Table 1.Age-standardized suicide rates (100 000)1 by gender, age group, and urbanicity (2006-2008)
Gender |
Age group |
Mean (95% CI)
|
p-value |
Overall |
Urban |
Rural |
Total |
|
23.7 (23.4, 23.9) |
24.1 (23.4, 24.9) |
30.5 (29.1, 32.0) |
<0.001 |
Men |
Total |
33.2 (32.8, 33.6) |
33.8 (32.6, 35.0) |
43.3 (41.2, 45.7) |
<0.001 |
|
≤19 |
2.4 (2.1, 2.8) |
2.6 (2.3, 2.9) |
2.2 (1.4, 3.0) |
0.25 |
|
20 - 44 |
28.2 (27.0, 29.5) |
25.3 (24.1, 26.4) |
34.0 (31.5, 36.5) |
<0.001 |
|
45 - 64 |
56.3 (54.0, 58.7) |
50.2 (48.1, 52.3) |
68.3 (63.5, 73.1) |
<0.001 |
|
≥65 |
118.0 (112.6, 123.5) |
111.6 (106.6, 116.7) |
130.5 (118.2, 142.8) |
0.002 |
|
p-value for trend |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
Women |
Total |
15.8 (15.5, 16.0) |
15.9 (15.4, 16.4) |
18.8 (17.2, 20.4) |
0.001 |
|
≤19 |
2.3 (2.0, 2.7) |
2.2 (1.9, 2.5) |
2.5 (1.7, 3.4) |
0.35 |
|
20 - 44 |
19.0 (17.9, 20.0) |
17.7 (17.0, 18.3) |
21.5 (18.8, 24.2) |
0.001 |
|
45 - 64 |
18.1 (17.0, 19.2) |
16.5 (15.5, 17.5) |
21.2 (18.7, 23.8) |
<0.001 |
|
≥65 |
46.8 (44.2, 49.3) |
46.0 (43.3, 48.8) |
48.2 (42.9, 53.4) |
0.54 |
|
p-value for trend |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
Table 2.Means of the regional characteristics by urbanicity (2005)
Domains |
Variables |
Mean (95% CI)
|
p-value |
Overall |
Urban |
Rural |
Public service |
Social welfare budget |
16.9 (15.8, 18.0) |
20.3 (18.9, 21.7) |
10.5 (9.9, 11.1) |
<0.001 |
Social integration |
Single household |
22.5 (21.7, 23.2) |
19.9 (19.1, 20.6) |
27.3 (26.2, 28.4) |
<0.001 |
|
Female householder |
23.5 (22.9, 24.1) |
22.1 (21.5, 22.7) |
26.1 (25.0, 27.2) |
<0.001 |
|
Divorced or separated |
30.0 (29.0, 31.1) |
25.8 (24.9, 26.8) |
38.0 (36.5, 39.4) |
<0.001 |
Residential environment |
Poor household |
35.3 (31.5, 39.0) |
17.3 (14.6, 20.0) |
69.2 (65.9, 72.6) |
<0.001 |
|
Housing in non-apartment |
68.7 (66.0, 71.4) |
57.7 (55.1, 60.4) |
89.4 (87.0, 91.7) |
<0.001 |
|
Overcrowding |
19.2 (18.7, 19.7) |
18.8 (18.3, 19.3) |
20.1 (18.9, 21.2) |
0.046 |
Economic status |
Lower education level |
54.6 (52.9, 56.4) |
46.4 (45.1, 47.8) |
70.1 (68.4, 71.7) |
<0.001 |
|
Lower social class |
71.5 (69.5, 73.4) |
63.5 (61.5, 65.5) |
86.6 (85.4, 87.8) |
<0.001 |
|
No car |
48.3 (46.1, 50.5) |
38.7 (37.0, 40.4) |
66.4 (63.7, 69.1) |
<0.001 |
Table 3.Effects of the regional characters on suicide rates (under 65 years old)
Domains |
Variables |
Overall
|
Urban
|
Rural
|
Total |
Men |
Women |
Total |
Men |
Women |
Total |
Men |
Women |
Public service |
Social welfare budget |
