Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

Determinants of Adherence to Diabetes Screening in Iranian Adults With a Positive Family History of Diabetes: Narges Malih, Mohammad-Reza Sohrabi, Alireza Abadi, Shahnam Arshi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(3):190-198. Published online April 7, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.496

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Objectives
Insufficient evidence exists regarding factors that affect screening adherence among people with a family history of diabetes, who comprise roughly half of all patients with diabetes. Therefore, we aimed to identify the determinants of diabetes screening adherence in adults with a family history of diabetes who had not yet been diagnosed with diabetes.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted at selected urban primary healthcare facilities in Tehran, Iran. The study population was clinically non-diabetic adults above 20 years of age with a family history of diabetes in at least 1 first-degree relative. All eligible people identified on randomly-selected days of the month were invited to join the study.
Results
Among 408 participants, 128 (31.4%) had received a fasting blood glucose check during the last year. Using binary logistic regression, the independent predictors of screening adherence were knowledge of adverse effects of diabetes such as sexual disorders (odds ratio [OR], 3.05) and renal failure (OR, 2.73), the impact of family members’ advice on receiving diabetes screening (OR, 2.03), recommendation from a healthcare provider to have a fasting blood glucose check (OR, 2.61), and intention to have a fasting blood glucose check within the next 6 months (OR, 2.85). Other variables that predicted screening adherence were age (OR, 1.05), job (being a housekeeper; OR, 3.39), and having a college degree (OR, 3.55).
Conclusions
Knowledge of the adverse effects of diabetes, physicians’ and healthcare providers’ advice about the benefits of early disease detection, and family members’ advice were independent predictors of screening adherence.

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Socio-personal factors affecting adherence to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Nahid Shahabi, Yadolah Fakhri, Teamur Aghamolaei, Zahra Hosseini, Atefeh Homayuni
Primary Care Diabetes.2023; 17(3): 205. CrossRef
Clinical traits and systemic risks of familial diabetes mellitus according to age of onset and quantity: an analysis of data from the community-based KoGES cohort study
Ju-Yeun Lee, Kyungsik Kim, Sangjun Lee, Woo Ju An, Sue K. Park
Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023029. CrossRef
BİR ÜNİVERSİTE AKADEMİSYENLERİNİN SAĞLIK DAVRANIŞLARINA VE TARAMA PROGRAMLARINA UYUMU: KESİTSEL BİR ÇALIŞMA
Hatice İKİIŞIK, Sibel SAKARYA
ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi.2022; 7(1): 98. CrossRef
Association between a family history of diabetes and carotid artery atherosclerosis in Korean adults
Sun Young Shim, Ga Bin Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Sun Jae Jung, Hyeon Chang Kim
Epidemiology and Health.2021; 43: e2021049. CrossRef

Regimen-related Mortality Risk in Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis Using Hypertonic Glucose Solution: A Retrospective Cohort Study: Chinakorn Sujimongkol, Cholatip Pongskul, Supannee Promthet; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(4):205-212. Published online June 19, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.066

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The main purpose of this study was to quantify the risk of mortality linked to various regimens of hypertonic peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution.
Methods
A retrospective cohort study of patients using home-based PD was carried out. The prescribed regimen of glucose-based PD solution for all patients, determined on the basis of their individual conditions, was extracted from their medical chart records. The primary outcome was death. The treatment regimens were categorized into 3 groups according to the type of PD solution used: original PD (1.5% glucose), shuffle PD (1.5 and 2.5% glucose), and serialized PD (2.5 and 4.5% glucose). Multivariate analysis (using the Weibull model) was applied to comprehensively examine survival probabilities related to the explanatory variable, while adjusting for other potential confounders.
Results
Of 300 consecutive patients, 38% died over a median follow-up time of 30 months (interquartile range: 15-46 months). Multivariate analysis showed that a treatment regimen with continued higher-strength PD solution (serialized PD) resulted in a lower survival rate than when the conventional strength solution was used (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 4.6, p<0.01). Five interrelated risk factors (age, length of time on PD, hemoglobin levels, albumin levels, and oliguria) were significant predictors contributing to the outcome.
Conclusions
Frequent exposure to high levels of glucose PD solution significantly contributed to a 2-fold higher rate of death, especially when hypertonic glucose was prescribed continuously.

