Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Volume 49(6); November 2016

Special Article

Primary Care Physicians’ Action Plans for Responding to Results of Screening Tests Based on the Concept of Quaternary Prevention: Jong-Myon Bae, Marc Jamoulle; J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(6):343-348. Published online October 13, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.059

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Since noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are generally controllable rather than curable, more emphasis is placed on prevention than on treatment. For the early detection of diseases, primary care physicians (PCPs), as well as general practitioners and family physicians, should interpret screening results accurately and provide screenees with appropriate information about prevention and treatment, including potential harms. The concept of quaternary prevention (QP), which was introduced by Jamoulle and Roland in 1995, has been applied to screening results. This article summarizes situations that PCPs encounter during screening tests according to the concept of QP, and suggests measures to face such situations. It is suggested that screening tests be customized to fit individual characteristics instead of being performed based on general guidelines. Since screening tests should not be carried out in some circumstances, further studies based on the concept of prevention levels proposed by Jamoulle and Roland are required for the development of strategies to prevent NCDs, including cancers. Thus, applying the concept of QP helps PCPs gain better insights into screening tests aimed at preventing NCDs and also helps improve the doctor-patient relationship by helping screenees understand medical uncertainties.

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Ethical, pedagogical, socio-political and anthropological implications of quaternary prevention
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Reviews

The Effect of Breastfeeding Duration and Parity on the Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Ho Kyung Sung, Seung Hyun Ma, Ji-Yeob Choi, Yunji Hwang, Choonghyun Ahn, Byoung-Gie Kim, Yong-Man Kim, Jae Weon Kim, Sokbom Kang, Jaehoon Kim, Tae Jin Kim, Keun-Young Yoo, Daehee Kang, Suekyung Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(6):349-366. Published online September 8, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.066

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize current evidence regarding the association of parity and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).
Methods
A systematic search of relevant studies published by December 31, 2015 was performed in PubMed and EMBASE. A random-effect model was used to obtain the summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
Thirty-two studies had parity categories of 1, 2, and ≥3. The summary RRs for EOC were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.79), 0.57 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.65), and 0.46 (95% CI, 0.41 to 0.52), respectively. Small to moderate heterogeneity was observed for one birth (p<0.01; Q=59.46; I²=47.9%). Fifteen studies had breastfeeding categories of <6 months, 6-12 months, and >13 months. The summary RRs were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.87), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.81), and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.79), respectively. Only small heterogeneity was observed for <6 months of breastfeeding (p=0.17; Q=18.79, I²=25.5%). Compared to nulliparous women with no history of breastfeeding, the joint effects of two births and <6 months of breastfeeding resulted in a 0.5-fold reduced risk for EOC.
Conclusions
The first birth and breastfeeding for <6 months were associated with significant reductions in EOC risk.

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Breast Density and Risk of Breast Cancer in Asian Women: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies: Jong-Myon Bae, Eun Hee Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(6):367-375. Published online October 21, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.054

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The established theory that breast density is an independent predictor of breast cancer risk is based on studies targeting white women in the West. More Asian women than Western women have dense breasts, but the incidence of breast cancer is lower among Asian women. This meta-analysis investigated the association between breast density in mammography and breast cancer risk in Asian women.
Methods
PubMed and Scopus were searched, and the final date of publication was set as December 31, 2015. The effect size in each article was calculated using the interval-collapse method. Summary effect sizes (sESs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by conducting a meta-analysis applying a random effect model. To investigate the dose-response relationship, random effect dose-response meta-regression (RE-DRMR) was conducted.
Results
Six analytical epidemiology studies in total were selected, including one cohort study and five case-control studies. A total of 17 datasets were constructed by type of breast density index and menopausal status. In analyzing the subgroups of premenopausal vs. postmenopausal women, the percent density (PD) index was confirmed to be associated with a significantly elevated risk for breast cancer (sES, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.52 to 3.21; I²=50.0%). The RE-DRMR results showed that the risk of breast cancer increased 1.73 times for each 25% increase in PD in postmenopausal women (95% CI, 1.20 to 2.47).
Conclusions
In Asian women, breast cancer risk increased with breast density measured using the PD index, regardless of menopausal status. We propose the further development of a breast cancer risk prediction model based on the application of PD in Asian women.