0.101 |
0.104 |
0.080 |
0.121 |
0.117*
|
0.098 |
-0.172 |
-0.041 |
-0.249 |
Social integration |
Single household |
0.031 |
-0.051 |
0.175 |
0.102 |
-0.006 |
0.269*
|
-0.203 |
-0.252 |
0.018 |
|
Female householder |
0.156 |
0.227 |
-0.045 |
0.170 |
0.161 |
0.212 |
0.233 |
0.682 |
-0.605 |
|
Divorced or separated |
-0.220 |
-0.156 |
-0.274 |
0.124 |
0.121 |
-0.032 |
-0.033 |
-0.329 |
0.484 |
Residential environment |
Poor house environments |
0.327*
|
0.215 |
0.408*
|
0.347**
|
0.348**
|
0.135 |
0.125 |
0.012 |
0.234 |
Housing in non-apartment |
0.253*
|
0.219*
|
0.217 |
0.071 |
0.012 |
0.181 |
0.236 |
0.356 |
-0.056 |
|
Overcrowding |
-0.046 |
-0.023 |
-0.091 |
-0.080 |
-0.069 |
-0.098 |
-0.044 |
0.014 |
-0.116 |
Economic status |
Lower education level |
-0.031 |
0.046 |
-0.334 |
-0.257 |
-0.225 |
-0.261 |
0.347 |
0.633 |
-0.218 |
|
Lower social class |
0.530***
|
0.579***
|
0.311 |
0.550***
|
0.590***
|
0.354 |
0.015 |
-0.179 |
0.193 |
|
No car |
-0.148 |
-0.156 |
-0.082 |
-0.139 |
-0.006 |
-0.360*
|
-0.545 |
-0.634 |
-0.175 |
Adjusted R square |
|
0.561 |
0.592 |
0.097 |
0.604 |
0.656 |
0.157 |
-0.002 |
0.025 |
0.018 |
Table 4.Effects of the regional characters on suicide rates (65 years old or more)
Domains |
Variables |
Overall
|
Urban
|
Rural
|
Total |
Men |
Women |
Total |
Men |
Women |
Total |
Men |
Women |
Public service |
Social welfare budget |
0.031 |
0.067 |
-0.003 |
0.047 |
0.093 |
-0.007 |
-0.044 |
-0.076 |
0.045 |
Social integration |
Single household |
-0.187 |
-0.204 |
-0.164 |
-0.038 |
-0.090 |
0.021 |
-0.371 |
-0.300 |
-0.403 |
|
Female householder |
-0.152 |
-0.091 |
-0.030 |
-0.313*
|
-0.169 |
-0.321 |
-0.008 |
-0.046 |
0.226 |
|
Divorced or separated |
-0.299 |
-0.126 |
-0.332 |
-0.243 |
-0.219 |
-0.162 |
0.049 |
0.293 |
-0.187 |
Residential environment |
Poor house environments |
0.236 |
0.402*
|
-0.128 |
0.142 |
0.123 |
-0.018 |
0.092 |
0.188 |
-0.044 |
Housing in non-apartment |
0.215 |
0.124 |
0.199 |
0.013 |
-0.084 |
0.117 |
0.288 |
0.340†
|
0.064 |
|
Overcrowding |
-0.093 |
-0.013 |
-0.152*
|
0.072 |
0.115 |
0.028 |
-0.225*
|
-0.126 |
-0.279**
|
Economic status |
Lower education level |
0.087 |
-0.250 |
0.590*
|
0.295 |
0.153 |
0.545*
|
0.292 |
0.026 |
0.714*
|
|
Lower social class |
0.540***
|
0.655***
|
0.236 |
0.250 |
0.444**
|
-0.081 |
0.416 |
0.463*
|
0.303 |
|
No car |
-0.424***
|
-0.409***
|
-0.482**
|
-0.001 |
0.006 |
-0.135 |
-1.104**
|
-1.215**
|
-0.910*
|
Adjusted R square |
|
0.260 |
0.221 |
0.169 |
0.296 |
0.269 |
0.238 |
0.306 |
0.266 |
0.176 |