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Associations of Glucometabolic Indices with Aortic Stiffness in Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis with and without Diabetes Mellitus
Chi-Chong Tang, Jen-Pi Tsai, Yi-Hsin Chen, Szu-Chun Hung, Yu-Li Lin, Bang-Gee Hsu
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(23): 17094. CrossRef

Abdominal Obesity in Relation to the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Fasting Glucose among some Korean Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study.: Seung Ho Ryu, Sung Ho Beck, Yoo Soo Chang, Dong Il Kim, Byung Seong Suh, Woon Sool Kim, Ki Chul Sung; J Prev Med Public Health. 2004;37(4):359-365. Published online November 30, 2004

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to determine whether an increase in abdominal obesity is an independent risk factor for impaired fasting glucose and type 2 DM. METHODS: Among 24, 212 adults over 30 years who undertook comprehensive medical screening examinations from Jan to Dec 1999, in a university hospital in Seoul, a total of 11, 183 subjects were selected who had no DM at baseline and who were followed up more than once by Dec 2002. The average follow up period was 2.4 (+/-0.5) years. DM was defined as having a fasting glucose level > or = 126mg/dl, and impaired fasting glucose as showing a fasting glucose level between 110 and 125 mg/dl. Body weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were simultaneously measured with blood sampling. The relative risks (RRs) for DM and impaired fasting glucose by WC were calculated using Cox proportional hazard model. Ageadjusted rates were estimated by direct standardization using a reference population of 2000 from 30 to 80 years. RESULTS: The average age of the subjects was 41.7 (+/- 7.0) years; males 41.2 (+/-6.5) and females 45.6 (+/-9.2). RRs for type 2 DM by WC with the reference group of WC < 80cm were as follows: 2.66 (95%, CI 0.55~12.8) for WC of 80~89cm in men, 5.92 (95%, CI 1.08~32.3) for WC > or = 90 cm in men, and 2.64 (95%, CI 0.23~29.8) for WC of 80~89cm in females. RRs for impaired fasting glucose by WC were 3.03 (95%, CI 2.18~4.22) for WC 80~89cm in men, 6.10 (95%, CI 4.25~8.75) for WC > or = 90cm in men, and 1.56 (95%, CI 0.43~5.67) for WC 80~89cm in women, and 8.08 (95%, CI 2.22~29.4) for WC > or = 90cm in females. These results remained significant after adjustment for age, BMI and fasting glucose concentrations at baseline in both sexes. Annual increment of more than 1 cm in WC was associated with the development of DM and impaired fasting glucose independently of age, sex, BMI, or presence of abdominal obesity. CONCLUSION: In Korean adults, abdominal obesity increased the risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose. This result supports many other prospective studies suggesting abdominal obesity as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.; Summary

English Abstract

A Factor of Fasting Blood Glucose and Dietary Patterns in Korean Adults Using Data From the 2007, 2008 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.: Kyung Won Paek, Ki Hong Chun, Soo Jin Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2011;44(2):93-100.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2011.44.2.93

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OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to identify the socioeconomic factors, health behavior factors and dietary patterns that have an influence on the fasting blood glucose in adults. METHODS: This study used data collected from the 2007, 2008, 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The final sample included 4163 subjects who were 30-59 years old and who had completed the necessary health examinations, the health behaviors survey and nutrition survey. RESULTS: Eleven dietary patterns emerged from the factor analysis with different factor loading. After controlling for potential confounders, multiple regression analysis of the dietary patterns showed that 'fruits', 'alcohols', and 'starchy foods' affected the fasting blood. Lower consumption of 'fruits' and higher consumption of 'alcohols' and 'starch foods' were significantly associated only with an increased risk of high blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS: In the light of the results of this study, it appears pretty likely that the risk of developing high blood glucose can be reduced by changing a person's dietary patterns.

