1Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
2Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2020 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
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Characteristics | Male |
Female |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Presence of NAFLD at baseline |
p-value |
Presence of NAFLD at baseline |
p-value |
|||
No (n=572) | Yes (n=434) | No (n=3084) | Yes (n=446) | |||
Age (y) | 49.0±10.2 | 49.6±9.3 | 0.349 | 42.6±7.5 | 47.6±8.1 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2±2.4 | 25.6±2.3 | <0.001 | 21.5±2.5 | 25.3±3.1 | <0.001 |
Fat percentage (%) | 20.4±4.5 | 24.8±4.5 | <0.001 | 28.1±5.1 | 34.7±4.8 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 113.0±12.3 | 116.0±12.5 | <0.001 | 105.6±13.5 | 113.8±15.9 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 74.1±8.8 | 75.6±8.9 | 0.010 | 67.9±9.3 | 73.0±10.4 | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 95.0 [89.0, 101.0] | 97.0 [91.3, 106.0] | <0.001 | 90.0 [85.0, 95.0] | 96.0 [91.0, 104.0] | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.2 [0.8, 1.8] | 1.9 [1.3, 2.5] | <0.001 | 1.4 [1.0, 1.9] | 2.2 [1.6, 3.0] | <0.001 |
hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.04 [0.02, 0.09] | 0.07 [0.04, 0.13] | 0.173 | 0.03 [0.01, 0.06] | 0.08 [0.04, 0.16] | <0.001 |
Obesity | 132 (23.1) | 256 (59.0) | <0.001 | 267 (8.7) | 219 (49.1) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 121 (21.2) | 134 (30.9) | <0.001 | 226 (7.3) | 93 (20.9) | <0.001 |
Diabetes | 41 (7.2) | 61 (14.1) | <0.001 | 25 (0.8) | 46 (10.3) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia history | 98 (17.1) | 104 (24.0) | 0.009 | 138 (4.5) | 58 (13.0) | <0.001 |
Vigorous physical activity (≥3 times/wk) | 142 (24.8) | 74 (17.1) | 0.008 | 643 (20.8) | 87 (19.5) | 0.701 |
Current smoker | 163 (28.5) | 125 (28.8) | 1.000 | 643 (20.8) | 87 (19.5) | 0.701 |
Alcohol consumption (≥1 unit/d) | 310 (54.2) | 227 (52.3) | 0.595 | 61 (2.0) | 9 (2.0) | 1.000 |
Subjects | BMI (kg/m2) | Presence of NAFLD at baseline | No. of subjects | Person-years | No. of incident cases | Incidence rate per 1000 person-years | RR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | <23.0 | Yes | 149 | 370.8 | 19 | 51.2 | 1.08 (0.68, 1.71) |
No | 2612 | 7720.9 | 367 | 47.5 | |||
≥23.0 | Yes | 731 | 2048.5 | 68 | 33.2 | 0.70 (0.53, 0.93) |
|
No | 1044 | 3214.0 | 152 | 47.3 | |||
Male | <23.0 | Yes | 47 | 107.5 | 4 | 37.2 | 1.07 (0.37, 3.14) |
No | 260 | 577.0 | 20 | 34.7 | |||
≥23.0 | Yes | 387 | 970.5 | 21 | 21.6 | 0.95 (0.51, 1.77) | |
No | 312 | 834.7 | 19 | 22.8 | |||
Female | <23.0 | Yes | 102 | 263.3 | 15 | 57.0 | 1.17 (0.70, 1.97) |
No | 2352 | 7143.9 | 347 | 48.6 | |||
≥23.0 | Yes | 344 | 1078.0 | 47 | 43.6 | 0.78 (0.56, 1.09) | |
No | 732 | 2379.3 | 133 | 55.9 |
NAFLD | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Yes | 0.65 (0.51, 0.82) |
0.78 (0.61, 1.01) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.08) | 0.84 (0.65, 1.10) |
Subgroups | No. incident cases | NAFLD, aHR (95% CI) |
p for interaction | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
Age (y) |
0.332 | |||
<50 (n = 3376) | 362 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.81 (0.54, 1.22) | |
≥50 (n = 1160) | 244 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.83 (0.58, 1.18) | |
Sex |
0.192 | |||
Male (n = 1006) | 64 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.93 (0.52, 1.66) | |
Female (n = 3530) | 542 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.73 (0.54, 0.99) |
|
Menopause |
0.844 | |||
Premenopausal female (n = 2795) | 311 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.72 (0.44, 1.20) | |
Postmenopausal female (n = 735) | 231 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.79 (0.54, 1.15) | |
BMI (kg/m2) subgroups I |
0.220 | |||
<23.0 (n = 2761) | 386 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.09 (0.67, 1.78) | |
≥23.0 (n = 1775) | 220 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.79 (0.58, 1.03) | |
BMI (kg/m2) subgroups II |
0.637 | |||
<23.0 (n = 2761) | 386 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.09 (0.67, 1.78) | |
23.0-24.9 (n = 901) | 129 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.69 (0.43, 1.09) | |
≥25.0 (n = 874) | 91 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.98 (0.62, 1.54) | |
Body fat percentage |
0.034 | |||
Q1 (n = 1097) | 145 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.42 (0.09, 1.98) | |
Q2 (n = 1094) | 138 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.28 (0.66, 2.50) | |
Q3 (n = 1097) | 147 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.65 (0.38, 1.10) | |
Q4 (n = 1097) | 123 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.83 (0.54, 1.26) |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or median [interquartile range], or number (%). NALFD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Continuous data were tested with independent
BMI, body mass index; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; RR, rate ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Values are presented as adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval). NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex; Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, BMI; Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, history of dyslipidemia, HOMA-IR, hsCRP; Model 4: model 3 + adjusted for current smoking status, alcohol intake, vigorous physical activity.
NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; Q, quartile; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Aadjusted for sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, history of dyslipidemia, HOMA-IR, hsCRP, current smoking status, alcohol intake, vigorous physical activity. Adjusted for age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, history of dyslipidemia, HOMA-IR, hsCRP, current smoking status, alcohol intake, vigorous physical activity. Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, history of dyslipidemia, HOMA-IR, hsCRP, current smoking status, alcohol intake, vigorous physical activity. Adjusted for age, sex, body fat percentage, hypertension, diabetes, history of dyslipidemia, HOMA-IR, hsCRP, current smoking status, alcohol intake, vigorous physical activity. Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, history of dyslipidemia, HOMA-IR, hsCRP, current smoking status, alcohol intake, vigorous physical activity.