Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Systematic Review

Digital Technologies in Hospital Pharmacy: A Systematic Review of Their Impact on Efficiency, Safety, and Inventory Management: Eka Pranata Bagus Abimanyu, Satibi , Dwi Endarti; J Prev Med Public Health. 2026;59(1):1-11. Published online October 5, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.495

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
Digital transformation in hospital pharmacies is a strategic priority to improve medication safety, optimize inventory management, and streamline dispensing. Although healthcare digitalization has been widely studied, evidence of its impact on key performance indicators within hospital pharmacy operations remains limited. This review consolidates available evidence on how digital technologies affect hospital pharmacy performance, focusing on dispensing time, medication safety, and inventory practices.
Methods
A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus were searched for English-language studies (2014–2024) conducted in general, academic, or tertiary hospitals. Eligible interventions included automation technologies (e.g., automated dispensing cabinets, robotic dispensing), digital systems (e.g., computerized physician order entry, electronic prescribing), or hybrid platforms. Outcomes included measures of dispensing efficiency, medication safety, and inventory management. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data.
Results
Of 319 records, 9 studies met the inclusion criteria, spanning Saudi Arabia, the United States, Denmark, Iran, Jordan, Australia, and France. Most reported improvements in dispensing efficiency, safety (through lower error rates), and inventory control. Secondary gains included streamlined workflows and higher staff satisfaction. Challenges included resource-intensive implementation, workflow disruption, technological downtime, interoperability issues, and reliance on user compliance. Operational gains did not always yield measurable clinical benefits such as reduced morbidity or length of stay.
Conclusions
Digital technologies can improve efficiency, safety, and inventory control in hospital pharmacies; however, their success depends on institutional readiness, infrastructure, and human factors. Robust studies are needed to evaluate long-term impacts, cost-effectiveness, and implementation strategies.; Summary

Key Message
Digital technologies such as automated dispensing cabinets, electronic prescribing, barcode medication administration, and robotic systems can substantially improve dispensing efficiency, medication safety, and inventory control in hospital pharmacies. This systematic review shows consistent reductions in dispensing time, medication errors, stock-outs, and expired drugs across diverse healthcare settings. However, the benefits of digitalization depend on institutional readiness, adequate infrastructure, staff training, and sustained user compliance, highlighting the need for context-sensitive implementation strategies.

Original Articles

Impact of COVID-19 on the Profitability of General Hospitals in Korea: Jun Young Park, Tae Hyun Kim, Suk-Yong Jang, Sang Gyu Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2026;59(1):46-55. Published online September 11, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.303

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
This study was performed to quantify the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on hospital profitability in Korea by analyzing changes in the medical revenue-to-profit ratio (MRPR) and net income before reserve fund allocation (NIBR) before and after the pandemic onset. Additionally, it examined how financial outcomes varied by hospital ownership, geographic location, and type (secondary or tertiary), providing insights into the financial resilience of various hospital types during public health crises.
Methods
We conducted a longitudinal analysis using publicly available financial disclosure data from 243 general hospitals in Korea (2016–2022). We then performed a quadrant analysis to classify hospitals based on changes in MRPR and NIBR, identifying patterns of financial impact. For inferential analysis, we employed linear mixed-effects models incorporating a difference-in-differences framework, enabling estimation of both time-varying and hospital-specific effects.
Results
Following the onset of COVID-19, MRPR declined significantly, reaching −10.62% in 2020. NIBR initially dropped but later increased, reaching 21.09 billion Korean won per 100 beds in 2022. Quadrant analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity in financial responses, with national/public hospitals experiencing the most severe MRPR decline, whereas educational foundation and medical corporation hospitals displayed stronger financial recovery. Regression results confirmed significant interactions between outcomes after COVID-19 onset and hospital ownership type, indicating differential financial impacts across hospital categories.
Conclusions
The findings highlight the uneven financial effects of COVID-19 on Korean hospitals, emphasizing the importance of targeted government financial support. Policy measures should prioritize structural financial reforms to ensure hospital sustainability beyond short-term crisis management.; Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 2016–2022년 국내 종합병원 243개소의 재무자료를 활용하여 COVID-19 팬데믹이 병원 수익성에 미친 영향을 분석하였다. 팬데믹 이후 의료수익 대비 이익률은 전반적으로 감소한 반면, 정부 지원 등의 영향으로 적립금 차감 전 순이익은 증가하는 이중적 양상이 관찰되었다. 이러한 영향은 병원 소유 형태와 규모에 따라 상이하게 나타났으며, 공공병원의 재무적 취약성이 두드러졌다.

Key Message
Using longitudinal financial data from 243 Korean general hospitals (2016–2022), this study examined the impact of COVID-19 on hospital profitability. Medical revenue-to-profit ratios declined markedly after the pandemic onset, while net income before reserve fund allocation increased, reflecting substantial heterogeneity by ownership and hospital type. These findings highlight the need for targeted and structurally differentiated financial support policies to strengthen hospital resilience during future public health crises.

