ha Jee, Yong Chung
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Korean J Prev Med. 1999;32(2):177-182.
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To reexamine the association between air pollution and daily mortality in Seoul, Korea using a method of meta-analysis with the data filed for 1991 through 1995. METHODS: A separate Poisson regression analysis on each district within the metropolitan area of Seoul was conducted to regress daily death counts on levels of each ambient air pollutant, such as total suspended particulates (TSP), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3), controlling for variability in the weather condition. We calculated a weighted mean as a meta-analysis summary of the estimates and its standard error. RESULTS: We found that the p value from each pollutant model to test the homogeneity assumption was small (p<0.01) because of the large disparity among district-specific estimates. Therefore, all results reported here were estimated from the random effect model. Using the weighted mean that we calculated, the mortality at a 100 microgram/m3 increment in a 3-day moving average of TSP levels was 1.034 (95% CI 1.009-1.059). The mortality was estimated to increase 6% (95% CI 3-10%) and 3% (95% CI 0-6%) with each 50 ppb increase for 3-day moving average of SO2 and 1-hr maximum O3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Like most of air pollution epidemiologic studies, this meta-analysis cannot avoid fleeing from measurement misclassification since no personal measurement was taken. However, we can expect that a measurement bias be reduced in a district-specific estimate since a monitoring station is better representative of air quality of the matched district. The similar results to those from the previous studies indicated existence of health effect of air pollution at current levels in many industrialized countries, including Korea.
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Summary
- The effect of sodium and potassium intake on blood pressure change in Korean adolescents.
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Il Suh, Chung Mo Nam, Kang Hee Lee, Sun Ha Jee, Suk Il Kim, Gyu Sang Kim, Chun Bae Kim
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Korean J Prev Med. 1998;31(3):384-394.
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- In order to investigate the effect of the urinary excretion of sodium and potassium on the change on blood pressure over 3 years, 668 adolescents aged 13 years living in Kangwha area were investigated in a longitudinal follow-up study. Two measurements were taken on each blood pressure (diastolic, systolic) and the average of the two readings was used in the analysis. Sodium and potassium intake were estimated by the determination of those electrolytes in 24hr urine. The mixed model regression analysis was used to identify the effect of urinary sodium and potassium on the change of blood pressure after controlling for BMI of each age. On simple bivariate analysis no relationship was found between urinary sodium excretion and systolic or diastolic blood pressure among both male and female, however, a significant positive association between urinary potassium excretion and systolic blood pressure among male. The results of mixed regression analysis showed that the body mass index (BMI) were more influential that urinary electrolytes among this study subjects. It suggested that risk factors observed from the adults, may not be identical with that of the growing aged population. After control of the BMI and age, significant association between sodium and diastolic BP among male, and association between potassium and systolic BP among female, were found. In summary, the results indicate that growth has been more influential than dietary factor on blood pressure for growing aged population.
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Summary
- A Meta-analysis on the Risk Factors of Cerebrovascular Disorders in Koreans.
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Jong Ku Park, Myung Keun Kang, Chun Bae Kim, Ki Soon Kim, Sun Ha Jee
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Korean J Prev Med. 1998;31(1):27-48.
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- This study was conducted to integrate the results of studies which evaluated or identified the risk factors of CVD(cerebrovascular disorders) for Koreans. We retrieved the literature published in Korean by manual search and the English literature by Medline database to identify studies on the relationship between reported risk factors and CVD conducted for the Korean from 1980 to August, 1997. Hypertension and total serum cholestrol were selected as subjects of quantitative meta-analysis as risk factors of CVD in Koreans. The overall effect sizes of the risk of CVD due to hypertension and total serum cholesterol were calculated by common odds ratio(OR) and average standardized mean difference, retrospectively. Before the integration of each effect sizes into common effect sizes, the heterogeneity tests were conducted. Also, sensitivity tests were conducted for the estimated common effect sizes. Regarding hypertension and CVD, a total of 9 epidemiologic studies were identified with a total of 2,271 cases of CVD. The overall OR of hypertension associated CVD was 4.10(95% confidence interval[CI] 3.56 to 4.71). The OR of hypertension associated with hemorrhagic CVD and ischemic CVD were 6.56(95% CI : 4.92 to 8.80) and 3.28(95% CI : 2.77 to 3.90), retrospectively. The OR of hypertension in relation to hemorrhagic CVD was significantly higher than that of hypertension in relation to overall CVD or ischemic CVD. Regarding serum total cholesterol and ischemic CVD, total 9 epidemiologic studies were identified with a total of 843 cases of ischemic CVD. Average mean difference as an effect size was 0.76, which was judged an important value according to Cohen's criteria. Our data suggested that hypertension was an important risk factor of overall CVD and its subtypes, and that the total serum cholesterol was associated with ischemic CVD in Koreans. For the lack of reliable prospective studies, however, we concluded that further research designed longitudinally would be required in this area.
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Summary
- Changes in blood pressure and determinants of blood pressure level and change in Korean adolescents.
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Il Suh, Chung Mo Nam, Sun Ha Jee, Suk Il Kim, Young Ok Kim, Sung Soon Kim, Won Heum Shim, Chun Bae Kim, Kang Hee Lee, Jong Won Ha, Hyung Gon Kang, Kyung Won Oh
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Korean J Prev Med. 1997;30(2):308-326.
