1Center for Public Health Innovation, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
2Dokter Debora Medical Care, Badung, Indonesia
3Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
4School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
5Department of Paediatrics, Wangaya General Hospital, Denpasar, Indonesia
Copyright © 2022 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest associated with the material presented in this paper.
FUNDING
None.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: Wirawan GBS. Data curation: Wirawan GBS, Gustina NLZ, Pramana PHI, Astiti MYD. Formal analysis: Wirawan GBS, Jonathan J, Melinda F, Wijaya T. Funding acquisition: None. Writing – original draft: Wirawan GBS. Writing – review & editing: Gustina NLZ, Pramana PHI, Astiti MYD, Jonathan J, Melinda F, Wijaya T.
Variables | Complete immunization, n (weighted %) | p-value1 | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic indicators | |||
Region of residence | <0.001 | ||
Java-Bali | 692 (63.7) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Sumatra | 447 (50.3) | 0.58 (0.49, 0.68)** | |
Lesser Sunda Islands | 224 (71.5) | 1.43 (1.01, 2.03)* | |
Kalimantan | 193 (64.3) | 1.02 (0.75, 1.38) | |
Sulawesi | 329 (60.2) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.13) | |
Maluku | 114 (43.8) | 0.43 (0.24, 0.77)** | |
Papua | 49 (42.0) | 0.42 (0.26, 0.68)** | |
Area of residence | <0.001 | ||
Urban | 1070 (62.4) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Rural | 978 (58.0) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.95)** | |
Age (y) | 0.056 | ||
15–24 | 407 (58.6) | 1.00 (reference) | |
25–29 | 562 (60.2) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.30) | |
30–34 | 569 (64.3) | 1.27 (1.04, 1.56)* | |
35–39 | 370 (57.4) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | |
40–44 | 124 (56.7) | 0.93 (0.68, 1.27) | |
45–49 | 16 (54.5) | 0.83 (0.42, 1.67) | |
Birth order of child | <0.001 | ||
1 | 642 (61.8) | 1.00 (reference) | |
2 | 715 (65.7) | 1.19 (1.00, 1.41) | |
3 | 404 (57.0) | 0.82 (0.68, 1.00) | |
≥4 | 287 (46.8) | 0.55 (0.44, 0.68)** | |
Age difference with husband | 0.089 | ||
≤Age of the subject | 385 (60.1) | 1.00 (reference) | |
1–5 y older | 1002 (59.4) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | |
6–10 y older | 494 (63.4) | 1.15 (0.93, 1.42) | |
>10 y older | 167 (55.4) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.09) | |
Education level of the husband | <0.001 | ||
Below secondary education | 487 (51.2) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Secondary education | 1202 (62.7) | 1.60 (1.37, 1.88)** | |
Higher education | 359 (67.1) | 1.95 (1.55, 2.46)** | |
Wealth quintile | <0.001 | ||
First quintile | 471 (48.7) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Second quintile | 375 (57.1) | 1.40 (1.13, 1.73)** | |
Third quintile | 388 (63.6) | 1.84 (1.48, 2.29)** | |
Fourth quintile | 422 (65.6) | 2.00 (1.62, 2.48)** | |
Fifth quintile | 392 (66.2) | 2.07 (1.66, 2.58)** | |
|
|||
Women’s empowerment indicators | |||
Education level | <0.001 | ||
Below secondary education | 405 (48.3) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Secondary education | 1198 (63.2) | 1.84 (1.57, 2.17)** | |
Higher education | 445 (67.4) | 2.21 (1.77, 2.76)** | |
Employment status | <0.075 | ||