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Original Articles

The Relationship Between Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R) in Marine Officers on Board: Jae Hee Kim, Soong-nang Jang; J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(6):376-385. Published online September 12, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.046

11,906 View
262 Download
12 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study was conducted to investigate the relationships among job stress, job satisfaction, and mental health in marine officers.
Methods
The researchers gathered data on marine officers working at a harbor in Chungcheong Province, South Korea, using a self-reported questionnaire. Mental health was measured by the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R), and general characteristics including socioeconomic factors, job stress, and job satisfaction were measured by structured questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationships among job stress, job satisfaction, and mental health status according to the symptom dimensions of the SCL-90-R.
Results
Among the marine officers, obsessive-compulsive behavior, depression, and somatization were the most problematic symptoms. Those who reported poor health, low job satisfaction, and high job stress had a higher prevalence of psychoticism, somatization, depression, anxiety, and phobic anxiety.
Conclusions
An occupational health system should be introduced that would regularly check the mental health of marine officers in charge of ships and sailors, in order to help reduce their stress levels, enhance their job satisfaction, and thereby improve their mental health.

Summary

Citations

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The impact of maritime service quality on employee satisfaction by seafarers rank: evidence from a global survey grounded on ERG theory
Angelos Pantouvakis, Ilias Vlachos, Dionysios Polemis
International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management.2024; 41(1): 107. CrossRef
An AI-based Decision Support System for Predicting Mental Health Disorders
Salih Tutun, Marina E. Johnson, Abdulaziz Ahmed, Abdullah Albizri, Sedat Irgil, Ilker Yesilkaya, Esma Nur Ucar, Tanalp Sengun, Antoine Harfouche
Information Systems Frontiers.2023; 25(3): 1261. CrossRef
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ-22)
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Impact of Work–Family Conflict, Job Stress and Job Satisfaction on Seafarer Performance
Ji An, Yun Liu, Yujie Sun, Chen Liu
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(7): 2191. CrossRef
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Characteristics of Korea Coast Guard Members According to Ship Working Period
Hyun Ho Lee, Eun Ju Bae, Un Kyoung Ahn, Min Sun Kim, Kyeoung Min Kim, Myung Ho Lim
Stress.2020; 28(4): 292. CrossRef
Identifying Predictors of Stress and Job Satisfaction in a Sample of Merchant Seafarers Using Structural Equation Modeling
Joanne McVeigh, Malcolm MacLachlan, Frédérique Vallières, Philip Hyland, Rudiger Stilz, Henriette Cox, Alistair Fraser
Frontiers in Psychology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The relationship of interpersonal sensitivity and depression among patients with chronic atrophic gastritis: The mediating role of coping styles
Xia Zhao, Menglian Wu, Dan Zhang, Yaoyao Sun, Yang Yang, Hui Xie, Yonggang Su, Jihui Jia, Shuhong Zhang
Journal of Clinical Nursing.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Determinants of job satisfaction and performance of seafarers
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A Qualitative Inquiry Into the Challenges of Medical Education for Retention of General Practitioners in Rural and Underserved Areas of Iran: Sajad Delavari, Mohammad Arab, Arash Rashidian, Saharnaz Nedjat, Rahmatollah Gholipour Souteh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(6):386-393. Published online November 1, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.062

8,101 View
162 Download
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Abstract PDF

