Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

Reliability of a Newly Developed Tool to Assess and Classify Work-related Stress (TAWS-16) for Indian Workforce: Gautham Melur Sukumar, Runalika Roy, Mariamma Philip, Gururaj Gopalkrishna; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(5):407-412. Published online August 19, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.219

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
Work stress is associated with non-communicable diseases, increased healthcare costs, and decreased work productivity among employees in the information technology sector. There is a need for regular work-stress screening among employees using valid and reliable tools. The Tool to Assess and Classify Work Stress (TAWS-16) was developed to overcome limitations in existing stress assessment tools in India. This study aimed to test the reliability of TAWS-16 in a sample of managerial-supervisory employees.
Methods
This observational reliability study included data from 62 employees. Test-retest and inter-method reliability were investigated using a TAWS-16 web application and interview by telephone, respectively. Kappa values and intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated. Internal consistency was assessed through Cronbach’s alpha.
Results
For both test-retest and inter-method reliability, the agreement for both work-related factors and symptoms suggestive of work stress exceeded 80%, and all kappa values were 0.40 or higher. Cronbach’s alpha for test-retest and inter-method reliability was 0.983 and 0.941, respectively.
Conclusions
TAWS-16 demonstrated acceptable reliability. It measured stressors, coping abilities, and psychosomatic symptoms associated with work stress. We recommend using TAWS-16 to holistically identify work stress among employees during periodical health check-ups in India.; Summary

Key Message
The study assessed test-retest and inter-method reliability of Tool to Assess Work Stress (TAWS – 16) developed by Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) on 62 employees in Bengaluru, India. Kappa statistics, Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha were calculated. TAWS – 16 demonstrated acceptable reliability, good internal consistency and can be used to identify work stress among employees during periodical health check-ups in Indian setting.

Breaking the Gender Gap: A Two-part Observational Study of the Gender Disparity Among Korean Academic Emergency Physicians: Mi Jin Lee, ChangHo Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(5):362-370. Published online August 7, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.286

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Objectives
Despite greater access to training positions and the presence of more women in emergency medicine, it has remained a men-dominated field. This study aims to identify the key issues causing the gender gap in Korea and establish measures to overcome them.
Methods
Using the annual statistical reports of the National Emergency Medical Center and data published on the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine website, cases that listed the current status and positions of members in its organization and its committees were analyzed. Secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2015 Korean Society of Emergency Survey that included physicians’ demographics, academic ranking, years of experience, clinical work hours, training and board certification, core faculty status, position, and salaries.
Results
As of September 2019, women account for only 12.7% of the total number of emergency physicians (EP) in Korea; of 119 chair/ vice‐chair academic positions, women represented only 9.2%. Women EP were more often assistant professors and fellowship-trained, with fewer in core faculty. However, they worked the same numbers of clinical hours as their men counterparts. The median annual salary of women EP was less than that of men EP after adjusting for academic hospital rank, clinical hours, and core faculty status.
Conclusions
A gender gap still exists among Korean EP, and women earn less than men regardless of their rank, clinical hours, or training. Future studies should evaluate more data and develop system-wide practices to eliminate gender disparities.

Summary

Citations

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Gender distribution in emergency medicine journals: editorial board memberships in top-ranked academic journals
Svenja Ravioli, Adrienne Rupp, Aristomenis K. Exadaktylos, Gregor Lindner
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Verification of the Reliability and Validity of the Short Form 36 Scale in Indonesian Middle-aged and Older Adults: Novita Intan Arovah, Kristiann C. Heesch; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(3):180-188. Published online April 14, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.324