Unemployed | 1246 (59.0) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Employed | 802 (62.1) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.32) | |
Property ownership | 0.725 | ||
No property owned | 836 (60.7) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Joint property owner | 800 (59.3) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) | |
Sole property owner | 412 (60.6) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.20) | |
Involvement in household spending decisions | <0.001 | ||
Low | 110 (50.2) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Medium | 1721 (61.0) | 1.55 (1.19, 2.02)** | |
High | 217 (60.2) | 1.50 (1.08, 2.09)* | |
Involvement in social decisions | <0.001 | ||
Low | 262 (51.0) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Medium | 1476 (62.3) | 1.59 (1.31, 1.92)** | |
High | 310 (59.7) | 1.43 (1.12, 1.82)* | |
Involvement in child’s medical treatment decisions | 0.001 | ||
Low | 254 (53.2) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Medium | 1026 (59.6) | 1.30 (1.06, 1.59)* | |
High | 768 (63.2) | 1.51 (1.22, 1.87)** | |
Acceptance of intimate partner violence | <0.001 | ||
Low | 1575 (61.5) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Medium | 371 (57.3) | 0.84 (0.70, 1.01) | |
High | 102 (48.4) | 0.59 (0.43, 0.82)** |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 |
---|---|---|
Women’s empowerment indicators | ||
Education level | ||
Below secondary education | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Secondary education | 1.82 (1.54, 2.15)** | 1.53 (1.26, 1.86)** |
Higher education | 2.08 (1.64, 2.63)** | 1.58 (1.15, 2.15)** |
Employment Status | ||
Unemployed | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Employed | 1.01 (0.87, 1.18) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) |
Property ownership | ||
No property owned | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Joint property ownership | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.25) |
Sole property ownership | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.31) |
Involvement in household spending decisions | ||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 1.29 (0.97, 1.71) | 1.23 (0.92, 1.65) |
High | 1.24 (0.87, 1.76) | 1.25 (0.87, 1.81) |
Involvement in social decisions | ||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 1.40 (1.14, 1.72)** | 1.44 (1.17, 1.79)** |
High | 1.28 (0.99, 1.65) | 1.28 (0.99, 1.66) |
Involvement in child’s medical treatment decisions | ||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 1.14 (0.92, 1.42) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.43) |
High | 1.40 (1.13, 1.75)** | 1.41 (1.13, 1.77)** |
Acceptance of intimate partner violence | ||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) |
High | 0.67 (0.48, 0.94)* | 0.73 (0.51, 1.04) |
|
||
Socio-demographic indicatiors | ||
Region of residence | ||
Java-Bali | - | 1.00 (reference) |
Sumatra | - | 0.61 (0.51, 0.74)** |
Lesser Sunda Islands | - | 2.00 (1.37, 2.94)** |
Kalimantan | - | 1.19 (0.86, 1.64) |
Sulawesi | - | 1.01 (0.75, 1.35) |
Maluku | - | 0.60 (0.32, 1.11) |
Papua | - | 0.60 (0.36, 1.03) |
Area of residence | ||
Urban | - | 1.00 (reference) |
Rural | - | 1.18 (0.99, 1.39) |
Age (y) | ||
15–24 | - | 1.00 (reference) |
25–29 | - | 1.12 (0.89, 1.40) |
30–34 | - | 1.58 (1.22, 2.06)** |
35–39 | - | 1.37 (1.02, 1.85)* |
40–44 | - | 1.52 (1.02, 2.26)* |
45–49 | - | 1.92 (0.89, 4.12) |