Mobile App-based Care Management Training to Improve Family Caregiver Competence in Caring for Children With HIV in Indonesia: A Quasi-experimental Study: Nyimas Heny Purwati, Syamikar Baridwan Syamsir, Mutmainah , Dhea Natashia, Amelia Hartika Rani, Dwi Budiyati, Agus Setiawan; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(5):516-526. Published online May 7, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.789

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
Family caregivers play a crucial role in the care of children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however, they frequently face limitations in knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Mobile application (app)-based training may offer an effective solution to enhance caregiver competence. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of mobile app-based care management training in improving the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of family caregivers caring for children with HIV.
Methods
A quasi-experimental design, including pretest, posttest, and follow-up assessments, was conducted at a national referral hospital for infectious diseases in Jakarta, Indonesia. The study involved 44 respondents, divided equally into intervention and control groups (22 per group). The intervention group received mobile app-based training, while the control group received conventional caregiver education. Questionnaires assessing caregivers’ knowledge, attitudes, and skills in managing children with HIV were utilized. Data were analyzed using independent sample t-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results
Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the intervention group experienced significant improvements in knowledge, attitudes, and skills from pretest to posttest, which were maintained at the 1-month follow-up (p<0.001). In contrast, the control group did not exhibit significant changes in any of these variables (knowledge, attitudes, and skills) throughout the study period.
Conclusions
Mobile app-based care management training significantly enhances caregiving competencies among family caregivers of children with HIV. These findings underscore the potential of digital technology as an innovative and sustainable approach for caregiver training in various healthcare settings, supporting the long-term effectiveness of educational interventions.; Summary

Key Message
This quasi-experimental study evaluated the effectiveness of a mobile app-based care management training for family caregivers of children with HIV in Indonesia. The intervention significantly improved caregivers’ knowledge, attitudes, and skills compared to the control group. These findings suggest that digital health tools can empower caregivers, enhance pediatric HIV care, and provide a scalable model for supportive training in resource-limited settings.

Vulnerability Assessment and Enhanced Community-based Care and Management of Patients With Tuberculosis in Korea: A Crossover Design: Jeongmi Seo, Dawoon Jeong, In-Hyuk Lee, Jiyeon Han, Yunhyung Kwon, Eunhye Shim, Hongjo Choi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(3):317-325. Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.597

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
People-centered care and social protection are critical for improving tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate whether a vulnerability assessment tool, developed for an enhanced community-based care and management (ECCM) program in 2 Korean cities, could predict and improve final TB treatment outcomes based on patients’ vulnerability levels.
Methods
Treatment outcomes in the ECCM group were compared with those in a control group, stratified by vulnerability level. During stage 1, one city served as the intervention region and the other as the control, with a crossover in stage 2. The vulnerability assessment included all notified patients with TB, and those identified as highly vulnerable in the intervention group received social support following a consultation with a case manager.
Results
The vulnerability assessment tool demonstrated moderate predictive ability for unfavorable outcomes, with an area under the curve of 0.70 (95% confidence interval, 0.63 to 0.77). The patients with high vulnerability who received ECCM treatment demonstrated a 19.8-percentage point (%p) higher treatment success rate than the high vulnerability subcategory of the control group. ECCM also appeared to reduce loss to follow-up and TB-related mortality by 8.4%p and 7.3%p, respectively, although these findings should be interpreted with caution.
Conclusions
The results suggest that providing social support tailored to patient vulnerability at the time of diagnosis could improve TB treatment outcomes.

Summary

Korean summary
결핵 진단 시점의 임상적, 사회적, 그리고 결핵 관련 취약성 평가는 부정적인 치료 결과를 예측하는 데 유의미한 지표가 될 수 있다. 높은 취약성을 지닌 집단에 대해 지역사회 기반의 맞춤형 사례관리를 시행한 결과, 부정적 치료 결과를 일정 수준 감소시킬 수 있었다. 결핵의 사회적 결정요인과 노년 결핵환자 증가라는 역학적 상황은 지역사회 기반의 사회적 지원을 통해 개선 가능할 것이다.

Key Message
Clinical, social, and tuberculosis-related vulnerabilities assessed at the time of TB diagnosis can serve as meaningful predictors of unfavorable treatment outcomes. Community-based, ehnahced case management for highly vulnerable groups has been shown to reduce such negative outcomes to some extent. The social determinants of tuberculosis and the increasing prevalence of TB among the elderly may be addressed through community-based social support.

Citations

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Suicide risk in people with tuberculosis in Republic of Korea: a nationwide cohort, 2012–2021
Chiwook Chung, Seung Won Lee, Dawoon Jeong, Hongjo Choi, Hojoon Sohn, Young Ae Kang
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Special Article

National Cancer Control Plan of the Korea: Current Status and the Fourth Plan (2021-2025): Kyu-Tae Han, Jae Kwan Jun, Jeong-Soo Im; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(3):205-211. Published online May 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.115

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Abstract Summary PDF

Cancer management has become a major policy goal for the government of the Korea. As such, the government introduced the National Cancer Control Plan (NCCP) to reduce the individual and social burdens caused by cancer and to promote national health. During the past 25 years, 3 phases of the NCCP have been completed. During this time, the NCCP has changed significantly in all aspects of cancer control from prevention to survival. The targets for cancer control are increasing, and although some blind spots remain, new demands are emerging. The government initiated the fourth NCCP in March 2021, with the vision of “A Healthy Country with No Concerns about Cancer Anywhere at Any Time,” which aims to build and disseminate high-quality cancer data, reduce preventable cancer cases, and reduce gaps in cancer control. Its main strategies include (1) activation of cancer big data, (2) advancement of cancer prevention and screening, (3) improvement in cancer treatment and response, and (4) establishment of a foundation for balanced cancer control. The fourth NCCP has many positive expectations, similar to the last 3 plans; however, cross-domain support and participation are required to achieve positive results in cancer control. Notably, cancer remains the leading cause of death despite decades of management efforts and should continue to be managed carefully from a national perspective.