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Clinical Study on the Effects of AmorePacific Green Tea Extract (AP GTE) on Postprandial Blood Glucose and Insulin after a High-Fat/High-Carbohydrate Meal
Jae-Heon Kang, Hyun-Jin Nam, Kyoungmi Jung, Gyeyoung Choi, Ji-Hae Lee, Hyun Woo Jeong, Jonghwa Roh, Wangi Kim
Food Supplements and Biomaterials for Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Intake of Fruits for Diabetics: Why and How Much?
Eun Young Lee
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2019; 20(2): 106. CrossRef
Relationship between fruit and fish intakes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Korean women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Based on the 4th and 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Ji Soo Oh, Hyesook Kim, Ki Nam Kim, Namsoo Chang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(5): 304. CrossRef
Association between flavonoid intake and diabetes risk among the Koreans
Jee-Young Yeon, Yun Jung Bae, Eun-Young Kim, Eun-Ju Lee
Clinica Chimica Acta.2015; 439: 225. CrossRef
Association of dietary pattern with biochemical blood profiles and bodyweight among adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Tehran, Iran
Nasrin Darani Zad, Rokiah Mohd Yusof, Haleh Esmaili, Rosita Jamaluddin, Fariba Mohseni
Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
A factor of periodontal disease and dietary patterns in Korean adults using data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V
Kyung Won Paek, Soojin Lee, Joung Hwan Back
Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health.2015; 39(4): 280. CrossRef
Less Healthy Dietary Pattern is Associated with Smoking in Korean Men According to Nationally Representative Data
Sang-Yeon Suh, Ju Hyun Lee, Sang Shin Park, Ah-Ram Seo, Hong-Yup Ahn, Woo Kyung Bae, Yong Joo Lee, Eunji Yim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(6): 869. CrossRef
Prevalence of Diabetes and Impaired fasting glucose according to Food frequency Similarity in Korea
So-Hye Jeon, Nam-Hyun Kim
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2013; 14(2): 751. CrossRef
Diabetes Risk Analysis Model with Personalized Food Intake Preference
So-Hye Jeon, Nam-Hyun Kim
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2013; 14(11): 5771. CrossRef

Brief Communication

A Comparison of Fasting Glucose and HbA1c for the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus Among Korean Adults.: Woo Jun Yun, Min Ho Shin, Sun Seong Kweon, Kyeong Soo Park, Young Hoon Lee, Hae Sung Nam, Seul Ki Jeong, Yong Woon Yun, Jin Su Choi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(5):451-454.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.5.451

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has recently recommended the HbA1c assay as one of four options for making the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, with a cut-point of > or =6.5%. We compared the HbA1c assay and the fasting plasma glucose level for making the diagnosis of diabetes among Korean adults. METHODS: We analyzed 8710 adults (age 45-74 years), who were not diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus, from the Namwon study population. A fasting plasma glucose level of > or =126 mg/dL and an A1c of > or =6.5% were used for the diagnosis of diabetes. The kappa index of agreement was calculated to measure the agreement between the diagnosis based on the fasting plasma glucose level and the HbA1c. RESULTS: The kappa index of agreement between the fasting plasma glucose level and HbA1c was 0.50. CONCLUSIONS: The agreement between the fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c for the diagnosis of diabetes was moderate for Korean adults.

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Analytical Performance of Bio-Rad D-100 on a Hemoglobin A1c Assay
Changseung Liu, Eunhye Choi, In Cheol Bae, Sang-Guk Lee, Jeong-Ho Kim
Laboratory Medicine Online.2017; 7(2): 59. CrossRef
Epidemiological ramifications of diagnosing diabetes with HbA1c levels
Mayer B. Davidson, Deyu Pan
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2014; 28(4): 464. CrossRef
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GLYCOSYLATED HAEMOGLOBIN WITH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Kavya S T, Nagaraja B S, Akila V, Chandra Mohan G, Prakash Kikker Gowdaiah
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences.2014; 3(23): 6435. CrossRef
An Emerging Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Modality: HbA1c
Hyun-Ae Seo, In-Kyu Lee
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2012; 27(1): 39. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Performance of ARKRAY ADAMS HA-8180 HbA1cAnalyzer
Jinsook Lim, Ji-Myung Kim, Sun Hoe Koo, Kye Chul Kwon
Laboratory Medicine Online.2012; 2(3): 126. CrossRef
Discordance between HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose criteria for diabetes screening is associated with obesity and old age in Korean individuals
Jin Hwa Kim, Ji Hye Shin, Hae Jung Lee, Sang Yong Kim, Hak Yeon Bae
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2011; 94(2): e27. CrossRef
Relationship between Glycemic Control and Diabetic Retinopathy
Woo-Jun Yun
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2010; 14(4): 234. CrossRef

English Abstracts

Associated Factors of Impaired Fasting Glucose in Some Korean Rural Adults.: Hye Eun Yun, Mi Ah Han, Ki Soon Kim, Jong Park, Myeng Guen Kang, So Yeon Ryu; J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(4):309-318.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.4.309