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
The Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire is increasingly being used to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Indonesia. However, evidence that it is valid for use in Indonesian adults is lacking. This study assessed the validity and reliability of the SF-36 in Indonesian middle-aged and older adults.
Methods
Adults aged 46-81 years (n=206) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia completed the SF-36, another measure of HRQoL (the EuroQoL visual analogue scale [EQ-VAS]), and measures assessing their demographic characteristics. Fifty-four percent (n=121) completed the SF-36 measure again 1 week later. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to confirm the factor structure of the SF-36. Internal consistency reliability was estimated using Cronbach’s alpha, and test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlations. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed by computing correlations among SF-36 subscales, between subscales and the 2 component scores, and between component scores and EQ-VAS scores.
Results
Most scaling assumptions were met. The hypothetical factor structure fit the data poorly (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=0.108) and modification was required for a good fit (RMSEA=0.060). Scores on all subscales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (α>0.70) and test-retest reliability (r>0.70). Divergent validity was supported by weak to moderate interscale correlations (r=0.19 to 0.64). As expected, the 2 summary scores were moderately to strongly correlated with the EQ-VAS (r>0.60).
Conclusions
The findings adequately support the use of SF-36 in Indonesian middle-aged and older adults, although the optimal algorithm for computing component scores in Indonesia warrants further investigation.

Summary

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Sayuri Yamashita, Yasuhiro Katsumata, Naoko Konda, Rangi Kandane-Rathnayake, Eric F Morand, Masayoshi Harigai
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Health measurement instruments and their applicability to military veterans: a systematic review
Jane Jomy, P Jani, F Sheikh, R Charide, J Mah, R J Couban, B Kligler, A J Darzi, B K White, T Hoppe, J W Busse, D Zeraatkar
BMJ Military Health.2023; : e002219. CrossRef
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ПАРАМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ И ОПРОСНИКОВЫХ МЕТОДОВ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ДИСКОГЕНННОГО БОЛЕВОГО СИНДРОМА У ВЗРОСЛЫХ
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Exploratory Study of Dimensions of Health-related Quality of Life in the General Population of South Korea: Seon-Ha Kim, Min-Woo Jo, Minsu Ock, Sang-il Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(6):361-368. Published online November 2, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.076

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study aimed to explore dimensions in addition to the 5 dimensions of the 5-level EQ-5D version (EQ-5D-5L) that could satisfactorily explain variation in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the general population of South Korea.
Methods
Domains related to HRQoL were searched through a review of existing HRQoL instruments. Among the 28 potential dimensions, the 5 dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L and 7 additional dimensions (vision, hearing, communication, cognitive function, social relationships, vitality, and sleep) were included. A representative sample of 600 subjects was selected for the survey, which was administered through face-to-face interviews. Subjects were asked to report problems in 12 health dimensions at 5 levels, as well as their self-rated health status using the EuroQol visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) and a 5-point Likert scale. Among subjects who reported no problems for any of the parameters in the EQ-5D-5L, we analyzed the frequencies of problems in the additional dimensions. A linear regression model with the EQ-VAS as the dependent variable was performed to identify additional significant dimensions.
Results
Among respondents who reported full health on the EQ-5D-5L (n=365), 32% reported a problem for at least 1 additional dimension, and 14% reported worse than moderate self-rated health. Regression analysis revealed a R2 of 0.228 for the original EQ-5D-5L dimensions, 0.200 for the new dimensions, and 0.263 for the 12 dimensions together. Among the added dimensions, vitality and sleep were significantly associated with EQ-VAS scores.
Conclusions
This study identified significant dimensions for assessing self-rated health among members of the general public, in addition to the 5 dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L. These dimensions could be considered for inclusion in a new preference-based instrument or for developing a country-specific HRQoL instrument.

Summary

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Zhuxin Mao, Jingzhi Fan, Fanni Rencz, Zhihao Yang, Nan Luo, Pei Wang
BMJ Open.2024; 14(1): e081140. CrossRef
Population Norms for the EQ-5D-5L, PROPr and SF-6D in Hungary
Anna Nikl, Mathieu F. Janssen, Balázs Jenei, Valentin Brodszky, Fanni Rencz
PharmacoEconomics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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A Review of the Types and Characteristics of Healthy Life Expectancy and Methodological Issues
Young-Eun Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
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Meaning and Status of Health-related Quality of Life Recognized by Medical Professionals: a Qualitative Study
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Development and Validation of a Novel Generic Health-related Quality of Life Instrument With 20 Items (HINT-20): Min-Woo Jo, Hyeon-Jeong Lee, Soo Young Kim, Seon-Ha Kim, Hyejung Chang, Jeonghoon Ahn, Minsu Ock; J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(1):38-59. Published online January 10, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.081

