Table 1.The characteristics of patients visiting the emergency department by type of transportation
|
Total |
Pre-hospital ambulance |
Inter-facility ambulance |
Non-ambulance |
p -value |
Total |
89 206 |
9378 |
4799 |
75 029 |
|
Gender |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
Male |
47 929 (53.7) |
5232 (55.8) |
2751 (57.3) |
39 946 (53.2) |
|
Female |
41 277 (46.3) |
4146 (44.2) |
2048 (42.7) |
35 083 (46.8) |
|
Age (y) |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
Median (IQR) |
44 (18, 63) |
58 (40, 70) |
62 (46, 72) |
39 (13, 61) |
|
Time of visits |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
8 am to 4 pm |
41 413 (46.4) |
3556 (37.9) |
1998 (41.6) |
35 859 (47.8) |
|
4 pm to MN |
32 950 (36.9) |
3384 (36.1) |
2020 (42.1) |
27 546 (36.7) |
|
MN to 8 am |
14 843 (16.6) |
2438 (26.0) |
781 (16.3) |
11 624 (15.5) |
|
Season of visits |
|
|
|
|
0.03 |
Spring (Mar-May) |
23 140 (25.9) |
2383 (25.4) |
1173 (24.4) |
19 584 (26.1) |
|
Summer (Jun-Aug) |
22 834 (25.6) |
2353 (25.1) |
1282 (26.7) |
19 199 (25.6) |
|
Fall (Sep-Nov) |
21 705 (24.3) |
2372 (25.3) |
1158 (24.1) |
18 175 (24.2) |
|
Winter (Dec-Feb) |
21 527 (24.1) |
2270 (24.2) |
1186 (24.7) |
18 071 (24.1) |
|
Insurance |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
National health insurance |
80 853 (90.6) |
7790 (83.1) |
4300 (89.6) |
68 763 (91.6) |
|
Automobile private insurance |
1807 (2.0) |
491 (5.2) |
177 (3.7) |
1139 (1.5) |
|
Medical aid program |
4957 (5.6) |
696 (7.4) |
237 (4.9) |
4024 (5.4) |
|
Other |
1589 (1.8) |
401 (4.3) |
85 (1.8) |
1103 (1.5) |
|
Reason for visit |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
Disease |
74 293 (83.3) |
7251 (77.3) |
4010 (83.6) |
63 032 (84.0) |
|
Injury |
14 913 (16.7) |
2127 (22.7) |
789 (16.4) |
11 997 (16.0) |
|
Length of stay in ED (h) |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
Mean±SD |
6.9 ± 1.1 |
8.1 ± 16.5 |
9.4 ± 19.2 |
6.5 ± 1.1 |
|
Disposition from ED |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
Discharge |
6 3037 (70.7) |
5328 (56.8) |
1120 (23.3) |
56 589 (75.4) |
|
Transfer |
2597 (2.9) |
636 (6.8) |
328 (6.8) |
1633 (2.2) |
|
Admission |
22 673 (25.4) |
3212 (34.3) |
3000 (62.5) |
16 461 (21.9) |
|
Death |
629 (0.7) |
174 (1.9) |
345 (7.2) |
110 (0.1) |
|
Other |
270 (0.3) |
28 (0.3) |
6 (0.1) |
236 (0.3) |
|
Table 2.The characteristics of patients visiting the emergency department by type of infection
|
Total
|
Tuberculosis
|
MRSA
|
VRE
|
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
p - value1
|
n |
% |
p - value2
|
n |
% |
p - value3
|
Total |
89 206 |
|
249 |
0.3 |
|
939 |
1.1 |
|
227 |
0.3 |
|
Gender |
|
|
|
|
0.09 |
|
|
< 0.01 |
|
|
0.99 |
Male |
47 929 |
53.7 |
147 |
0.3 |
|
614 |
1.3 |
|
122 |
0.3 |
|
Female |
41 277 |
46.3 |
102 |
0.2 |
|
325 |
0.8 |
|
105 |
0.3 |
|
Age (y) |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
|
|
< 0.01 |
|
|
< 0.01 |
Median (IQR) |
44 (18,63) |
60 (42,73) |
|
61 (39,72) |
|
61 (45,72) |
|
Transportation |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
|
|
< 0.01 |
|
|
< 0.01 |
Pre-hospital ambulance |
9378 |
10.5 |
29 |
0.3 |
|
165 |
1.8 |
|
39 |
0.4 |
|
Inter-facility ambulance |
4799 |
5.4 |
31 |
0.6 |
|
221 |
4.6 |
|
74 |
1.5 |
|
Non-ambulance |
75 029 |
84.1 |
189 |
0.3 |
|
553 |
0.7 |
|
114 |
0.2 |
|
Time of visits |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
|
|
< 0.01 |
|
|
< 0.01 |
8 am to 4 pm |
41 413 |
46.4 |
144 |
0.3 |
|
505 |
1.2 |
|
134 |
0.3 |
|
4 pm to MN |
32 950 |
36.9 |
83 |
0.3 |
|
310 |
0.9 |
|
67 |
0.2 |
|
MN to 8 am |
14 843 |
16.6 |
22 |
0.1 |
|
124 |
0.8 |