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OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and its related characteristics among healthy adults in some Korean rural areas. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study using the data from 1352 adults who were over the age 40 and under the age 70 and who were free of diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular diseases and other diseases and who participated in a survey conducted as part of the Korean Rural Genomic Cohort Study. IFG was defined as a serum fasting glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dL. RESULTS: The prevalence of IFG was 20.4% in men, 15.5% in women and 12.7% overall. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the independent risk factors for IFG were male gender, having a family history of DM, the quartiles of gamma glutamyltransferase and high sensitive C-reactive protein and the waist circumference. The homeostatis model assessment for insulin resistance was very strongly associated with IFG. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and MS components was higher in the subjects with IFG then in those with normal fasting glucose (NFG). CONCLUSIONS: The result of study could supply evidence to find the high risk population and to determine a strategy for treating IFG. Further research is needed to explain the causal relationship and mechanisms of IFG.

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Classification of Type 2 Diabetes Incidence Risk and the Health Behavior of the 30–50-Year-Old Korean Adults: Latent Class Analysis
Roma Seol, Jin-Ho Chun
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(24): 16600. CrossRef

The Association of Central Obesity with Type 2 Diabetes among Koreans according to the Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Level: Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.: Ji Yeon Shin, Jun Hyun Hwang, Jin Young Jeong, Sung Hi Kim, Jai Dong Moon, Sang Chul Roh, Young Wook Kim, Yangho Kim, Jong Han Leem, Young Su Ju, Young Seoub Hong, Eun Hee Ha, Yong Hwan Lee, Duk Hee Lee, Dong Hyun Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(6):386-391.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.6.386

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OBJECTIVES
This cross-sectional study was performed to examine if the serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level that is within its normal range is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes and if the association between the waist hip ratio (WHR) and type 2 diabetes is different depending on the serum GGT levels. METHODS: The study subjects were 23,436 persons aged 40 years or older and who participated in regular health check-ups at 11 hospitals (males: 5,821, females: 17,615). The gender-specific quintiles of the serum GGT and WHR were used to examine the associations with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: The serum GGT levels within their normal range were positively associated with type 2 diabetes only in women. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 1.0, 1.0, 1.4, 2.1, and 2.5 according to the quintiles of the serum GGT (p(trend)<0.01). The WHR was more strongly associated with the prevalence of diabetes among the women with a high-normal serum GGT level as compared with those with a low-normal serum GGT level (p for interaction=0.02). For example, the adjusted ORs for women with a low normal serum GGT level were 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 2.2, and 2.4 according to the quintiles of the WHR, while those figures were 1.0, 2.4, 3.6, 5.0, and 8.3 among the women with a high normal serum GGT level. However, in men, the serum GGT was very weakly associated with type 2 diabetes and the association between the WHR and type 2 diabetes was not different depending on the serum GGT level. CONCLUSIONS: Serum GGT within its normal range was positively associated with type 2 diabetes, and central obesity was more strongly associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes when the serum GGT level was high-normal. However, these associations were observed only in women, which is different from the previous findings. The stronger relation between central obesity and type 2 diabetes among women with a high-normal serum GGT level can be useful for selecting a group that is at high risk for type 2 diabetes irregardless of whatever the underlying mechanism is.

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Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase and risk of type 2 diabetes in the general Korean population: a Mendelian randomization study
Youn Sue Lee, Yoonsu Cho, Stephen Burgess, George Davey Smith, Caroline L. Relton, So-Youn Shin, Min-Jeong Shin
Human Molecular Genetics.2016; 25(17): 3877. CrossRef
Different associations between obesity and impaired fasting glucose depending on serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels within normal range: a cross-sectional study
Nam Soo Hong, Jeong-Gook Kim, Yu-Mi Lee, Hyun-Woo Kim, Sin Kam, Keon-Yeop Kim, Ki-Su Kim, Duk-Hee Lee
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Endobiogeny: A Global Approach to Systems Biology (Part 1 of 2)
Jean-Claude, Lapraz, Kamyar M. Hedayat
Global Advances in Health and Medicine.2013; 2(1): 64. CrossRef

The Effect of Smoking Status upon Occurrence of Impaired Fasting Glucose or Type 2 Diabetes in Korean Men.: Chang Hae Park, Hyuk Ga, Jong Han Leem, Seung Min Kwak, Hwan Cheol Kim, Ji Ho Choi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(4):249-254.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.4.249