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Few attempts have been made to develop a generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument and to examine its validity and reliability in Korea. We aimed to do this in our present study.
Methods
After a literature review of existing generic HRQoL instruments, a focus group discussion, in-depth interviews, and expert consultations, we selected 30 tentative items for a new HRQoL measure. These items were evaluated by assessing their ceiling effects, difficulty, and redundancy in the first survey. To validate the HRQoL instrument that was developed, known-groups validity and convergent/discriminant validity were evaluated and its test-retest reliability was examined in the second survey.
Results
Of the 30 items originally assessed for the HRQoL instrument, four were excluded due to high ceiling effects and six were removed due to redundancy. We ultimately developed a HRQoL instrument with a reduced number of 20 items, known as the Health-related Quality of Life Instrument with 20 items (HINT-20), incorporating physical, mental, social, and positive health dimensions. The results of the HINT-20 for known-groups validity were poorer in women, the elderly, and those with a low income. For convergent/discriminant validity, the correlation coefficients of items (except vitality) in the physical health dimension with the physical component summary of the Short Form 36 version 2 (SF-36v2) were generally higher than the correlations of those items with the mental component summary of the SF-36v2, and vice versa. Regarding test-retest reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient of the total HINT-20 score was 0.813 (p<0.001).
Conclusions
A novel generic HRQoL instrument, the HINT-20, was developed for the Korean general population and showed acceptable validity and reliability.

Summary

Citations

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A Review of the Types and Characteristics of Healthy Life Expectancy and Methodological Issues
Young-Eun Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2022; 55(1): 1. CrossRef
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Natalia Hernández-Segura, Alba Marcos-Delgado, Arrate Pinto-Carral, Tania Fernández-Villa, Antonio J. Molina
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(24): 16493. CrossRef
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Applied Research in Quality of Life.2021; 16(4): 1653. CrossRef
Meaning and Status of Health-related Quality of Life Recognized by Medical Professionals: a Qualitative Study
Jeehee Pyo, Minsu Ock, Bohyun Park, Nam-eun Kim, Eun Jeong Choi, Hyesook Park, Hyeong Sik Ahn
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Validity and reliability of the Health-Related Quality of Life Instrument with 8 Items (HINT-8) in Korean breast cancer patients
Juyoung Kim, Min-Woo Jo, Hyeon-Jeong Lee, Sei-Hyun Ahn, Byung Ho Son, Jong Won Lee, Sae Byul Lee
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2021; 12(4): 254. CrossRef
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Julian Thumboo, Mandy Y. L. Ow, Elenore Judy B. Uy, Xiaohui Xin, Zi Ying Clarice Chan, Sharon C. Sung, Dianne Carrol Bautista, Yin Bun Cheung, Xiang Li
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(6): e0199881. CrossRef

Vaccine Storage Practices and the Effects of Education in Some Private Medical Institutions: Saerom Lee, Hyun-Sul Lim, Ohyon Kim, Jeonggyeong Nam, Yeongsun Kim, Hyungrae Woo, Woojin Noh, Kyenam Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(2):78-89. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.2.78

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

Although vaccination rates have increased, problems still remain in the storage and handling of vaccines. This study focused on inspecting actual vaccine storage status and awareness, and comparing them before and after education was provided.

Methods

In the primary inspection, a status survey checklist was completed by visual inspection. A questionnaire on the awareness of proper vaccine storage and handling was also administered to vaccine administrators in private medical institutions in 4 regions in Gyeongsangbuk-province. One-on-one education was then carried out, and our self-produced manual on safe vaccine storage and management methods was provided. In the secondary inspection, the investigators visited the same medical institutions and used the same questionnaire and checklist used during the primary inspection. The results before and after education were compared, by treating each appropriate answer as 1 point.