Birth order of child | ||
1 | - | 1.00 (reference) |
2 | - | 1.06 (0.86, 1.30) |
3 | - | 0.73 (0.56, 0.95)* |
≥4 | - | 0.51 (0.38, 0.70)** |
Age difference with husband | ||
≤Age of wife | - | 1.00 (reference) |
1–5 y older | - | 1.12 (0.92, 1.40) |
6–10 y older | - | 1.37 (1.09, 1.73)** |
>10 y older | - | 1.03 (0.76, 1.39) |
Education level of the husband | ||
Below secondary education | - | 1.00 (reference) |
Secondary education | - | 1.25 (1.04, 1.52)* |
Higher education | - | 1.29 (0.94, 1.77) |
Wealth quintile | ||
First quintile | - | 1.00 (reference) |
Second quintile | - | 1.27 (1.01, 1.60)* |
Third quintile | - | 1.50 (1.17, 1.94)** |
Fourth quintile | - | 1.52 (1.17, 1.98)** |
Fifth quintile | - | 1.44 (1.06, 1.95)* |
Variables | Poorest | Poorer | Middle | Richer | Richest |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women’s empowerment Indicators | |||||
Education level | |||||
Below secondary education | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Secondary education | 1.38 (0.96, 2.00) | 1.59 (1.04. 2.42)* | 1.77 (1.12, 2.78)* | 1.92 (1.16, 3.17)* | 1.02 (0.39, 2.63) |
Higher education | 3.62 (1.35, 9.66)* | 1.46 (0.65. 3.29) | 1.51 (0.67, 3.39) | 1.24 (0.62, 2.50) | 1.30 (0.47, 3.61) |
Employment status | |||||
Unemployed | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Employed | 0.81 (0.54, 1.19) | 0.79 (0.54. 1.15) | 1.09 (0.74, 1.60) | 1.26 (0.89, 1.79) | 1.15 (0.78, 1.67) |
Property ownership | |||||
No property owned | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Joint property owner | 1.14 (0.77, 1.68) | 1.34 (0.87. 2.08) | 0.97 (0.64, 1.47) | 0.84 (0.56, 1.25) | 1.34 (0.88, 2.04) |
Sole property owner | 0.75 (0.47, 1.21) | 1.72 (1.07. 2.77)* | 1.04 (0.62, 1.73) | 0.72 (0.46, 1.14) | 1.93 (1.16, 3.21)* |
Involvement in household spending decisions | |||||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 0.99 (0.53, 1.84) | 2.95 (1.49. 5.83)** | 1.34 (0.64, 2.84) | 1.07 (0.54, 2.11) | 0.80 (0.37, 1.75) |
High | 1.34 (0.62, 2.90) | 3.46 (1.48. 8.08)** | 0.94 (0.38, 2.32) | 1.37 (0.55, 3.40) | 0.53 (0.21, 1.35) |
Involvement in social decisions | |||||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 1.47 (0.91, 2.37) | 1.15 (0.69.1.91) | 1.48 (0.85, 2.57) | 1.60 (1.01, 2.54)* | 2.05 (1.20, 3.50)** |
High | 1.38 (0.79, 2.42) | 1.00 (0.53. 3.03) | 1.25 (0.66, 2.39) | 1.04 (0.58, 1.87) | 2.50 (1.26, 4.79)** |
Involvement in children’s medical treatment decisions | |||||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 0.94 (0.57, 1.56) | 1.87 (1.11. 3.16)* | 1.26 (0.75, 2.11) | 0.94 (0.57, 1.56) | 0.85 (0.48, 1.39) |
High | 1.53 (0.91, 2.57) | 1.77 (1.04. 3.03)* | 1.35 (0.80, 2.27) | 1.13 (0.67, 1.89) | 1.16 (0.65, 2.05) |
Acceptance of intimate partner violence | |||||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 0.95 (0.64, 1.40) | 1.31 (0.82. 2.08) | 0.97 (0.61, 1.55) | 0.77 (0.49, 1.22) | 0.81 (0.48, 1.39) |
High | 0.51 (0.29, 0.92)* | 0.76 (0.38. 1.54) | 1.50 (0.44, 5.05) | 1.09 (0.34, 3.48) | 1.24 (0.26, 5.83) |
|
|||||
Socio-demographic indicators | |||||
Region of residence | |||||
Java-Bali | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Sumatra | 0.56 (0.35, 0.89)* | 0.46 (0.30. 0.69)** | 0.43 (0.27, 0.67)** | 0.96 (0.62, 1.48) | 0.58 (0.36, 0.93)* |
Lesser Sunda Islands | 2.11 (1.19, 3.74)* | 2.72 (1.01. 7.29)* | 0.70 (0.25, 2.01) | 2.12 (0.45, 10.10) | 4.40 (0.73, 26.37) |