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To investigate whether smoking and the smoking status are predictors of the incident impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or type 2 diabetes in Korean men. METHODS: A cohort of 1,717 Korean men without IFG or diabetes, who underwent annual periodic health examinations for 4 years (2002-2006), were retrospectively investigated. IFG and diabetes were defined as a serum fasting glucose concentration of 100-125 mg/dL and more than 126 mg/dL, respectively. Cox's proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association between smoking and development of IFG or type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: A total of 558 cases (32.5%) of incident IFG and 50 cases (2.9%) of diabetes occurred. After controlling for the potential predictors of diabetes, the relative risk for IFG, compared with the never smokers, was 1.02 (95% CI=0.88 to 1.19) for the ever-smokers, 0.96 (95% CI=0.79-1.16) for those who smoked 1-9 cigarettes/d, 1.15 (95% CI=1.01 to 1.30) for those who smoked 10-19 cigarettes/d, and 1.31 (95% CI=1.10 to 1.57) for those who smoked 20 or more cigarettes/d (the P value for the current smokers was only p<0.002). The respective multivariate adjusted relative risks for type 2 diabetes, compared with the neversmokers, were 1.07 (95% CI=0.64 to 1.92), 1.47 (95% CI=0.71 to 3.04), 1.84 (95% CI=0.92-3.04), and 1.87 (95% CI=1.13-3.67), respectively (the P value for the current smokers was only p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The smoking status and the number of cigarettes smoked daily are associated with an increased risk for developing IFG or type 2 diabetes in Korean men.

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Health effects associated with smoking: a Burden of Proof study
Xiaochen Dai, Gabriela F. Gil, Marissa B. Reitsma, Noah S. Ahmad, Jason A. Anderson, Catherine Bisignano, Sinclair Carr, Rachel Feldman, Simon I. Hay, Jiawei He, Vincent Iannucci, Hilary R. Lawlor, Matthew J. Malloy, Laurie B. Marczak, Susan A. McLaughlin
Nature Medicine.2022; 28(10): 2045. CrossRef
Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence relating smoking to type 2 diabetes
Peter N Lee, Katharine J Coombs
World Journal of Meta-Analysis.2020; 8(2): 119. CrossRef
The 2016 global and national burden of diabetes mellitus attributable to PM 2·5 air pollution
Benjamin Bowe, Yan Xie, Tingting Li, Yan Yan, Hong Xian, Ziyad Al-Aly
The Lancet Planetary Health.2018; 2(7): e301. CrossRef
The impact of smoking on the development of diabetes and its complications
Mariola Śliwińska-Mossoń, Halina Milnerowicz
Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research.2017; 14(4): 265. CrossRef
Effects of Nutrition Education on Improvement of Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Low Income
Eun-Jin Lim, Mi Jeong Kim, Ji-Sook Han
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2014; 43(1): 141. CrossRef
Associated Factors of Impaired Fasting Glucose in Some Korean Rural Adults
Hye Eun Yun, Mi-ah Han, Ki Soon Kim, Jong Park, Myeng Guen Kang, So Yeon Ryu
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2010; 43(4): 309. CrossRef
Association of passive and active smoking with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly population: the KORA S4/F4 cohort study
Bernd Kowall, Wolfgang Rathmann, Klaus Strassburger, Margit Heier, Rolf Holle, Barbara Thorand, Guido Giani, Annette Peters, Christine Meisinger
European Journal of Epidemiology.2010; 25(6): 393. CrossRef
Diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in Mongolian population, Inner Mongolia, China
Shaoyan Zhang, Weijun Tong, Tan Xu, Burenbatu Wu, Yonghong Zhang
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2009; 86(2): 124. CrossRef

A Prospective Cohort Study of Exercise and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Impaired Fasting Glucose Group.: Hong Dae Um, Duck Chul Lee, Sang Yi Lee, Yeon Soo Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(1):45-50.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.1.45

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To determine the relationship between exercise and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in an impaired fasting glucose group. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted in 19,440 men and 4,297 women, aged 30-69 years, with impaired fasting glucose at baseline who had undergone biennial medical evaluation through the National Health Insurance Corporation from 2000 to 2004. Impaired fasting glucose was defined as fasting glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dl and the subjects were divided into 3 groups depending on weekly exercise frequency. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the baseline exercise status and incidence of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: During the 4-year follow-up, a total of 3,239 men and 283 women developed type 2 diabetes, a cumulative incidence of 16.6% for men, and 6.5% for women. Also, 1,688 men (21.2%) and 127 women (15.2%) developed type 2 diabetes in the obese group. The adjusted relative risk (RR) of developing type 2 diabetes in non-exercising men was significantly higher than exercising men regularly (RR= 1.375, 95% CI=1.236-1.529)(p<0.0001), and the RR for non-exercising women was higher than exercising women regularly (RR=1.124, 95% CI=0.711-1.778). The RR for non-exercise men/women in the obese group was 1.571 (95% CI=1.351-1.827)(p<0.0001)/1.869(95% CI=0.846-4.130). CONCLSIONS: Regular exercise is effective in preventing type 2 diabetes in people with impaired fasting glucose, and particularly in obese people. People with risk factors for diabetes should participate in a regular exercise program.