Results

The average checklists score was 9.74 (out of 15 points), which increased significantly after education was provided (by 0.84, p<0.001). The participants demonstrated improved practices in recording storage temperatures (p=0.016), storing vaccines in the center of the refrigerator (p=0.004), storing vaccines with other medication and non-medical items (p=0.031) after education. The average score calculated from the questionnaires was 10.48 (out of 14 points), which increased after education (by 1.03, p<0.001).

Conclusions

This study suggests that vaccine storage practices and awareness are inadequate, but can be partially improved by providing relevant education. Repetitive education and policy-making are required to store vaccines safely because one-off education and unenforced guidelines offer limited efficacy.

Summary

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Anika Thielmann, Marie-Therese Puth, Christine Kersting, Johannes Porz, Birgitta Weltermann, Sanjai Kumar
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Beth F. Hibbs, Elaine Miller, Jing Shi, Kamesha Smith, Paige Lewis, Tom T. Shimabukuro
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Test-Retest Reliability of a Questionnaire for the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey.: Jisuk Bae, Hyojee Joung, Jong Yeon Kim, Kyoung Nam Kwon, Young Taek Kim, Soon Woo Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(5):403-410.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.5.403

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
A web-based survey has been administered annually since 2005 throughout Korea to assess the prevalence of adolescent health risk behaviors among middle and high school students. The aim of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) questionnaire. METHODS: A convenience sample of 2298 middle and high school students participated in self-administered questionnaire surveys twice, approximately two weeks apart, in 2008. The percent agreement, kappa statistics, and prevalence rates at the first and second surveys were computed for the core subset of 39 self-reported health risk behavior indices of the KYRBWS. RESULTS: Among 39 indices, seven indices had kappas > or = 0.81 and all of the indices had kappas > or = 0.41. Based on non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals, three indices had significantly different prevalence rates between the first and second surveys. In the subgroup analyses by school grade and gender, two indices had significantly different reliability estimates between middle and high school students. There were no significantly different reliability estimates between male and female students, except for one index. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the reliability estimates for the KYRBWS questionnaire are varied, but generally reliable over time. The indices with low reliability estimates need to be evaluated further in order to determine whether the indices should be modified or deleted from future versions of the KYRBWS.

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The Validity and Reliability of a Screening Questionnaire for Parkinson's Disease in a Community.: Jong Hun Kim, Hae Kwan Cheong, Chong Sik Lee, Sung Eun Yi, Kun Woo Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(1):9-17.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.1.9

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OBJECTIVES
Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly population. In order to estimate the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the community, the application of a good screening tool is essential. We evaluated the validity and reliability of a Parkinson's disease screening questionnaire and propose an alternative measure to improve its validity for use in community surveys. METHODS: We designed the study in a three-phase approach consisting of a screening questionnaire, neurologic examination, and confirmatory examination. A repeated survey was administered to patients with disease detected in the community and on 150 subjects. We examined internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha test, test-retest reliability using the kappa statistic, and validity using sensitivity, specificity, and ROC curves. Unadjusted odds ratios were utilized for the estimation of weights for each questionnaire item. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaire was 0.708. The kappa statistic for test-retest reliability was good to generally fair in most of the items. When newly proposed weighting scores were used, the optimum cut-off value was 7/8. When cut-off value was 5/6 for surveying prevalence in a community, the sensitivity was 0.98, and the specificity was 0.61, with simultaneous improvement in reliability. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend 5/6 as the ideal cut-off value for the survey of PD prevalence in community. This questionnaire designed for the Korean community could help future epidemiologic studies of PD.