Kalimantan | 1.64 (0.83, 3.20) | 1.29 (0.59. 2.82) | 0.64 (0.33, 1.25) | 1.02 (0.48, 2.20) | 1.28 (0.49, 3.36) |
Sulawesi | 0.88 (0.50, 1.53) | 1.08 (0.58. 2.02) | 1.31 (0.58, 2.92) | 1.21 (0.55, 2.66) | 0.90 (0.37, 2.20) |
Maluku | 0.56 (0.24, 1.31) | 0.49 (0.11. 2.23) | 0.24 (0.03, 2.00) | 1.31 (0.10, 17.86) | 1.95 (0.05, 72.37) |
Papua | 0.50 (0.23, 1.06) | 0.74 (0.14. 3.83) | 0.17 (0.02, 1.56) | 2.16 (0.16, 28.73) | 0.47 (0.07, 2.95) |
Area of residence | |||||
Urban | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Rural | 1.11 (0.70, 1.76) | 0.94 (0.64. 1.39) | 1.23 (0.85, 1.77) | 1.45 (1.01, 2.07)* | 1.07 (0.66, 1.71) |
Age (y) | |||||
15–24 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
25–29 | 1.18 (0.71, 1.95) | 0.83 (0.50. 1.39) | 1.24 (0.72, 2.11) | 0.85 (0.50, 1.47) | 1.29 (0.68, 2.46) |
30–34 | 1.59 (0.89, 2.83) | 1.37 (0.75. 2.49) | 1.85 (0.98, 3.50) | 1.26 (0.68, 2.34) | 1.61 (0.81, 3.20) |
35–39 | 1.57 (0.81, 3.04) | 1.26 (0.62. 2.57) | 1.62 (0.77, 3.40) | 1.22 (0.62, 2.38) | 1.23 (0.56, 2.73) |
40–44 | 3.28 (1.32, 8.16)* | 2.51 (0.90. 7.00) | 1.29 (0.52, 3.25) | 1.04 (0.40, 2.72) | 1.06 (0.43, 2.59) |
45–49 | 0.72 (0.18, 2.91) | 1.64 (0.21. 12.62) | 17.01 (0.65, 448.49) | NA | 0.71 (0.09, 5.56) |
Birth order of child | |||||
1 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
2 | 1.13 (0.69, 1.83) | 1.34 (0.83. 2.17) | 0.88 (0.53, 1.46) | 0.95 (0.60, 1.50) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.41) |
3 | 1.10 (0.60, 2.03) | 0.77 (0.42. 1.42) | 0.89 (0.45, 1.77) | 0.49 (0.27, 0.88)* | 0.59 (0.33, 1.08) |
≥4 | 0.97 (0.51, 1.87) | 0.17 (0.08. 0.37)** | 0.56 (0.26, 1.20) | 0.57 (0.27, 1.22) | 0.45 (0.21, 0.96) |
Age difference with husband | |||||
≤Age of the subject | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
1–5 y older | 1.14 (0.71, 1.83) | 1.43 (0.86. 2.37) | 1.79 (1.10, 2.91)* | 0.90 (0.58, 1.39) | 0.77 (0.49,1.20) |
6–10 y older | 1.64 (0.96, 2.81) | 1.38 (0.78. 2.43) | 1.98 (1.14, 3.44)* | 0.97 (0.59, 1.60) | 1.49 (0.83, 2.68) |
>10 y older | 1.04 (0.53, 2.02) | 1.08 (0.54. 2.17) | 1.03 (0.50, 2.13) | 0.93 (0.47, 1.85) | 1.72 (0.70, 4.34) |
Education level of the husband | |||||
Below secondary education | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Secondary education | 1.08 (0.75, 1.56) | 1.70 (1.14. 2.53)* | 1.63 (1.05, 2.54)* | 1.01 (0.62, 1.63) | 0.80 (0.29, 2.19) |
Higher education | 2.43 (0.87, 6.80) | 1.71 (0.63. 4.69) | 0.97 (0.41, 2.30) | 1.26 (0.62, 2.55) | 0.70 (0.24, 2.03) |
Characteristics | n (weighted %) |
---|---|
Socio-demographic indicatiors | |
Region of residence | |
Java-Bali | 1090 (56.9) |
Sumatra | 911 (22.2) |
Lesser Sunda Islands | 314 (4.9) |
Kalimantan | 301 (5.8) |
Sulawesi | 546 (7.3) |
Maluku | 260 (1.4) |
Papua | 110 (2.0) |
Area of residence | |
Urban | 1737 (48.8) |
Rural | 1795 (51.2) |
Age (y) | |
15–24 | 759 (21.4) |
25–29 | 931 (25.6) |
30–34 | 917 (26.4) |
35–39 | 661 (19.4) |
40–44 | 231 (6.1) |
45–49 | 33 (1.0) |
Birth order of child | |
1 | 1051 (31.6) |
2 | 1156 (34.9) |
3 | 715 (19.8) |
≥4 | 610 (13.7) |
Age difference with husband | |
≤Age of the subject | 676 (19.1) |
1–5 y older | 1731 (48.5) |
6–10 y older | 813 (23.8) |
>10 y older | 312 (8.6) |
Education level of husband | |
Below secondary education | 954 (27.4) |
Secondary education | 2028 (58.7) |
Higher education | 550 (13.9) |
Wealth quintile | |
First quintile | 975 (20.2) |