Summary

Korean summary
- 기존 1~3차 국가암관리계획의 전반적인 성과를 소개합니다. - 제4차 국가암관리계획의 목표 및 내용을 기존 계획과 비교하여 설명합니다.

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Brief Report

Notified Incidence of Tuberculosis in Foreign-born Individuals in Jeju Province, Republic of Korea: Dae Soon Kim, Jong-Myon Bae; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(1):66-70. Published online December 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.246

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
In the Republic of Korea (ROK), the notified incidence of tuberculosis in foreign-born individuals (NITFBI) has increased recently, as has the rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and rifampicin-resistant (RR) tuberculosis in foreigners staying in the ROK. As Jeju Province in ROK has a no-visa entry policy, control programs for NITFBI should be consolidated. The aim was to evaluate the status of NITFBI, with a focus on the distribution of MDR/RR tuberculosis by nationality.
Methods
Data on tuberculosis incidence in individuals born in Jeju Province and in foreign-born individuals were extracted from the Korean Statistical Information Service of Statistics Korea, and the Infectious Disease Surveillance Web Statistics of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, respectively.
Results
Among all notified incident cases of tuberculosis, the proportion of NITFBI increased from 1.46% in 2011 to 6.84% in 2017. China- and Vietnam-born individuals accounted for the greatest proportion of the 95 cases of NITFBI. Seven cases of MDR/RR tuberculosis were found, all involving patients born in China.
Conclusions
In Jeju Province, ROK, NITFBI might become more common in the near future. Countermeasures for controlling active tuberculosis in immigrants born in high-risk nations for tuberculosis should be prepared in Jeju Province, since it is a popular tourist destination.

Summary

Korean summary
제주도는 국제자유도시를 천명하면서, 30일 무비자 입국을 허용하고 있다. 이에 따라 외국인 결핵환자가 증가하고 있다. 제주도 결핵 신환자 신고 중 외국인의 분율은 2011년 1.46%에서 2017년 6.84%로 증가했으며, 약제 내성에 있어서는 총 7건이었다. 향후 제주도내 외국인 결핵환자 신고수가 증가하는 가운데 약제내성 결핵환자도 증가할 수 있음을 예측하고, 외국인에 대한 활동성 결핵관리 정책을 보완하고 지침을 강화할 필요가 있다.

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Identifying Gaps in Research on Infectious Diseases Among Migrants in Korea: Implications for Future Studies
Junseo Oh, Dongwook Kim, Chiara Achangwa, Sheikh Taslim Ali, Sukhyun Ryu
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Original Article

Gender Differences in Hypertension Control Among Older Korean Adults: Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: Sang Hui Chu, Ji Won Baek, Eun Sook Kim, Katherine M. Stefani, Won Joon Lee, Yeong-Ran Park, Yoosik Youm, Hyeon Chang Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2015;48(1):38-47. Published online January 14, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.14.043

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Controlling blood pressure is a key step in reducing cardiovascular mortality in older adults. Gender differences in patients’ attitudes after disease diagnosis and their management of the disease have been identified. However, it is unclear whether gender differences exist in hypertension management among older adults. We hypothesized that gender differences would exist among factors associated with hypertension diagnosis and control among community-dwelling, older adults.
Methods
This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 653 Koreans aged ≥60 years who participated in the Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. Multiple logistic regression was used to compare several variables between undiagnosed and diagnosed hypertension, and between uncontrolled and controlled hypertension.
Results
Diabetes was more prevalent in men and women who had uncontrolled hypertension than those with controlled hypertension or undiagnosed hypertension. High body mass index was significantly associated with uncontrolled hypertension only in men. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that in women, awareness of one’s blood pressure level (odds ratio [OR], 2.86; p=0.003) and the number of blood pressure checkups over the previous year (OR, 1.06; p=0.011) might influence the likelihood of being diagnosed with hypertension. More highly educated women were more likely to have controlled hypertension than non-educated women (OR, 5.23; p=0.013).
Conclusions
This study suggests that gender differences exist among factors associated with hypertension diagnosis and control in the study population of community-dwelling, older adults. Education-based health promotion strategies for hypertension control might be more effective in elderly women than in elderly men. Gender-specific approaches may be required to effectively control hypertension among older adults.

Summary

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Special Article

Global Trends in Mercury Management: Dae-Seon Kim, Kyunghee Choi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(6):364-373. Published online November 29, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.364

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Abstract PDF

The United Nations Environmental Program Governing Council has regulated mercury as a global pollutant since 2001 and has been preparing the mercury convention, which will have a strongly binding force through Global Mercury Assessment, Global Mercury Partnership Activities, and establishment of the Open-Ended Working Group on Mercury. The European Union maintains an inclusive strategy on risks and contamination of mercury, and has executed the Mercury Export Ban Act since December in 2010. The US Environmental Protection Agency established the Mercury Action Plan (1998) and the Mercury Roadmap (2006) and has proposed systematic mercury management methods to reduce the health risks posed by mercury exposure. Japan, which experienced Minamata disease, aims vigorously at perfection in mercury management in several ways. In Korea, the Ministry of Environment established the Comprehensive Plan and Countermeasures for Mercury Management to prepare for the mercury convention and to reduce risks of mercury to protect public health.