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Ji Yeong Kim, Kyung Hee Lim
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2023; 35(2): 148. CrossRef
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Jiyeong Kim, Kyung Hee Lim
Cancer Nursing.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between Nighttime Work and HbA1c Levels in South Korea
Yeon-Suk Lee, Jae Hong Joo, Eun-Cheol Park
Healthcare.2022; 10(10): 1977. CrossRef
Factors related to the regular exercise participation of middle-aged and older people
Yongha Seo, Seungjae Hyun, Sangshin Park
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2020; 37(5): 23. CrossRef
Hospital-Based Korean Diabetes Prevention Study: A Prospective, Multi-Center, Randomized, Open-Label Controlled Study
Sang Youl Rhee, Suk Chon, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Jeong-Taek Woo
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(1): 49. CrossRef
The Epidemiology of Diabetes in Korea
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Adiponectin is Associated with Impaired Fasting Glucose in the Non-Diabetic Population
Sang Yeun Kim, Sun Ju Lee, Hyoun Kyoung Park, Ji Eun Yun, Myoungsook Lee, Jidong Sung, Sun Ha Jee
Epidemiology and Health.2011; 33: e2011007. CrossRef
Associated Factors of Impaired Fasting Glucose in Some Korean Rural Adults
Hye Eun Yun, Mi-ah Han, Ki Soon Kim, Jong Park, Myeng Guen Kang, So Yeon Ryu
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2010; 43(4): 309. CrossRef

Fasting Serum Glucose and Subsequent Liver Cancer Risk in a Korean Prospective Cohort.: Jin Gwack, Seung Sik Hwang, Kwang Pil Ko, Jae Kwan Jun, Sue Kyung Park, Soung Hoon Chang, Hai Rim Shin, Keun Young Yoo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(1):23-28.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.1.23

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OBJECTIVES
Chronic infections with hepatitis B or C and alcoholic cirrhosis are three well-known major risk factors for liver cancer. Diabetes has also been suggested as a potential risk factor. However, the findings of previous studies have been controversial in terms of the causal association. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum glucose levels and liver cancer development in a Korean cohort. METHODS: Thirty-six liver cancer cases were identified in the Korean Multi-Center Cancer Cohort (KMCC). Baseline information on lifestyle characteristics was obtained via questionnaire. Serum glucose levels were measured at the study's enrollment. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazard regression model. The adjusting variables included age, gender, smoking history, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity. RESULTS: The RRs of serum glucose for liver caner were 1.20 (95% CI=0.48-2.99) for the category of 100 to 125 mg/dL of serum glucose and 2.77 (95% CI=1.24-6.18) for the >126 mg/dL serum glucose category (both compared to the <100 mg/dL category). In a subgroup analysis, the RR of serum glucose among those who were both HBsAg seronegative and non-drinkers was 4.46 (95% CI=1.09-18.28) for those with glucose levels >100 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that a high level of serum glucose can increase liver cancer risk independently of hepatitis infection and drinking history in Koreans. This study implies that glucose intolerance may be an independent risk factor for liver cancer.

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Jian Yin, Neal D. Freedman, Yiwei Liu, Sanford M. Dawsey, Huan Yang, Philip R. Taylor, Liangyu Yin, Bin Liu, Jianfeng Cui, Jinhu Fan, Wen Chen, Youlin Qiao, Christian C. Abnet
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Original Articles