Second quintile | 683 (20.3) |
Third quintile | 638 (18.9) |
Fourth quintile | 643 (21.3) |
Fifth quintile | 593 (19.3) |
| |
Women’s empowerment indicators | |
Education level | |
Below secondary education | 860 (25.0) |
Secondary education | 1994 (58.7) |
Higher education | 678 (16.4) |
Employment status | |
Unemployed | 2240 (64.4) |
Employed | 1292 (35.6) |
Property ownership | |
No property owned | 1431 (42.9) |
Joint property owner | 1399 (37.1) |
Sole property owner | 702 (20.1) |
Involvement in household spending decisions | |
Low | 239 (7.0) |
Medium | 2902 (82.8) |
High | 391 (10.3) |
Involvement in social decisions | |
Low | 497 (15.3) |
Medium | 2481 (68.2) |
High | 554 (16.5) |
Involvement in child’s medical treatment decisions | |
Low | 485 (14.1) |
Medium | 1781 (46.5) |
High | 1266 (39.4) |
Acceptance of intimate partner violence | |
Low | 2643 (78.4) |
Medium | 670 (17.1) |
High | 219 (4.5) |
Immunization types | Immunized |
---|---|
BCG | 3085 (89.3) |
Polio 0 | 3100 (89.2) |
Polio 1 | 3026 (87.4) |
Polio 2 | 2822 (81.7) |
Polio 3 | 2466 (71.4) |
DPT 1 | 3020 (87.2) |
DPT 2 | 2852 (82.8) |
DPT 3 | 2593 (75.5) |
HiB 1 | 3020 (87.2) |
HiB 2 | 2852 (82.8) |
HiB 3 | 2593 (75.5) |
Hepatitis B 0 | 2856 (83.4) |
Hepatitis B 1 | 3020 (87.2) |
Hepatitis B 2 | 2852 (82.8) |
Hepatitis B 3 | 2593 (75.5) |
Measles 1 | 2693 (77.5) |
Complete immunization | 2048 (60.1) |
Variables | Complete immunization, n (weighted %) | p-value |
OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic indicators | |||
Region of residence | <0.001 | ||
Java-Bali | 692 (63.7) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Sumatra | 447 (50.3) | 0.58 (0.49, 0.68) | |
Lesser Sunda Islands | 224 (71.5) | 1.43 (1.01, 2.03) | |
Kalimantan | 193 (64.3) | 1.02 (0.75, 1.38) | |
Sulawesi | 329 (60.2) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.13) | |
Maluku | 114 (43.8) | 0.43 (0.24, 0.77) | |
Papua | 49 (42.0) | 0.42 (0.26, 0.68) | |
Area of residence | <0.001 | ||
Urban | 1070 (62.4) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Rural | 978 (58.0) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.95) | |
Age (y) | 0.056 | ||
15–24 | 407 (58.6) | 1.00 (reference) | |
25–29 | 562 (60.2) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.30) | |
30–34 | 569 (64.3) | 1.27 (1.04, 1.56) | |
35–39 | 370 (57.4) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | |
40–44 | 124 (56.7) | 0.93 (0.68, 1.27) | |
45–49 | 16 (54.5) | 0.83 (0.42, 1.67) | |
Birth order of child | <0.001 | ||
1 | 642 (61.8) | 1.00 (reference) | |
2 | 715 (65.7) | 1.19 (1.00, 1.41) | |
3 | 404 (57.0) | 0.82 (0.68, 1.00) | |
≥4 | 287 (46.8) | 0.55 (0.44, 0.68) | |
Age difference with husband | 0.089 | ||
≤Age of the subject | 385 (60.1) | 1.00 (reference) | |
1–5 y older | 1002 (59.4) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | |
6–10 y older | 494 (63.4) | 1.15 (0.93, 1.42) | |
>10 y older | 167 (55.4) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.09) | |
Education level of the husband | <0.001 | ||
Below secondary education | 487 (51.2) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Secondary education | 1202 (62.7) | 1.60 (1.37, 1.88) | |
Higher education | 359 (67.1) | 1.95 (1.55, 2.46) | |
Wealth quintile | <0.001 | ||
First quintile | 471 (48.7) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Second quintile | 375 (57.1) | 1.40 (1.13, 1.73) | |