Summary

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English Abstracts

Management of Diabetic Mellitus in Low-income Rural Patients.: Hye Yeon Kim, Woo Jun Yun, Min Ho Shin, Sun Seong Kweon, Hye Ran Ahn, Seong Woo Choi, Young Hoon Lee, Dong Hyeok Cho, Jung Ae Rhee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(5):315-322.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.5.315

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Knowledge about the management status of diabetic melitus (DM) is essential to improve diabetic management. Moreover, low income is associated with poor adherence to treatment and increased mortality. This study was performed to evaluate the management status of DM in low-income patients in a rural area. METHODS: We enrolled 370 patients with type 2 DM living in Gokseong county, JeollaNamdo. A well-trained examiner measured the height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Carotid ultrasonography was used to measure carotid artery carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT) and plaque. ankle-brachial index (ABI) was used to evaluate peripheral artery disease. A fundoscopic examination was performed to evaluate diabetic retinopathy. A history of diabetes complications and health-related questionnaires were also completed. RESULTS: The age of diabetic subjects was 68.7+/-8.7 years and the duration of diabetes was 8.9+/-8.2 years. Most (63.5%) had hypertension, and 45.7% had triglycerides below 150 mg/dl, 38.1% had low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) cholesterol below 100 mg/dl, 48.7% had urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) below 30 mg/g. Less than half (45.9%) achieved the goal of HbA1c less than 7% suggested by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). 10.6% had peripheral vascular disease, 11.9% had retinopathy, and 60.8% had chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS: DM management in low income patients is very poor and requires further work to improve.

Summary

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Comparison of Health Status in Primary Care Underserved Area Residents and the General Population in Korea
Min So Kim, Kyae Hyung Kim, Sang Min Park, Jong-goo Lee, Yeon Seo Ko, A Ra Cho, Yoon Su Ku
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(2): 119. CrossRef
The Influence of Health Literacy and Diabetes Knowledge on Diabetes Self-care Activities in Korean Low-income Elders with Diabetes
Jihye Jeong, Namhee Park, So Young Shin
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(3): 217. CrossRef
Group Classification on Management Behavior of Diabetic Mellitus
Sung-Hong Kang, Soon-Ho Choi
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2011; 12(2): 765. CrossRef
Relationship between Glycemic Control and Diabetic Retinopathy
Woo-Jun Yun
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2010; 14(4): 234. CrossRef

The Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Blood Pressure Management from the Patient's Viewpoint: A Qualitative Study.: Sok Goo Lee, So Youn Jeon; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(4):255-264.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.4.255

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study adopted a qualitative method to explore the layman's beliefs and experience concerning high blood pressure and its management in order to develop a strategy to increase adherence to proper medical treatment. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews that focused on personal experiences with hypertension and its management were conducted with 26 hypertensive patients. The participants were selected according to a BP above 140/90 mmHg (hypertension stage 1), based on the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure (JNC-VII). The interviews lasted for approximately 30 minutes (range: 20-60 minutes). The resulting questions were formulated into open-ended questions. The interview questionnaire was composed 17 items to examine non-adherence to treatment and 19 items to examine adherence to treatment. RESULTS: Most participants recognized that the direct cause of high blood pressure was unhealthy behavior rather than inheritance. Thus, the hypertensive patient believed they could recover their blood pressure to a normal level through removing the direct cause of hypertension (weight reduction, diet, exercise) instead of taking drugs. The reasons for these statements were that the drugs for controlling hypertension are not natural or they are artificial, and they may have side effects, and drugs are not treatment for the root cause of hypertension. Most of the hypertensive patients chose to manage their behaviors as soon as they knew their blood pressure was high. Therefore, we should not divide the subjects into two groups according to their taking drugs or not, but they should be divided into two groups according to their willingness or not to manage their condition. CONCLUSIONS: For developing a strategy for an individual approach to hypertension management, we need to develop a client-centered attitude and strategy. That is, we need to tailor our approach to individual cases to avoid generalizations and stereotyping when developing an adherence increasing strategy.

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Effects of Comorbid Sleep Disorders on Cardiovascular Complications of Hypertension Among Patients With Newly-diagnosed Hypertension: An Analysis of the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort
Jeongmook Kang, Yoon-Hyung Park, Kwang Ik Yang, Jose Rene Bagani Cruz, Young Hwangbo
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2020; 53(1): 37. CrossRef
Affecting Factors of Health Behavior Adherence depending on the Duration of the Hypertension Diagnosis
Jong Sun Ok, Il Sun Ko, Kyu Hyung Ryu
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2017; 20(2): 151. CrossRef
Psychometric Properties of a Short Self-Reported Measure of Medication Adherence Among Patients With Hypertension Treated in a Busy Clinical Setting in Korea
Jeung-Hee Kim, Weon-Young Lee, Yeon-Pyo Hong, Wang-Seong Ryu, Kwang Je Lee, Wang-Soo Lee, Donald E. Morisky
Journal of Epidemiology.2014; 24(2): 132. CrossRef
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Fredrik Hultgren, Grethe Jonasson, Annika Billhult
Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care.2014; 32(4): 163. CrossRef
The Effects of Adherence on Hypertension Control among Newly Diagnosed Hypertension Patients
Jin-Ok Han, Dae-Kyu Oh, Jun Yim, Kwang-Pil Ko, Hee Young Lee, Jong Heon Park, Jeong-Soo Im
Health Policy and Management.2014; 24(2): 136. CrossRef
Impact of Health Literacy on Disease-related Knowledge and Adherence to Self-care in Patients with Hypertension
Youn-Jung Son, Eun-Kyeung Song
Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2012; 19(1): 6. CrossRef
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Anne Lambert-Kerzner, Edward P. Havranek, Mary E. Plomondon, Karen Albright, Ashley Moore, Kelsey Gryniewicz, David Magid, P. Michael Ho
Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes.2010; 3(6): 668. CrossRef

Original Articles

A Survey for Computerized Information System of Occupational Health Management at Worksite.: Heui Sug Jo, Eun Hee Ha, Yun Chul Hong, Chul Hwan Kim, Kyung Ja June, Hye Sook Park; Korean J Prev Med. 1998;31(2):215-227.