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- Many studies have led to the notion that essential hypertension in adults is the result of a process that starts early in life: investigation of blood pressure(BP) in children and adolescents can therefore contribute to knowledge of the etiology of the condition. a A unique longitudinal study on BP in Korea, known as Kangwha Children's Blood Pressure(KCBP) Study was initiated in 1986 to investigate changes in BP in children. This study is a part of the KCBP study. The purposes of this study are to show changes in BP and to determine factors affecting to BP level and change in Korean adolescents during age period 12 to 16 years. A total of 710 students(335 males, 375 females) who were in the first grade at junior high school(12 years old) in 1992 in Kangwha County, Korea have been followed to measure BP and related factors(anthropometric, serologic and dietary factors) annually up to 1996. A total of 562 students(242 males, 320 females) completed all five annual examinations. The main results are as follows: 1. For males, mean systolic diastolic BP at age 12 and 16 years old were 108.7 mmHg & 118.1 mmHg(systolic), and 69.5 mmHg & 73.4 mmHg(diastolic), respectively. BP level was the highest when students were at 15 years old. For females, mean systolic and diastolic BP at age 12 and 16 years were 114.4 mmHg & 113.5 mmHg(systolic) and 75.2 mmHg & 72.1 mmHg(diastolic), respectively. BP level reached the highest point when they were 13-14 years old. 2. Anthropometric variables(height, weight and body mass index etc) increased consitantly during the study period for males. However, the rate of increase was decreased for females after age 15 years. Serum total cholesterol decreased and triglyceride increased according to age for males, but they did not show any significant trend for females. Total fat intake increased at age 16 years compared with that at age 14 years. Composition of carbohydrate, protein and fat among total energy intake was 65:15:20 at age 14 and 16 years. 3. Most of anthropometric measures, especially, height, body mass index(BMI) and triceps skinfold thickness, showed a significant correlation with BP level in both sexes. When BMI was adjusted, serum total cholesterol showed a significant negative correlation with systolic BP at age 12 years in males, but at age 14 years the direction of correlation changed to positive. In females serum total cholesterol was negatively correlated with diastolic BP at age 15 and 16 years. Triglyceride and creatine showed positive correlation with systolic and diastolic BP in males, but they did not show any correlation in females. There was no consistent findings between nutrient intake and BP level. However, protein intake correlated positively with diastolic BP level in males. 4. Blood pressure change was positively associated with changes in BMI and serum total cholesterol in both sexes. Change in creatine was associated with BP change positively in males and negatively in females. Students whose sodium intake was high showed higher systolic and diastolic BP in males, and students whose total fat intake was high maintained lower level of BP in females. The major determinants on BP change was BMI in both sexes.
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Summary
- Four-year change and tracking of serum lipids in Korean adolescents.
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Kang Hee Lee, Il Suh, Sun Ha Jee, Chung Mo Nam, Sung Soon Kim, Won Heum Shim, Jong Won Ha, Suk Il Kim, Hyung Gon Kang
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Korean J Prev Med. 1997;30(1):45-60.
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- It has been known that there is a tracking phenomenon in the level of serum lipids. However, no study has been performed to examine the change and tracking of serum lipids in Korean adolescents. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes of serum lipids in Korean adolescents from 12 to 16 years of age, and to examine whether or not there is a tracking phenomenon in serum lipids level during the period. In 1992 serum lipids(total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), LDL cholesterol(LDL-C), HDL cholesterol(HDL-C)) were measured in 318 males, 365 females who were 12 years of age in Kangwha county, Korea. These participants have been followed up to 1996 and serum lipids level were examined in 1994 and 1996. Among the participants 162 males and 147 females completed all three examinations in fasting state. To examine the effect of eliminating adolescents with incomplete data, we compared serum lipids, blood pressure and anthropometric measures at baseline between adolescents with complete follow-up and adolescents who were withdrawn. To examine the change of serum lipids we compared mean values of serum lipids according to age in males and females. Repeated analysis of variance was used to test the change according to age. We used three methods to examine the existence of tracking. First, we analyzed the trends in serum lipids over 4-year period within quartile groups formed on the basis of the first-year serum lipids level to see whether or not the relative ranking of the mean serum lipids among the quartile groups remained in the same group for 4-year period. Second, we quantified the degree of tracking by calculating Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between every tests. Third, the persistence extreme quartile method was used. This method divides the population into quartile groups according to the initial level of blood lipids and then calculates the percent of the subjects who stayed in the same group at follow-up measurement. The decreases in levels were noted during 4 years for TC, LDL-C, primarily for boys. The level of HDL-C decreased between baseline and first follow-up for both sexes and girls. Tracking, as measured by both correlation coefficients and persistence extreme quartiles, was evident for all of the lipids. The correlation coefficients of TC between baseline and 4 years later in boys and girls were 0.55 and 0.68, respectively. And the corresponding values for HDL-C were 0.58 and 0.69. More than 50% of adolescents who belonged to the highest quartile group in TC, HDL-C and LDL-C at the baseline were remained at the same group at the examination performed 2 years later for both sexes. The probability of remaining at the same group was more than 35% when examined 4 years later. The tracking phenomenon of TG was less evident compared with the other lipids. Percents of girls who stayed at the same group 2 years later and 4 years later were 42.9% and 25.7%, respectively. It was evident that serum lipid levels tracked in Korean adolescents. Researches with longer follow-up would be needed in he future to investigate the long-term change of lipids from adolescents to adults.
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Summary
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