Third quintile | 388 (63.6) | 1.84 (1.48, 2.29) | |
Fourth quintile | 422 (65.6) | 2.00 (1.62, 2.48) | |
Fifth quintile | 392 (66.2) | 2.07 (1.66, 2.58) | |
| |||
Women’s empowerment indicators | |||
Education level | <0.001 | ||
Below secondary education | 405 (48.3) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Secondary education | 1198 (63.2) | 1.84 (1.57, 2.17) | |
Higher education | 445 (67.4) | 2.21 (1.77, 2.76) | |
Employment status | <0.075 | ||
Unemployed | 1246 (59.0) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Employed | 802 (62.1) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.32) | |
Property ownership | 0.725 | ||
No property owned | 836 (60.7) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Joint property owner | 800 (59.3) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) | |
Sole property owner | 412 (60.6) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.20) | |
Involvement in household spending decisions | <0.001 | ||
Low | 110 (50.2) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Medium | 1721 (61.0) | 1.55 (1.19, 2.02) | |
High | 217 (60.2) | 1.50 (1.08, 2.09) | |
Involvement in social decisions | <0.001 | ||
Low | 262 (51.0) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Medium | 1476 (62.3) | 1.59 (1.31, 1.92) | |
High | 310 (59.7) | 1.43 (1.12, 1.82) | |
Involvement in child’s medical treatment decisions | 0.001 | ||
Low | 254 (53.2) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Medium | 1026 (59.6) | 1.30 (1.06, 1.59) | |
High | 768 (63.2) | 1.51 (1.22, 1.87) | |
Acceptance of intimate partner violence | <0.001 | ||
Low | 1575 (61.5) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Medium | 371 (57.3) | 0.84 (0.70, 1.01) | |
High | 102 (48.4) | 0.59 (0.43, 0.82) |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 |
---|---|---|
Women’s empowerment indicators | ||
Education level | ||
Below secondary education | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Secondary education | 1.82 (1.54, 2.15) |
1.53 (1.26, 1.86) |
Higher education | 2.08 (1.64, 2.63) |
1.58 (1.15, 2.15) |
Employment Status | ||
Unemployed | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Employed | 1.01 (0.87, 1.18) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) |
Property ownership | ||
No property owned | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Joint property ownership | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.25) |
Sole property ownership | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.31) |
Involvement in household spending decisions | ||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 1.29 (0.97, 1.71) | 1.23 (0.92, 1.65) |
High | 1.24 (0.87, 1.76) | 1.25 (0.87, 1.81) |
Involvement in social decisions | ||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 1.40 (1.14, 1.72) |
1.44 (1.17, 1.79) |
High | 1.28 (0.99, 1.65) | 1.28 (0.99, 1.66) |
Involvement in child’s medical treatment decisions | ||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 1.14 (0.92, 1.42) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.43) |
High | 1.40 (1.13, 1.75) |
1.41 (1.13, 1.77) |
Acceptance of intimate partner violence | ||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) |
High | 0.67 (0.48, 0.94) |
0.73 (0.51, 1.04) |
| ||
Socio-demographic indicatiors | ||
Region of residence | ||
Java-Bali | - | 1.00 (reference) |