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Abstract PDF: In order to develop the computerized information system of occupational health management at worksite, we surveyed actual states of computer use at worksites. We used a self-administrative questionnaire to the members of Korean Association of Occupational Health Nursing(KAOHN) from July 4 to August 21 in 1997. Among the members of KAOHN, 147 members answered. The worksites where they, were employed were very diverse in aspect of jobs, locations, and size. Occupational health computerized system was used at 30(20.4%) worksites among 147 respondents. When they first introduced the computerized system the most difficult problem was the lack of support of manager. The programs that they have used mainly consist of drug management, health examination management, disease management, but the program of worksite environment management have been rarely used. Most users felt that the computerized system was effective, but there were problems in connection within programs. Many worksites have plans to take or expand the computerized information system within several years. It is necessary to develop the effective and integrated occupational health computerized system.; Summary

Follow-up Management State of Lead Battery Workers in Periodic Health Examination.: Gap Soo Lee, Young Hwangbo, Yong Bae Kim, Hwa Sung Kim, Jung Oh Ham, Sung Soo Lee, Kyu Dong Ahn, Byung Kook Lee, Jung Hur; Korean J Prev Med. 1996;29(4):733-746.

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Abstract PDF: To evaluate the follow-up management state and related factor of lead battery workers in periodic health examination as part of program of group occupational health service, author studied 293 workers with questionnaire on knowledge of results and follow-up management state and related factors, and compared the responses to their periodic health examination result charts. The results were as follows: 1. 252(86%) workers responsed that they had received the health examination result chart, but only 116(39.6%) workers responsed that they had been educated or explained about the result of health examination, and 11(57.9%) workers among 19 workers with non-occupational disease D, 101(44.3%) workers among 228 workers with non-occupational disease C, and 19(28.4%) workers among 67 workers with occupational disease C knew accurately their health examination results. 2. 78(24.8%) of the workers responsed that they had follow-up management, and contents of follow-up management were follow-up(36.6%), out-patient treatment(31%), change worksite(8.5%), temporary retirement(7.0%) and others(16.9%). 3. Most of the workers responsed that the health examination were necessary, but three-fourths of the workers responsed that the health examination had been superficial or that they didn't know. 4. In this study, follow-up management show significant association with only explanation or education about health examination result chart.; Summary

A Study on the Establishment of Management Methods about Occupational Dermatoses.: Hyun Sul Lim, Hae Kwan Cheong, Byung Soon Choi, Ji Yong Kim, Yeol Oh Sung, Yang Ho Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 1996;29(3):617-638.

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Abstract PDF: Occupational dermatosis is one of the most prevalent occupational disorders. However, the extent of the occupational dermatoses including incidences and prevalencies of each disease entity, and etiologic materials are not yet well stated in Korea. Authors reviewed the literatures on the statistic data and reports on the occupational dermatoses, and surveyed on the occupational dermatoses in two factories, and surveyed the physicians responsible to the occupational dermatoses with formed questionnaire. The results are as follows; 1. Among medical journals published since 1964, there were 31 articles on the occupational dermatoses. Of 31 articles, 18 were case reports and all others were review articles. Of 18 case reports, 9 were epidemiologic survey. The Workers' Periodic Health Examinations revealed that prevalence of the occupational dermatoses was highest(4.36 per 10,000 workers) in 1974, but number of the cases reported were decreased sharply since 1978 with some tendency to increase since 1987. There were 2,240 reported cases of occupational dermatoses between 1966 and 1992, which is 1.90% of all the reported occupational diseases. Skin infection and injuries due to chemicals were most frequent and there were 6 cases of skin cancer. 2. In an epidemiological survey on the dermatoses among 995 workers in a metal product manufacturing factory and 225 workers with acne, 130 workers with scar, 123 workers with deformity of toe nails. Scars, photosensitivity dermatitis, deformity of finger and toe nails, and acne were more prevalent in the metal product manufacturing factory(p<0.05). In the metal product manufacturing factory, workers treating organic solvents and oils had more dermatoses than those without treating the materials(p<0.05). On the skin patch performed on 16 workers in the metal product manufacturing factory, there were 8 cases of irritation dermatitis and 5 cases of contact dermatitis. Prevalence of contact dermatitis in the metal product manufacturing factory was 1.3%. 3. On the questionnaire survey, 34 dermatologists, 29 doctors of preventive medicine, and 22 family physician replied. The proportion of occupational etiology among all dermatoses assumed by the physicians were below 9%, and the most important occupational dermatosis in Korea was contact dermatitis. Main etiologic materials related to the occupational dermatosis were organic solvent, acid and alkali, and metals. The reason for the scarcity of report of occupational dermatoses were difficulty in diagnosis and physician's ignorance of the occupational etiology. They replied that to prevent the occupational dermatosis in the workplace, the use of protective devices was most important, and development of diagnostic criteria on the occupational dermatoses is urgent. Above results shows us that there is many workers with occupational dermatoses, but they are mostly unreported. Measures to prevent and manage the occupational dermatoses are not satisfactory at present. Hence, authors suggest measures for the precises diagnosis, report and prevention of the occupational dermatoses. a. Dernatikigustm orevebtuve physician, and industrial hygienist should work as a team to examine the high risk group and establish the preventive measures. b. Disease entities, diagnostic criteria of occupational dermatoses should be listed, criteria for the compensation and job fitting at recruitment should be established, and manual for the proper treatment and effective prevention of each occupational dermatosis should be developed. c. Patch test antigens against each occupational category should be developed and it should be available to any physicians responsible. d. To facilitate the diagnosis of occupational dermatoses by the doctors responsible for the Workers' Periodic Health Examination, development of standardized questionnaire, education on the techniques of the patch test, and cooperation with the dermatologist in diagnosis of occupational dermatoses is essential.; Summary