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Severity of Daytime Sleepiness and Parkinsonian-Like Symptoms in Korean Adults Aged 50–64 Years
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Alain Lekoubou, Justin B Echouffo-Tcheugui, Andre P Kengne
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English Abstract

Estimating the Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in School Students of Jejudo, Korea.: Jong Myon Bae, Kyung Sue Shin; J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(3):171-176.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.3.171

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OBJECTIVES
The frequency of visiting clinics in Jejudo for treating atopic dermatitis (AD) has been reported to be higher than that for other counties of Korea. The aim of this work was to estimate the prevalence of AD for the students of the primary, middle and high schools in Jejudo, Korea. METHODS: We planned to evaluate about 5,000 students, so classes were randomly selected by random systematic sampling methods. The parents of all the students in the selected classes were asked to respond to a structured questionnaire concerned with the prevalence of AD. RESULTS: The prevalence of AD based on ever being diagnosed by a doctor, on currently being diagnosed by a doctor, on ever being treated for AD by a doctor, on currently being treated for AD by a doctor was 25.57% (95% CI=25.3-25.8), 14.67% (95% CI=14.5-14.9), 21.90% (95% CI=21.6-22.2) and 14.41% (95% CI=14.2-14.6), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: On comparing the prevalence of AD, the students in Jejudo had a higher number of recurrence events in spite of their lower number of cases. Further studies are needed to evaluate these aspects of AD.

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Time trends of the prevalence of allergic diseases in Korea: A systematic literature review
Sung-Yoon Kang, Woo-Jung Song, Sang-Heon Cho, Yoon-Seok Chang
Asia Pacific Allergy.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Korean Children Based on Data From the 2008-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ji Hyun Lee, Kyung Do Han, Kyung min Kim, Yong Gyu Park, Jun Young Lee, Young Min Park
Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research.2016; 8(1): 79. CrossRef
Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Korean Children Based on Data From the 2008-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ji Hyun Lee, Kyung Do Han, Kyung min Kim, Yong Gyu Park, Jun Young Lee, Young Min Park
Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research.2016; 8(1): 79. CrossRef
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Jong-Myon Bae
Epidemiology and Health.2015; 37: e2015028. CrossRef
Prevalence of Allergic Diseases among Korean School-age Children: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study
Mina Suh, Ho-Hyun Kim, Myung Hyun Sohn, Kyu-Earn Kim, Changsoo Kim, Dong Chun Shin
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2011; 26(3): 332. CrossRef
Geographical and Sociodemographic Risk Factors for Allergic Diseases in Korean Children
Hyejung Lee, Gwang Suk Kim
Asian Nursing Research.2011; 5(1): 1. CrossRef

Validation Studies

Reliability of a Questionnaire for Women's Reproductive History.: Kwang Pil Ko, Sue Kyung Park, Yeonju Kim, Jisuk Bae, Jae kwan Jun, Jin Gwack, Keun Young Yoo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(3):181-185.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.3.181

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OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to evaluate the reproducibility of a questionnaire concerned with reproductive history and to ascertain which characteristics of the subjects (age, the visit-revisit intervals, education and chronic disease) are associated with good reliability in the Korean Multi-Center Cancer Cohort (KMCC) study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 19,688 participants were enrolled between 1993 and 2004. Among them, we selected 386 participants who were aged 40 or more and who re-visited within 8 years after the first visit. Reliability was measured by the percent agreement according to error range for the continuous variables and the percent agreement and kappa statistics for the categorical variables. RESULTS: The pregnancy histories were reliable (kappa=0.67) and the reasons for being menopausal among the postmenopausal women were also reliable (kappa=0.92). The percent agreement of the breast-feeding history was high (96.1%), although the kappa statistic was low. For the continuous variables, when the error range of one variable was considered to be reliable, the percent agreement of the age at menarche and the age at the first full term pregnancy was good (69.4% and 83.6%), whereas that of the age at menopause was low (51.5%). The factors associated with high reliability were a younger age, the presence of chronic disease and a short visit-revisit time interval. CONCLUSIONS: The agreements for parity, the reasons for menopause, and the breastfeeding history in the reproductive history questionnaire used in the KMCC were relatively good. The questionnaire for the menarche age and the menopausal age might have lower reliability due to the difference between Korean age and American age. To obtain reliable information, more attention should be given to the items in questionnaire-based surveys, and especially for surveying old-aged women.