Relationship of Serum Uric Acid to Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korean Male Workers.: So Yeon Ryu, Jong Gab Oh, Chul Gab Lee, Ki Soon Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(3):214-220.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To investigate the relationship of serum uric acid to cardiovascular risk factors in Korean male workers. METHODS: We screened 522 male workers at an electrical manufacturing company by a periodic health examination and a questionnaire survey in 2000. We collected data relating to age, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, serum lipid, fasting blood glucose and serum uric acid. The data were analyzed using a variety of methods, including ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multivariate regression analyses, to examine the association between uric acid and cardiovascular risk factors with a cross-sectional study design. RESULTS: The concentration of serum uric acid showed positive associations with BMI, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol; it was also significantly correlated to systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Life-style characteristics, such as smoking and alcohol drinking showed no significant association. From the multivariate regression analyses, BMI, total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose levels were found to be independent positive predictors of uric acid; while age, blood pressure and smoking status give no independent contribution explaining the variability of serum uric acid levels. Conclusions : This study demonstrates that serum uric acid level have a significant association with cardiovascular risk factors, such as BMI, total cholesterol and blood glucose in some Korean male workers.; Summary

Association of Hypertension with Cluster of Obesity, Abnormal glucose and Dyslipidemia in Korean Urban Population.: Kang Sook Lee, Jung A Kim, Jung Il Park; Korean J Prev Med. 1998;31(1):59-71.

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Abstract PDF: To examine the association of hypertension with cluster of obesity, abnormal glucose and dyslipidemia in Korean urban population, we conducted this cross-sectional study among 3027 men and 2127 women age 20-85 years who visited a prevention center between May 1991 and June 1995 for a multiphasic health check at St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul. By the self-administered questionnaire, the informations of educational attainments, monthly income, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and physical excercise level were obtained. Height, weight, and blood pressure were measured by a trained nurse. The fasting blood sugar(FBS), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride were tested by enzyme method. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated by 'total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - triglyceride/5'. For testing the differences of cardiovascular risk factors between hypertension and normotension group, t-test and x2 test were performed and for the age adjusted odds ratios of hypertension in persons with obesity, abnormal glucose, and dyslipidemia compared with normal, logistic regression was performed by using SAS pakage programme. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Age, weight, body mass index, blood glucose, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglyceride of hypertension group in men and women were significantly higher than normotension group, but height and high density lipoprotein of hypertension group only in women significantly lower than normotension group. The frequency of obesity (body mass index > or =25 kg/m2), abnormal glucose (> or = 120 mg/dl), hypercholesterolemia (> or =240 mg/dl), lower HDL cholesterol (<45 mg/dl in women only), higher LDL cholesterol (> or =160mg/dl), and hypertriglyceridemia (> or =250 mg/dl) in hypertension group of men and women were significantly higher than normotension group. 2. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were negatively correlated with hight, but positively with age, weight, BMI, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride in men and women. And BMI was positively correlated with fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride but negatively with HDL cholesterol. 3. The odds ratios of hypertension were as follows in men and women : among persons who were obese compared with those nonobese, 2.53 (95% Confedence Intervals [C.I.] 2.08-3.07) and 2.22 (95%C.I. 1.71-2.87); among persons who were abnormal glucose compared with those normoglycemic, 1.43 (95%C.I 1.13-1.82) and 2.01 (95%C.I 1.36-2.94); and among persons who were dyslipidemia (hypercholesterolemia or lower HDL cholesterol or higher LDL cholesterol or hypertriglyceridemia) compared with those normal lipid, 1.59 (95%C.I 1.30-1.95) and 1.51 (95%C.I 1.16-1.96). After combined more than one risk factor, the odds ratios were increased. Among persons with cluster of obesity, abnormal glucose, and dyslipidemia, the odds ratio of hypertension was 2.25 (95%C.I 1.47-3.37) in men and 3.02 (95%C.I 1.71-5.30) in women. In conclusion, it was suggested that hypertension was associated with cluster of obesity, abnormal glucose, dyslipidemia in this Korean urban population.; Summary

A Study on the Incidence of Diabetes and Its Risk Factors in the Impaired Glucose Tolerence.: Joo Hee Park, Yeon Gyo Shin, Joo Ja Kim, Taik Sung Nam, Byung Kook Lee; Korean J Prev Med. 1994;27(3):425-437.