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice according to Types of Occupational Health Management.: Sung Hee Kim, Hae Ryeun Shin, Sang Woo Kim, Kuck Hyeun Woo, Wan Seoup Park, Jae Yong Park; Korean J Prev Med. 1996;29(3):579-596.

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Abstract PDF: The first purpose of this study was to compare the mean Knowledge, Attitude & Practice(KAP) scores concerning major occupational Health between two types of occupational health management in small & medium-scale textile factories. Sample number was 1,138 workers. In small & medium factories with 300 workers or less, they have two alternatives for occupational health management; Individual Health Management or Vicarious Health Management. The second purpose was to determine if there was a relationship between duration of Vicarious health management and mean kap scores for 694 workers from the Vicarious Health Management group. We used self-administered questionnaires for measuring KAP. The results of this study were; 1. There was significant difference concerning all socioeconomic & occupational variables(gender, age education level, marital status, Blue/White collar, working duration of present factory, working duration of total factories) except for shift. 2. There was no significant difference of mean scores of Knowledge and attitude between the Individual Health Management Group and the Vicarious Health Management. But, the mean score of Practice was significantly different. 3. According to multiple regression analysis, the mean score of Knowledge significantly increased with age, education level, working duration of all factories increased. The mean score of Attitude significantly increased with age, education level and married. The mean score of Practice significantly increased with age, education level, working duration of all factories, married and men. 4. In conclusion, The type of Health management did not significantly affect the mean KAP scores concerning major occupational Health problems. 5. But, the Duration of Vicarious Health management significantly increased the mean KAP scores.; Summary

Trends of Study and Classification of Reference on Occupational Health Management in Korea after Liberation.: Eun Hee Ha, Hye Sook Park, Young Bok Kim, Hyun Jong Song; Korean J Prev Med. 1995;28(4):809-844.

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Abstract PDF: The purposes of this study are to define the scope of occupational health management and to classify occupational management by review of related journals from 1945 to 1994 in Korea. The steps of this study were as follows: (l)Search of secondary reference; (2) Collection and review of primary reference; (3) Survey; and (4) Analysis and discussion. The results were as follows; 1. Most of the respondents majored in occupational health(71.6%), and were working in university (68.3%), males and over the age 40. Seventy percent of the respondents agreed with the idea that classification of occupational health management is necessary, and 10% disagreed. 2. After integration of the idea of respondents, we reclassified the scope of occupational health management. It was defined 3parts, that is, occupational health system, occupational health service and others (such as assessment, epidemiology, cost-effectiveness analysis and so on). 3. The number of journals on occupational health management was 510. It was slightly increased from 1986 and abruptly increased after 1991. The kinds of journals related to occupational health management were The Korean Journal of occupational Medicine(18.2%), several kinds of Medical College Journal(17.0%), The Korean Journal occupational Health(15.l%), The Korean Journal of preventive Medicine(15.l%) and others(34.6%). As for the contents, the number of journals on occupational health management systems was 33(6.5%) and occupational health services 477(93.5%). Of the journals on occupational health management systems, the number of journals on the occupational health resource system was 15(45.5%), occupational finance system 8(24.2%), occupational health management system 6(l8.2%), occupational organization 3(9.1%) and occupational health delivery system l(3.0%). of the journals on occupational health services, the number of journals on disease management was 269(57.2%), health management 116(24.7%), working environmental management 85(18.1%). As for the subjects, the number of journals on general workers was l85(71.l%), followed by women worker, white color workers and so on. 4. Respondents made occupational health service(such as health management, working environmental management and health education) the first priority of occupational health management. Tied for the second are quality analysis(such as education, training and job contents of occupational health manager) and occupational health systems(such as the recommendation of systems of occupational and general disease and occupational health organization). 5. Thirty seven respondents suggested 48 ideas about the future research of occupational health management. The results were as follows: (l) study of occupational health service 40.5%; (2) Study of organization system 27.1%; (3) Study of occupational health system (e.g. information network) 8.3%; (4) Study of working condition 6.2%; and (5) Study of occupational health service analysis 4.2%.; Summary

Job Satisfaction and Commitment of General Hospital Employees.: Dong Woon Han, Seung Sub Eom, Ok Ryun Moon; Korean J Prev Med. 1995;28(3):588-608.