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Hormone‐related events and periodontitis in women
Mario Romandini, Hye‐Sun Shin, Pierluigi Romandini, Andreina Laforí, Massimo Cordaro
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Validity and Reliability of the Questionnaire for Assessing Women’s Reproductive History in Azar Cohort Study
Mohammad Zakaria Pezeshki, Atefeh Shadman, Mahasti Alizadeh, Sevil Hakimi, Fariba Heidari
Journal of Caring Sciences.2017; 6(2): 183. CrossRef
Hormone-related factors and post-menopausal onset depression: Results from KNHANES (2010–2012)
Sun Jae Jung, Aesun Shin, Daehee Kang
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Menarche age, menopause age and other reproductive factors in association with post-menopausal onset depression: Results from Health Examinees Study (HEXA)
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K L Bobrow, M A Quigley, J Green, G K Reeves, V Beral
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A. Shin, Y.-M. Song, K.-Y. Yoo, J. Sung
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English Abstract

Seasonal Variation of Food Intake in Food Frequency Questionnaire among Workers in a Nuclear Power Plant.: Jae Jeong Yang, Sue Kyung Park, Hyun Sul Lim, Kwang Pil Ko, Younjhin Ahn, Yoon Ok Ahn; J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(3):239-248.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.3.239

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the systematic error, such as seasonal change or inadequate food items, in a food frequency questionnaire administered to workers in a Nuclear Power Plant, Korea. METHODS: We performed three repeat-tests with 28 subjects on May 13, July 8 and Dec 16, 1992. Our food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) comprised 84 foods organized into 7 food-groups, and was composed of the items of usual intake frequency (8 categories) and the amount per intake (3 or 4 categories) over the previous year. We compared the means of intake frequency and the frequency of the portion-size according to each season using Repeated Measures ANOVA and Pearson's chisquare test with Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: We found the significant seasonal changes of several food items in intake frequency measurement. These items were typical seasonal foods such as mandarin orange, plum and green vegetables, while the single questions consisted of inadequate food items such as thick beef or similar soup and various kimchi products. Significant seasonal changes in portion-size were found in only two items: cooked rice-brown and fresh.frozen fishes. CONCLUSIONS: The systematic errors observed could caused loss of validity in the FFQ. Consideration should be given for seasonal variation in FFQ survey and methodological concerns are needed to improve the quality for measuring usual diet pattern.

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Original Articles

A Trial for Development of Health Profile (KHP 1.0) to Measure the Self-Perceived Health Status of Korean.: Jin Seon Yang, Jin Ho Chun; Korean J Prev Med. 2003;36(1):11-23.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The 1990s has seen advances in the conceptualization of self-perceived health status which has important roles for individual health and the quality of life. Many types of standardized questionnaires have been developed with the current wide use of SF-36, NHP, andEuroQol. However, the outcomes of these tools may be different with regard to regional, cultural and emotional backgrounds. The purpose of this study was to trial the development of a Korean Health Profile (KHP 1.0) to measure the self-perceived health stati of Koreans. METHODS: The KHP 1.0 was designed on the basis of the Medical Outcome Study Form 36 (SF-36), the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), and the EuroQOL. It was composed of 9 scales; physical functioning, role limitation-physical, pain, general health, energy, social isolation, sleep, role limitation-emotional, and emotional health. Self-reported chronic disease conditions, and the Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), were also checked for the evaluation of clinical validity. This study was conducted, from December 2000 to January 2001, on 800 middle-aged parents, with four high school students, with 100 retest sets being conducted two weeks later. From the 800 subjects there were 588 complete responses (effective response 73.5%). The reliability of the test-retest results, and the factor analysis on the validity of the KHP 1.0 components, were evaluated using the SPSS (ver 10.0) software. RESULTS: The reliability of the KHP 1.0 was good with Cronbach's alpha (> 0.6), test-retest correlation coefficients (> 0.5), but with no significant differences from the paired t-test. From the psychometric validity tests, the 9 scales of the KHP 1.0 were divided into two components; physical and mental, and trimmed to the established model with 55% of the total variance, with the exception of role limitation-emotional. The clinical validity on the basis of the comparison for the four characteristic groups; healthy, physical conditions only, mental conditions only, and physical and mental conditions were also good. CONCLUSIONS: The KHP 1.0 appears to be a valid measurement tool of self-perceived health stati of Koreans, although there are limitations, i.e. sample size was too small, a limited number of middle-aged subjects, and it was based on unconfirmed diagnoses, etc. Therefore, further study is required to standardize the assessment.; Summary

