Figure 1Current health care referral system for the homeless.
Table 1.Characteristics of the study sample (n = 203)
|
Health care utilization in past 6 months
|
|
Not-used group (N = 114) n (%) |
Used group (N = 89) n (%) |
Sex |
|
|
Male |
107 (93.9) |
65 (73.0) |
Female |
7 (6.1)0 |
24 (27.0) |
Age (y) |
|
|
20 - 29 |
6 (5.3)0 |
5 (5.6) |
30 - 39 |
24 (21.1) |
17 (19.1) |
40 - 49 |
28 (24.6) |
34 (38.2) |
50 - 59 |
35 (30.7) |
28 (31.5) |
60 - 69 |
18 (15.8) |
4 (4.5) |
≥ 70 |
3 (2.6)0 |
1 (1.1) |
mean (±SD) |
48.3 (11.6) |
45.6 (9.8) |
Marital status |
|
|
Married |
1 (0.9) |
3 (3.4) |
Divorced/separated (including by death) |
62 (54.9) |
41 (46.1) |
Not married |
50 (44.3) |
45 (50.6) |
Missing |
1 (0.9)0 |
|
Educational level |
|
|
Less than elementary |
29 (25.4) |
20 (22.5) |
Middle - high school |
74 (64.9) |
59 (66.3) |
College or more |
11 (9.7)0 |
10 (11.2) |
Monthly income (Korean Won) |
|
|
0 |
41 (36.0) |
28 (31.5) |
1 - 52.3 |
44 (38.6) |
28 (31.5) |
52.3 - 200 |
29 (25.4) |
33 (37.1) |
Perceived health status |
|
|
Excellent, good |
87 (76.3) |
73 (82.0) |
Fair, bad, poor |
27 (23.7) |
16 (18.0) |
Number of comorbid illnesses |
|
|
0 |
64 (56.1) |
33 (37.1) |
1 |
33 (29.0) |
25 (28.1) |
2 |
14 (12.3) |
15 (16.9) |
≥3 |
3 (2.6)0 |
16 (18.0) |
Beck Depression Inventory score |
|
|
< 22 |
72 (63.2) |
53 (59.6) |
≥ 22 |
42 (36.8) |
36 (40.5) |
Place to stay |
|
|
Street |
41 (36.0) |
6 (6.7) |
Non-street |
73 (64.0) |
83 (93.3) |
Period of being homeless (y) |
|
|
< 1 |
46 (40.4) |
32 (36.0) |
1 - 3 |
35 (30.7) |
32 (36.0) |
3 - 5 |
8 (7.0)0 |
8 (9.0) |
> 5 |
25 (21.9) |
17 (19.0) |
Months, mean (±SD) |
40.2 (67.1) |
33.9 (34.8) |
Health security status |
|
|
Not covered |
66 (57.9) |
40 (44.9) |
Covered |
48 (42.1) |
49 (55.1) |
Social security status |
|
|
Not covered |
97(85.1) |
66 (74.2) |
Covered |
17 (14.9) |
23 (25.8) |
Self-recognition as homeless |
|
|
No |
16 (14.0) |
10 (11.2) |
Yes |
98 (86.0) |
79 (88.8) |
Region |
|
|
Seoul |
77 (67.5) |
65 (73.0) |
Daejeon |
37 (32.5) |
24 (27.0) |
Table 2.Most frequently visited health care facilities in past 6 months n = 191
|
Place to stay
|
Number of comorbid illnesses
|
|
Street homeless |
Non-street homeless |
0 |
1 |
2 |
≥3 |
No use |
18 (43.9) |
26 (17.3) |
28 (31.1) |
11 (19.6) |
4 (14.8) |
1 (5.6) |
Free clinics for homeless |
14 (34.1) |
52 (34.7) |
33 (36.7) |
18 (32.1) |
10 (37.0) |
5 (27.8) |
Community health centers, private clinics |
2 (4.9) |
18 (12.0) |
9 (10.0) |
7 (12.5) |
2 (7.4) |
2 (11.1) |
Public hospitals, charity hospitals, teaching hospitals |
5 (12.2) |
47 (31.3) |
18 (20.0) |
17 (30.4) |
7 (25.9) |
10 (55.6) |
Others |
2 (4.9) |
007 (4.7) |
2 (2.2) |
3 (5.4) |
4 (14.8) |
0 (0.0) |
|
Total |
41 (100.0) |
150 (100.0) |