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Abstract PDF: This study was intended to enhance the level of hospital personnel management through analysing job satisfaction of hospital employees in terms of structural, personal and environmental variables. The sample of this study consist of a total of 790 persons including doctors, residents, interns, pharmacists, nurses, medical engineers, office workers and manual workers who have worked for general hospitals with 200 beds, 300 beds and 800 beds respectively. The Likert's 5 scales were used for the measurement of satisfaction. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. Structural variables. The level of satisfaction on the job itself was generally low 2.8 in Likert`s 5 scales, with the order of role ambiguity(3.87), routinization(2.6), work overload (2.45) and autonomy(2 37). Hospital employees are aware of their responsibility and they regarded their work as heavy one. The compensatory satisfaction degree was 2.5 which was also low: There were in the order stability(3.l), distributive justice(2.57), pay(2.3) and promotion(l.9). Usually hospital employees showed high degree of stability, while, their satisfaction on promotion possibility is quite low due to specially differentiated structures of hospitals. The degree of satisfaction on the internal conditions of organizational culture was relatively higher as 2.92: They were co-worker's support(3.69), supervisory support(3.15), role conflict(2.64) and welfare(2.17) in order. The satisfaction on welfare as an economic condition was the lowest. 2. Personal Variables. The level of satisfaction on personal variables was 3.27 which seemed to be quite high: contribution to the hospital(3.38), attitude on job performance(3.28) and pride as a member of the, hospital(3.07). They seem to believe that their work has been helpful to the performance of hospitals. 3. Environmental Variables. The degree of satisfaction on these variables was 3.07 the average which was derived from environmental factors such as family-role conflict and community support related to hospital employees' environment. The order of satisfaction for each variable is community support(3.2) and family-role conflict(2.94). They turned out to be fairly satisfied with their job in community and yet, they wanted more spare time to spend with their family.; Summary

Perception and attitude toward group health management and service system for small and medium industries in Inchon.: Chong Yon Park, Jae Hoon Roh, Kyoo Sang Kim, Kyung Jong Lee, Young Hahn Moon; Korean J Prev Med. 1993;26(1):86-95.

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Abstract PDF: To investigate perception and attitude toward Group Health Management and Services System for Small and Medium Industries, a survey using self-administered questionnaire was conducted to a part of industries in Inchon, at October 1992. Major dependent variables were perception, attitude, and practice related with Group Health Management and Service System; these variables were measured by 3-point Likert like scale consisted of 7, 5, and 5 items, respectively. Data were collected in 149 industries, 72.7% out of 205. Perception was slightly high, 1.25; attitude was some positive, 1.46; and practice was some passive, 0.94. Major determinants of perception, attitude, and practice were sex and age of industry's health manager; perception influenced upon attitude, and perception and attitude had positive effect upon practice. To activate Group Health Management and Service System, it is necessary to develop education and promotion programs for industry's health managers of small and medium industries.; Summary

Study on the workers' participation in industries.: Jae Wook Choi, Ok Ryun Moon; Korean J Prev Med. 1991;24(3):339-355.

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Abstract PDF: The concept of workers' participation in occupational health was introduced to Korea recently in relation to primary health care in occupational health. But there is confusion and debate about workers' participation concept. The purpose of this study was to review the concepts of workers' participation and to conduct evaluation the workers' participation status in occupational health and safety. 394 workers and 54 employers (5.6%) in north area of Kyunggi-Do, were selected and interviewed with a questionnaire by a trained interviewer from August to September 1990. In general, the concept of workers' participation is based on industrial democratization and Declaration of Human Rights which had been powerful ideologies in labor movement. Contrary to workers' participation, community participation is rooted in the Health Rights. So, it is necessary to consider concept of workers' participation to improve participation. The results of survey were as follows: 1. Most of companies (71.75) carried out occupational health education to workers in study area. 2. The Occupational Safety and Health Committee (OSHC) were set up in 24.1% among the study companies, and 72.7% of workers among respondents thought that OSHC was helpful to workers health. 3. The workers signed his name to personal health report in 43.1% and the rate of participation in occupational environment examination was 54.9%. 4. The workers prefer the OSHC (39.3%), owner (35.1%) and union (25.8%) as a occupation health organization, but owners prefer OSHC (54.5%), manager (43.2%) and union (2.3%). 5. Among the factors of the general characteristics, the existence of labor union was a major determinant of workers' attitude and level of workers' participation. As we have seen, most levels of workers' participation are low in occupational health. The variable of existence of labor union among the factors was a major determinant of workers attitude and level of workers' participation. Therefore, in order to promote workers health, it is necessary to ponder long deeply on occupational health care system under the viewpoint of workers' participation.; Summary

The recent trend and determinants of service diversification in Korean hospitals.: Sun Hee Lee, Han Joong Kim, Woo Hyun Cho; Korean J Prev Med. 1991;24(1):16-28.

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Abstract PDF: Service diversification is recognized as an important strategy against turbulent environmental change. This study is designed to find out the trend of service diversification in Korean health care organizations and also to identify factors associated with the degree of service diversification. Data were collected from 69 hospitals out of 71 hospitals with over 300 beds. Important findings are summarized below. 1. Types of diversification are closely related to hospital size. Large hospitals have a tendency to provide sophisticated service requiring specialized skills and equipment, while small hospital have concentrated their efforts on health screening programs. 2. The more competitive and bigger hospitals are, the greater number of services that provide. Also, hospitals operating rational management information systems provide more services. Contrary to the expectation, hospitals with a low performance during last 3 years showed more service diversification. 3. A trend of more diversification was observed in hospitals whose chief executive officer used a prospector strategy. 4. A multiple regression analysis revealed that bed size, competitive environment, degree of rational management, and the growth pattern were significantly associated with teh service diversification.; Summary

Comparative Analysis of Delivery Management in Various Medical Facilities.: Jung Han Park, Young Sook You, Jang Rak Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 1989;22(4):555-577.