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Abstract PDF: This is to study the incidence of Diabetes and its risk factors in the impaired glucose tolerance group. 1084 subjects who had been examined 3 times for regular check-up in one human dock center under the university hospital were studied between 1986~1993. The results are as follows; Prevalence rate of diabetes was 3.56%, and that of impaired glucose tolerance was 30.90% as of initial examination. The rate of diabetes was increasing with the age where 1.2% at age group 30~39, 3.21% at age group 40~49, 5.84% at age group 50~59, 14.28% at age group 60 and over. And also the rate of impaired glucose tolerance was increasing with the age where 21.29% at age group 30~39, 31.42% at age group 40~49, 38.91% at age group 50~59, 33.33% at age group 60 and over. Of the examinees who were initially examined, total incidence rate of diabetes who developed to obvious diabetes at the 3rd follow-up examination from the initially impaired glucose tolerance group was 4.63% and it was 11.3 times higher than from the normal group (0.41%). After controlling for the effects of both age and obesity, the risk of subsequent diabetes for subjects with impaired glucose tolerance remained significantly higher than for normal subjects (Relative Risk, 10.48). Test for trends for developing to diabetes by the increasing level of fasting blood sugar and 1 hr blood sugar at the initial examination were statistically significant in either normal and impaired glucose tolerance group. To determine the risk factor for developing to diabetes, logistic regression test was applied. Only fasting blood sugar and 1 hr blood sugar were predictors for developing diabetes from the impaired glucose tolerance group at initial examination.; Summary

Mean fasting blood glucose level and an estimated prevalence of diabetes mellitus among a representative adult Korean population.: Jung Soon Kim, Young Joon Kim, Sun Ill Park, Young Pyo Hong; Korean J Prev Med. 1993;26(3):311-320.

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Abstract PDF: This study was carried out along with the 1990 6th National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey in order to estimated the prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus among a representative adult Korean population. Fasting blood glucose was measured by diastix(Ames) using glucometer II for seventy seven percent of the population(30 years old or above) residing in 190 enumeration districts randomly sampled from 146,944 general ED. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus of the population was estimated by projecting the ratio of > or = 200 mg/dl PP2 of fasting blood sugar level below 120 by sex to the study population. Fasting blood glucose and 2hr. postprandial blood glucose were measured on about 3000 subsampled individuals, and diabetes mellitus was defined by the WHO criteria-FBG > or = 120 mg/dl or PP2 > or = 200 mg/dl when FBG is below 120 mg/dl. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Estimated prevalence(age adjusted) of diabetes mellitus was 4.6% for male 8.1% for female. The age adjusted mean FBG was 93.9+/-26.2mg/dl for male and 102.9+/-31.5mg/dl for female. 2. The prevalence increased as age advanced with peak in 60~69 years old age group for both sexes. 3. The mean FBG and estimated prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus varied considerably among the populations of fifteen cities and provinces ; it varied from 87.0+/-17.7 to 104.6+/-34.5mg/dl and 1.2% to 8.9% for males, and from 93.3+/-25.3 to 116.7+/-38.6 mg/dl and 3.4% to 20.8% for females. 4. The mean FBG and prevalence rates were higher among the rural population than those residing in metropolitan areas. 5. The proportion of the people previously treated among the diabetics was estimated to be a little less than one fifth. 6. Factors strongly associated with FBG were age, sex, family history of D. M., BMI, area and educational level among eleven variables.; Summary

English Abstract

Fasting Serum Glucose Level and Gastric Cancer Risk in a Nested Case-control Study.: Jae Kwan Jun, Jin Gwack, Sue Kyung Park, Yun Hee Choi, Yeonju Kim, Aesun Shin, Soung Hoon Chang, Hai Rim Shin, Keun Young Yoo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(6):493-498.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Diabetes has been reported as a risk factor for several cancers. However, the association between diabetes and gastric cancer has been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the fasting serum glucose level and gastric cancer risk in Korea. METHODS: Among the members of the Korean Multi-Center Cancer Cohort (KMCC) from 1993 to 2004, a total of 100 incident gastric cancer cases were ascertained until December 31, 2002 and 400 controls were matched according to age, sex, and year and area of enrollment. Of the eligible subjects, those without fasting serum glucose level information were excluded, with a total of 64 cases and 236 controls finally selected. On enrollment, all subjects completed a baseline demographic and lifestyle characteristics questionnaire, and had their fasting serum glucose level measured. The Helicobacter pylori infection status was determined by an immunoblot assay using longterm stored serum. The odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using conditional and unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for the H. pylori infection status, smoking, drinking, education, follow-up period and matching variables. RESULTS: The ORs for risk of gastric cancer according to the serum glucose level were 1.33 [95% CI=0.50-3.53] and 1.66 [95% CI=0.55-5.02] for the categories of 100-125 and 126 mg/dL or greater, respectively, compared to the category of less than 100 mg/dL. No increased risk of gastric cancer according to the serum glucose level was found (p-trend=0.337). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides no evidence for an association of the serum glucose level with gastric cancer.; Summary

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