Sumatra | - | 0.61 (0.51, 0.74) |
Lesser Sunda Islands | - | 2.00 (1.37, 2.94) |
Kalimantan | - | 1.19 (0.86, 1.64) |
Sulawesi | - | 1.01 (0.75, 1.35) |
Maluku | - | 0.60 (0.32, 1.11) |
Papua | - | 0.60 (0.36, 1.03) |
Area of residence | ||
Urban | - | 1.00 (reference) |
Rural | - | 1.18 (0.99, 1.39) |
Age (y) | ||
15–24 | - | 1.00 (reference) |
25–29 | - | 1.12 (0.89, 1.40) |
30–34 | - | 1.58 (1.22, 2.06) |
35–39 | - | 1.37 (1.02, 1.85) |
40–44 | - | 1.52 (1.02, 2.26) |
45–49 | - | 1.92 (0.89, 4.12) |
Birth order of child | ||
1 | - | 1.00 (reference) |
2 | - | 1.06 (0.86, 1.30) |
3 | - | 0.73 (0.56, 0.95) |
≥4 | - | 0.51 (0.38, 0.70) |
Age difference with husband | ||
≤Age of wife | - | 1.00 (reference) |
1–5 y older | - | 1.12 (0.92, 1.40) |
6–10 y older | - | 1.37 (1.09, 1.73) |
>10 y older | - | 1.03 (0.76, 1.39) |
Education level of the husband | ||
Below secondary education | - | 1.00 (reference) |
Secondary education | - | 1.25 (1.04, 1.52) |
Higher education | - | 1.29 (0.94, 1.77) |
Wealth quintile | ||
First quintile | - | 1.00 (reference) |
Second quintile | - | 1.27 (1.01, 1.60) |
Third quintile | - | 1.50 (1.17, 1.94) |
Fourth quintile | - | 1.52 (1.17, 1.98) |
Fifth quintile | - | 1.44 (1.06, 1.95) |
Variables | Poorest | Poorer | Middle | Richer | Richest |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women’s empowerment Indicators | |||||
Education level | |||||
Below secondary education | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Secondary education | 1.38 (0.96, 2.00) | 1.59 (1.04. 2.42) |
1.77 (1.12, 2.78) |
1.92 (1.16, 3.17) |
1.02 (0.39, 2.63) |
Higher education | 3.62 (1.35, 9.66) |
1.46 (0.65. 3.29) | 1.51 (0.67, 3.39) | 1.24 (0.62, 2.50) | 1.30 (0.47, 3.61) |
Employment status | |||||
Unemployed | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Employed | 0.81 (0.54, 1.19) | 0.79 (0.54. 1.15) | 1.09 (0.74, 1.60) | 1.26 (0.89, 1.79) | 1.15 (0.78, 1.67) |
Property ownership | |||||
No property owned | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Joint property owner | 1.14 (0.77, 1.68) | 1.34 (0.87. 2.08) | 0.97 (0.64, 1.47) | 0.84 (0.56, 1.25) | 1.34 (0.88, 2.04) |
Sole property owner | 0.75 (0.47, 1.21) | 1.72 (1.07. 2.77) |
1.04 (0.62, 1.73) | 0.72 (0.46, 1.14) | 1.93 (1.16, 3.21) |
Involvement in household spending decisions | |||||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 0.99 (0.53, 1.84) | 2.95 (1.49. 5.83) |
1.34 (0.64, 2.84) | 1.07 (0.54, 2.11) | 0.80 (0.37, 1.75) |
High | 1.34 (0.62, 2.90) | 3.46 (1.48. 8.08) |
0.94 (0.38, 2.32) | 1.37 (0.55, 3.40) | 0.53 (0.21, 1.35) |
Involvement in social decisions | |||||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 1.47 (0.91, 2.37) | 1.15 (0.69.1.91) | 1.48 (0.85, 2.57) | 1.60 (1.01, 2.54) |
2.05 (1.20, 3.50) |
High | 1.38 (0.79, 2.42) | 1.00 (0.53. 3.03) | 1.25 (0.66, 2.39) | 1.04 (0.58, 1.87) | 2.50 (1.26, 4.79) |
Involvement in children’s medical treatment decisions | |||||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 0.94 (0.57, 1.56) | 1.87 (1.11. 3.16) |
1.26 (0.75, 2.11) | 0.94 (0.57, 1.56) | 0.85 (0.48, 1.39) |
High | 1.53 (0.91, 2.57) | 1.77 (1.04. 3.03) |
1.35 (0.80, 2.27) | 1.13 (0.67, 1.89) | 1.16 (0.65, 2.05) |
Acceptance of intimate partner violence | |||||
Low | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Medium | 0.95 (0.64, 1.40) | 1.31 (0.82. 2.08) | 0.97 (0.61, 1.55) | 0.77 (0.49, 1.22) | 0.81 (0.48, 1.39) |