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Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to compare the delivery management including laboratory tests, medication and surgical procedures for the delivery in various medical facilities. Two university hospitals, two general hospitals, three hospitals, two private obstetric clinics, and two midwifery clinics in a large city were selected as they permitted the investigators to abstract the required data from the medical and accounting records. The total number of deliveries occurred at these 11 facilities between 15 January and 15 February, 1989 was 789 among which 606(76.8%) were vaginal deliveries and 183(23.3%) were C-sections. For the normal vaginal deliveries, CBC, Hb/Hct level, blood typing, VDRL, hepatitis B antigen and antibody, and urinalysis were routinely done except the private clinics and midwifery clinics which did not test for hepatitis B and Hb/Hct level at all. In one university hospital ultrasonography was performed in 71.4% of the mothers and in one general hospital liver function test was done in 76.7% of the mothers. For the C-section, chest X-ray, bleeding / clotting time and liver function test were routinely done in addition to the routine tests for the normal vaginal deliveries. Episiotomy was performed in 97.2% of the vaginal deliveries. The type and duration of fluid infused and antibiotics administered showed a wide variation among the medical facilities. In one university hospital antibiotics was not administered after C-section at all while in the general hospitals and hospitals one or two antibiotics were administered for one week on the average. In one private clinic one pint of whole blood was transfused routinely. A wide variation was observed among the medical facilities in the use of vitamin, hemostatics, oxytocics, antipyreptics, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, sedatives, digestives, stool softeners, antihistamines, and diuretics. Mean hospital day for the norma vaginal deliveries of primipara was 2.6 days with little variation except one hospital with 3.5 days. Mean hospital day for the C-section of primipara was 7.5 days and that of multipara was 7.6 days and it ranged between 6.5 days and 9.4 days. Average hospital fee for a normal vaginal delivery without the medical insurance coverage was 182,100 Won for the primipara and 167,300 Won for the multipara. In case of the primipara covered by the medical insurance a mother paid 82,400 Won and a multiparous mother paid 75,600 Won. Average hospital fee for a C-section without the medical insurance was 946,500 Won for the primipara and 753,800 Won for the multipara. In case of the primipara covered by the medical insurance a mother paid 256,200 Won and a multiparous mother paid 253,700 Won. Average hospital fee for a normal vaginal delivery in the university hospitals showed a remarkable difference, 268,000 Won vs 350,000 Won, as well as for the C-section. A wide variation in the laboratory tests performed for a normal vaginal delivery and a C-section as well as in the medication and hospital days brought about a big difference in the hospital fee and some hospitals were practicing the case payment system. Thus, standardization of the medical care to a certain level is warranted for the provision of adequate medical care for delivery.; Summary

English Abstracts

Public Perceptions of the Risk of Asian Dust Storms in Seoul and its Metropolitan Area.: Hyoung June Im, Ho Jang Kwon, Mina Ha, Sang Gyu Lee, Seung Sik Hwang, Eun Hee Ha, Soo Hun Cho; J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(3):205-212.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
In spite of the recent increased concern for Asian dust storms, there are few studies concerning how dangerous the general public recognizes these dust storms to be. This study examined the public's perceptions of the risk of the Asian dust storms and also the source of the information concerning the risk. METHODS: A telephone interview survey using a standardized questionnaire was done for the adults living in Seoul and its metropolitan area from May 15th, 2003 to May 16th, 2003. The contents of the questionnaire were the sociodemographic characteristics, the perceptions of risk to the Asian dust storms, and the coping strategy of the study participants. RESULTS: The study participants get their information on Asian dust storms mainly from TV newscasts and they have a good knowledge of them. They regard it as one of the most dangerous health risks, along with dioxin. They think that it is associated with allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis and bronchial asthma, etc. Of the 500 study participants, 201(40.2%) persons suffered bodily discomforts during the Asian dust storm period. CONCLUSIONS: Although there are uncertainties about the health risks of Asian dust storms, the public thinks these dust storms are very dangerous to health in many ways. This negative perception will not disappear easily. To fill the gap of the public's perceptions of the risk and the objective evidence of its health effects, more studies about its health effects and the methods to reduce exposure are required.; Summary

Vision and Training Strategy for Health Management Specialist.: Han Joong Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(3):195-198.

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Abstract PDF: The identity crisis of preventive medicine appears to have been deepening. As a solution, it is insisted that preventive medicine should focus on clinical preventive medicine. However, in the field of heath policy and management, the better solution should be found in a serious search for visions and perspectives of its study on population and society. In this regard, the specialist who studies the field can be defined as a medical doctor majoring in public health. In this paper, I first forecasted major socioeconomic changes to occur in medical and public health arena and explored the role of those studying health policy and management. Secondly, I summarized their career paths and main activities in order to establish visions. Finally, I proposed curriculums on health policy and management for medical school undergraduates and for specialists majoring in preventive medicine, respectively.; Summary

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