An Approach to Survey Data with Nonresponse: Evaluation of KEPEC Data with BMI.: Jieun Baek, Weechang Kang, Youngjo Lee, Byung Joo Park; Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(2):136-140.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
A common problem with analyzing survey data involves incomplete data with either a nonresponse or missing data. The mail questionnaire survey conducted for collecting lifestyle variables on the members of the Korean Elderly Phamacoepidemiologic Cohort(KEPEC) in 1996 contains some nonresponse or missing data. The proper statistical method was applied to evaluate the missing pattern of a specific KEPEC data, which had no missing data in the independent variable and missing data in the response variable, BMI. METHODS: The number of study subjects was 8,689 elderly people. Initially, the BMI and significant variables that influenced the BMI were categorized. After fitting the log-linear model, the probabilities of the people on each category were estimated. The EM algorithm was implemented using a log-linear model to determine the missing mechanism causing the nonresponse. RESULTS: Age, smoking status, and a preference of spicy hot food were chosen as variables that influenced the BMI. As a result of fitting the nonignorable and ignorable nonresponse log-linear model considering these variables, the difference in the deviance in these two models was 0.0034(df=1). CONCLUSION: There is a lot of risk if an inference regarding the variables and large samples is made without considering the pattern of missing data. On the basis of these results, the missing data occurring in the BMI is the ignorable nonresponse. Therefore, when analyzing the BMI in KEPEC data, the inference can be made about the data without considering the missing data.; Summary

Development and Evaluation of the Reliability and Validity of the VSSS-82 Korean Version for Measuring Satisfaction with Community-based Mental Health Services in Psychiatric Patients.: Weon Seob Yoo, Young Jeon Shin, Ok Ryun Moon, Jung Hyun Nam; Korean J Prev Med. 2001;34(3):211-218.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To develop a Korean version of VSSS-82 for measuring the multi-dimensional satisfaction with community-based mental health services in psychiatric patients and to investigate both the reliability and validity of the Korean version. METHODS: The VSSS-82 English version was translated and back-translated with some modification. Data from 68 psychosis patients using community-based mental health services in three Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) was collected through a personal interview survey regarding the satisfaction and suitability of service. Variability of satisfaction and internal consistency, discriminant validity, and concurrent validity of the VSSS-82 Korean version were evaluated. RESULTS: A higher number of dissatisfied subjects and significant pairwise differences for the dimensions were found. The Crohnbach's alpha coefficient, a measure of internal consistency, ranged from 0.56 (overall satisfaction) to 0.90 (skills and behavior) and significant differences in satisfaction was found in patients by the self-rated suitability of service. CONCLUSIONS: The VSSS-82 Korean version is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring multi-dimensional satisfaction with community-based mental health service.; Summary

Respiratory Health of the Children Living near the Petrochemical Estate in Ulsan.: Choong Ryeol Lee, Cheol In Yoo, Ji Ho Lee, Yangho Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 2000;33(2):174-183.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effect of low-level exposure of air pollutants on the respiratory tract of the children living near the petrochemical estate in Ulsan. METHODS: The study design was cross-sectional, and the study subjects consisted of 150 children(76 boys, 74 girls) living near the petrochemical estate and 100 children(53 boys, 47 girls) living in a suburban area. We investigated respiratory health using self-administered questionnaires(ATS-DLD-78), radiological examination, and pulmonary function test such as FVC and FEV1. RESULTS: There were higher prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms in the children living near the petrochemical estate than the children living in a suburban area. And the results of FVC and FEV1 of 11-years old children living near the petrochemical estate were lower than those of the children living in a suburban area. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic exposure of low-level air pollutants would affect respiratory health of the children. Therefore, further a longitudinal study of respiratory health will be needed for children living near the petrochemical estate in Ulsan.; Summary

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