90 (100.0) |
56 (100.0) |
27 (100.0) |
18(100.0) |
Table 3.Factors associated with health care utilization in the past 6 months (n = 203)
|
Univariate model
|
Multivariate model
|
|
OR (95% CI) |
aOR (95% CI) |
Sex |
|
|
Male (Ref) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Female |
5.64 (2.3, 13.83)***
|
15.95 (3.97, 64.04)***
|
Age (y) |
|
|
20 - 29 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
30 - 39 |
0.85 (0.22, 3.25) |
1.92 (0.32, 11.38) |
40 - 49 |
1.46 (0.4, 5.28) |
2.97 (0.49, 18.12) |
50 - 59 |
0.96 (0.27, 3.48) |
2.71 (0.43, 17.18) |
60 - 69 |
0.27 (0.05, 1.33) |
0.76 (0.08, 7.36) |
≥ 70 |
0.4 (0.03, 5.15) |
2.02 (0.1, 40.77) |
Marital status |
|
|
Married |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Divorced/separated (including by death) |
0.22 (0.02, 2.19) |
0.19 (0.01, 2.8) |
Not married |
0.30 (0.03, 2.99) |
0.65 (0.04, 9.95) |
Educational level |
|
|
Less than elementary |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Middle - high school |
1.16 (0.60, 2.25) |
1.74 (0.67, 4.51) |
College or more |
1.32 (0.47, 3.69) |
1.75 (0.42, 7.28) |
Monthly income (Korean Won) |
|
|
0 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1 - 52.3 |
0.93 (0.48, 1.83) |
0.70 (0.26, 1.88) |
52.3 - 200 |
1.67 (0.83, 3.33) |
1.44 (0.52, 4.03) |
Number of comorbid illnesses |
|
|
0 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1 |
1.47 (0.75, 2.87) |
1.53 (0.61, 3.84) |
2 |
2.08 (0.9, 4.82) |
2.64 (0.83, 8.42) |
≥3 |
10.34 (2.81, 38.05)***
|
24.58 (4.23, 142.78)***
|
Perceived health status |
|
|
Excellent, good |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Fair, bad |
0.71 (0.35, 1.41) |
0.58 (0.2, 1.62) |
Beck Depression Inventory score |
|
|
< 22 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
≥ 22 |
1.16 (0.66, 2.06) |
0.81 (0.34, 1.91) |
Place to stay |
|
|
Street |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Non-street |
7.77 (3.12, 19.35)***
|
11.39 (3.58, 36.24)***
|
Period of being homeless (m) |
|
|
≤ 12 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
12 - 36 |
1.31 (0.68, 2.54) |
1.00 (0.40, 2.53) |
36 - 60 |
1.44 (0.49, 4.23) |
2.89 (0.64, 12.91) |
> 60 |
0.98 (0.46, 2.10) |
0.97 (0.33, 2.87) |
Health security status |
|
|
Not covered |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Covered |
1.68 (0.96, 2.95) |
0.87 (0.4, 1.94) |
Social security status |
|
|
Not covered |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Covered |
1.99 (0.99, 4.01) |
1.60 (0.56, 4.57) |
Self-recognition as homeless |
|
|
No |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Yes |
1.29 (0.56, 3.0) |
2.82 (0.81, 9.79) |
Region |
|
|
Seoul |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Daejeon |
0.77 (0.42, 1.42) |
0.75 (0.31, 1.78) |