High | 0.51 (0.29, 0.92) |
0.76 (0.38. 1.54) | 1.50 (0.44, 5.05) | 1.09 (0.34, 3.48) | 1.24 (0.26, 5.83) |
| |||||
Socio-demographic indicators | |||||
Region of residence | |||||
Java-Bali | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Sumatra | 0.56 (0.35, 0.89) |
0.46 (0.30. 0.69) |
0.43 (0.27, 0.67) |
0.96 (0.62, 1.48) | 0.58 (0.36, 0.93) |
Lesser Sunda Islands | 2.11 (1.19, 3.74) |
2.72 (1.01. 7.29) |
0.70 (0.25, 2.01) | 2.12 (0.45, 10.10) | 4.40 (0.73, 26.37) |
Kalimantan | 1.64 (0.83, 3.20) | 1.29 (0.59. 2.82) | 0.64 (0.33, 1.25) | 1.02 (0.48, 2.20) | 1.28 (0.49, 3.36) |
Sulawesi | 0.88 (0.50, 1.53) | 1.08 (0.58. 2.02) | 1.31 (0.58, 2.92) | 1.21 (0.55, 2.66) | 0.90 (0.37, 2.20) |
Maluku | 0.56 (0.24, 1.31) | 0.49 (0.11. 2.23) | 0.24 (0.03, 2.00) | 1.31 (0.10, 17.86) | 1.95 (0.05, 72.37) |
Papua | 0.50 (0.23, 1.06) | 0.74 (0.14. 3.83) | 0.17 (0.02, 1.56) | 2.16 (0.16, 28.73) | 0.47 (0.07, 2.95) |
Area of residence | |||||
Urban | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Rural | 1.11 (0.70, 1.76) | 0.94 (0.64. 1.39) | 1.23 (0.85, 1.77) | 1.45 (1.01, 2.07) |
1.07 (0.66, 1.71) |
Age (y) | |||||
15–24 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
25–29 | 1.18 (0.71, 1.95) | 0.83 (0.50. 1.39) | 1.24 (0.72, 2.11) | 0.85 (0.50, 1.47) | 1.29 (0.68, 2.46) |
30–34 | 1.59 (0.89, 2.83) | 1.37 (0.75. 2.49) | 1.85 (0.98, 3.50) | 1.26 (0.68, 2.34) | 1.61 (0.81, 3.20) |
35–39 | 1.57 (0.81, 3.04) | 1.26 (0.62. 2.57) | 1.62 (0.77, 3.40) | 1.22 (0.62, 2.38) | 1.23 (0.56, 2.73) |
40–44 | 3.28 (1.32, 8.16) |
2.51 (0.90. 7.00) | 1.29 (0.52, 3.25) | 1.04 (0.40, 2.72) | 1.06 (0.43, 2.59) |
45–49 | 0.72 (0.18, 2.91) | 1.64 (0.21. 12.62) | 17.01 (0.65, 448.49) | NA | 0.71 (0.09, 5.56) |
Birth order of child | |||||
1 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
2 | 1.13 (0.69, 1.83) | 1.34 (0.83. 2.17) | 0.88 (0.53, 1.46) | 0.95 (0.60, 1.50) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.41) |
3 | 1.10 (0.60, 2.03) | 0.77 (0.42. 1.42) | 0.89 (0.45, 1.77) | 0.49 (0.27, 0.88) |
0.59 (0.33, 1.08) |
≥4 | 0.97 (0.51, 1.87) | 0.17 (0.08. 0.37) |
0.56 (0.26, 1.20) | 0.57 (0.27, 1.22) | 0.45 (0.21, 0.96) |
Age difference with husband | |||||
≤Age of the subject | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
1–5 y older | 1.14 (0.71, 1.83) | 1.43 (0.86. 2.37) | 1.79 (1.10, 2.91) |
0.90 (0.58, 1.39) | 0.77 (0.49,1.20) |
6–10 y older | 1.64 (0.96, 2.81) | 1.38 (0.78. 2.43) | 1.98 (1.14, 3.44) |
0.97 (0.59, 1.60) | 1.49 (0.83, 2.68) |
>10 y older | 1.04 (0.53, 2.02) | 1.08 (0.54. 2.17) | 1.03 (0.50, 2.13) | 0.93 (0.47, 1.85) | 1.72 (0.70, 4.34) |
Education level of the husband | |||||
Below secondary education | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Secondary education | 1.08 (0.75, 1.56) | 1.70 (1.14. 2.53) |
1.63 (1.05, 2.54) |
1.01 (0.62, 1.63) | 0.80 (0.29, 2.19) |
Higher education | 2.43 (0.87, 6.80) | 1.71 (0.63. 4.69) | 0.97 (0.41, 2.30) | 1.26 (0.62, 2.55) | 0.70 (0.24, 2.03) |
Values are presented as number (weighted %). BCG, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin; DPT, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus; HiB,
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Chi-square test.
Values are presented as adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
Values are presented as adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval). NA, not applicable.