Objectives
General practitioners (GPs) retention in rural and underserved areas highly effects on accessibility of healthcare facilities across the country. Education seems to be a critical factor that affects GPs retention. Thus, the present study aimed at inquiry into medical education challenges that limit their retention in rural and underserved areas.
Methods
A qualitative approach was applied for the aim of this study. Data were gathered via 28 semi-structured interviews with experts at different levels of Iran’s health system as well as GPs who retained and refused to retain working in rural settings. Interviews mainly were performed face-to-face and in some cases via telephone during 2015 and then coded and analyzed using content analysis approach.
Results
Iran’s medical education is faced with several challenges that were categorized in four main themes including student selection, medical students’ perception about their field of study, education setting and approach, curriculum of medical education. According to experts this challenges could results in making GP graduates disinterested for practicing in rural and underserved areas.
Conclusions
Challenges that were found could have negative effects on retention. Modification in student’s perception about rural practice could be done via changing education setting and approach and curriculum. These modifications could improve GPs retention in rural and underserved areas.

Summary

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Mohammadreza Amiresmaeili, Majid Heidari Jamebozorgi, Azam Heidari Jamebozorgi
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Retention of dental practitioners in rural health services in Iran: Experiences from Kerman province
Mohammadreza Amiresmaili, MajidHeidari Jamebozorgi, AzamHeidari Jamebozorgi, Morteza Arab-Zozani
Dental Research Journal.2022; 19(1): 34. CrossRef
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Mohsen Bayati, Arash Rashidian, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Sajad Delavari
Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Challenges Associated with the Education of Family Physicians in Iran: A Systematic Review
Abtin Heidarzadeh, Bita Hedayati, Mark K. Huntington, Mehdi Alvandi, Alireza Aarabi, Babak Farrokhi, Marzieh Nojomi, Somayeh Noori Hekmat, Roksana Mirkazemi
Journal of Medical Education.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluating the Current Status of Education in Family Physicians in Iranian Medical Schools
A Heidarzadeh, M Nojomi, M Alvandi, A Mohammadi, F Mohseni, P Naghshpour
Research in Medical Education.2022; 14(3): 29. CrossRef
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Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2020; Volume 13: 927. CrossRef
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International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare.2019; 12(4): 258. CrossRef
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Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Survival of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive Adult Patients in Andhra Pradesh, India: A Retrospective Cohort Study, 2007-2013: Ram Bajpai, Himanshu Chaturvedi, Lakshmanan Jayaseelan, Pauline Harvey, Nicole Seguy, Laxmikant Chavan, Pinnamaneni Raj, Arvind Pandey; J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(6):394-405. Published online October 28, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.073

7,300 View
167 Download
8 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The survival outcomes of antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs have not been systematically evaluated at the state level in India. This retrospective study assessed the survival rates and factors associated with survival among adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Andhra Pradesh, India.
Methods
The present study used data from 139 679 HIV patients aged ≥15 years on ART who were registered from 2007 to 2011 and were followed up through December 2013. The primary end point was death of the patient. Mortality densities (per 1000 person-years) were calculated. Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression models were used to estimate survival and explore the factors associated with survival.
Results
The overall median follow-up time was 16.0 months (2.0 months for the deceased and 14.0 months for those lost to follow-up). Approximately 13.2% of those newly initiated on ART died during follow-up. Of those deaths, 56% occurred in the first three months. The crude mortality rate was 80.9 per 1000 person-years at risk. The CD4 count (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR],4.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.36 to 5.46 for <100 cells/mm³ vs. >350 cells/mm³), functional status (aHR, 3.05; 95% CI, 2.82 to 3.30 for bedridden vs. normal), and body weight (aHR, 3.69; 95% CI, 3.42 to 3.97 for <45 kg vs. >60 kg) were strongly associated with the survival of HIV patients.
Conclusions
The study findings revealed that high mortality was observed within the first three months of ART initiation. Patients with poor baseline clinical characteristics had a higher risk of mortality. Expanded testing and counseling should be encouraged, with the goal of ensuring early enrollment into the program followed by the initiation of ART in HIV-infected patients.

Summary

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International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2019; 80: 10. CrossRef

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