|
26 |
0.2 |
|
Season of visits |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
|
|
0.22 |
|
|
< 0.01 |
Spring (Mar-May) |
23 140 |
25.9 |
51 |
0.2 |
|
242 |
1.0 |
|
80 |
0.3 |
|
Summer (Jun-Aug) |
22 834 |
25.6 |
63 |
0.3 |
|
222 |
1.0 |
|
45 |
0.2 |
|
Fall (Sep-Nov) |
21 705 |
24.3 |
85 |
0.4 |
|
254 |
1.2 |
|
36 |
0.2 |
|
Winter (Dec-Feb) |
21 527 |
24.1 |
50 |
0.2 |
|
221 |
1.0 |
|
66 |
0.3 |
|
Insurance |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
|
|
0.03 |
|
|
0.01 |
National health insurance |
80 853 |
90.6 |
227 |
0.3 |
|
849 |
1.1 |
|
202 |
0.2 |
|
Automobile private insurance |
1807 |
2.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
|
11 |
0.6 |
|
2 |
0.1 |
|
Medical aid program |
4957 |
5.6 |
21 |
0.4 |
|
67 |
1.4 |
|
22 |
0.4 |
|
Other |
1589 |
1.8 |
1 |
0.1 |
|
12 |
0.8 |
|
1 |
0.1 |
|
Reason for visit |
|
|
|
|
< 0.01 |
|
|
< 0.01 |
|
|
< 0.01 |
Disease |
74 293 |
83.3 |
244 |
0.3 |
|
892 |
1.2 |
|
212 |
0.3 |
|
Injury |
14 913 |
16.7 |
5 |
0.0 |
|
47 |
0.3 |
|
15 |
0.1 |
|
Table 3.Results of multivariable logistic regression model of tuberculosis, MRSA, and VRE infection by type of transportation
|
Total (n) |
Tuberculosis
|
OR |
95% CI
|
AOR1
|
95% CI
|
|
n |
% |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Non-ambulance |
75 029 |
189 |
0.3 |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
|
|
Pre-hospital ambulance |
9378 |
29 |
0.3 |
1.23 |
0.83 |
1.82 |
1.02 |
0.69 |
1.53 |
Inter-facility ambulance |
4799 |
31 |
0.6 |
2.58 |
1.76 |
3.77 |
1.83 |
1.24 |
2.71 |
|
|
Total (n) |
MRSA
|
OR |
95% CI
|
AOR1
|
95% CI
|
|
n |
% |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
|
Non-ambulance |
75 029 |
553 |
0.7 |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
|
|
Pre-hospital ambulance |
9378 |
165 |
1.8 |
2.41 |
2.02 |
2.87 |
2.24 |
1.87 |
2.69 |
Inter-facility ambulance |
4799 |
221 |
4.6 |
6.50 |
5.55 |
7.62 |
5.47 |
4.63 |
6.46 |
|
|
Total (n) |
VRE
|
OR |
95% CI
|
AOR1
|
95% CI
|
|
n |
% |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
|
Non-ambulance |
75 029 |
114 |
0.2 |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
|
|
Pre-hospital ambulance |
9378 |
39 |
0.4 |
2.74 |
1.91 |
3.95 |
2.59 |
1.78 |
3.77 |
Inter-facility ambulance |
4799 |
74 |
1.5 |
10.29 |
7.67 |
13.81 |
8.90 |
6.52 |
12.14 |
|
|
Total (n) |
Any of 3 infections
|
OR |
95% CI
|
AOR1
|
95% CI
|
|
n |
% |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
|
Non-ambulance |
75 029 |
804 |
1.1 |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
|
|
Pre-hospital ambulance |
9378 |
211 |
2.2 |
2.13 |
1.82 |
2.48 |
1.95 |
1.66 |
2.28 |
Inter-facility ambulance |
4799 |
290 |
6.0 |
5.94 |
5.18 |
6.81 |
4.90 |
4.24 |
5.66 |
Table 4.The identified source of TB, MRSA, and VRE
|
TB |
MRSA |
VRE |
Total |
294 (100.0) |
1569 (100.0) |
398 (100.0) |
Blood, peripheral |
1 (0.3) |
138 (8.8) |
24 (6.0) |
Blood, central catheter |
0 (0.0) |
68 (4.3) |
15 (3.8) |
Broncho-alveolar lavage |
33 (11.2) |
34 (2.2) |
2 (0.5) |
Endotracheal aspiration |
21 (7.1) |
274 (17.5) |
0 (0.0) |
Sputum |
178 (60.5) |
333 (21.2) |
0 (0.0) |
Nasopharynx, oral |
2 (0.7) |
86 (5.5) |
0 (0.0) |
Urine, catheter |
0 (0.0) |
21 (1.3) |
23 (5.8) |
Urine, clean-voided |
3 (1.0) |
79 (5.0) |
64 (16.1) |
Stool |
1 (0.3) |
00 (0.0) |
29 (7.3) |
Rectal swab |
0 (0.0) |
00 (0.0) |
158 (39.7) |
Wound, abscess |
16 (5.4) |
225 (14.3) |
30 (7.5) |
Skin |
2 (0.7) |
49 (3.1) |
5 (1.3) |
Tissue |
15 (5.1) |
28 (1.8) |
4 (1.0) |
Body fluid |
21 (7.1) |
66 (4.2) |
18 (4.5) |
Drainage |
1 (0.3) |
141 (9.0) |
21 (5.3) |
Other |
0 (0.0) |
27 (1.7) |
5 (1.3) |