Objectives Dry eye disease (DED) is an increasingly important public health problem in Korea. Previous studies conducted in Korea have reported inconsistent results regarding the protective effects of vitamin D on DED, and these discrepancies may be related to the relatively simple questionnaire that has been used. Thus, we evaluated the association of serum vitamin D levels with DED using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI).
Methods The present study evaluated data from participants in the Study Group for Environmental Eye Disease (2014-2015). This group included data from 752 participants, and data from 740 participants (253 men and 487 women) were analyzed in the present study. DED severity was evaluated using the OSDI.
Results Higher serum vitamin D levels were associated with a non-significantly reduced risk of DED in the crude analysis (odds ratio [OR], 0.991; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.971 to 1.011) and in the adjusted analysis (OR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.966 to 1.010). In the crude analysis of no/mild DED vs. moderate/severe DED, men exhibited a decreased risk with increasing serum vitamin D levels (OR, 0.999; 95% CI, 0.950 to 1.051), while women exhibited an increased risk (OR, 1.003; 95% CI, 0.979 to 1.027). In these analyses, we found no significant associations.
Conclusions The findings of the present study support previous reports that serum vitamin D levels are not associated with DED.
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Dry Eye Disease: What Is the Role of Vitamin D? Maurizio Rolando, Stefano Barabino International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(2): 1458. CrossRef
Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with Schirmer tear test 1 and tear film breakup time in dogs Youngsam Kim, Seonmi Kang, Kangmoon Seo Journal of Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Vitamin D and eye: Current evidence and practice guidelines Bhavya Gorimanipalli, Rohit Shetty, Swaminathan Sethu, Pooja Khamar Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.2023; 71(4): 1127. CrossRef
Serum Vitamin D Levels and Dry Eye Disease in Postmenopausal Women: A Case–Control Study at a Tertiary Care Center in Rural Haryana Diksha Malik, Renu Garg, Sumita Sethi, Rajiv Mahendru, Sanjeet Singh International Journal of Applied & Basic Medical Research.2023; 13(2): 83. CrossRef
Vitamin D and Ocular Diseases: A Systematic Review Hei-Nga Chan, Xiu-Juan Zhang, Xiang-Tian Ling, Christine Huyen-Trang Bui, Yu-Meng Wang, Patrick Ip, Wai-Kit Chu, Li-Jia Chen, Clement C. Tham, Jason C. Yam, Chi-Pui Pang International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(8): 4226. CrossRef
Oral vitamin D3 supplementation for femtosecond LASIK-associated dry eye vitamin D for LASIK dry eye syndrome Ying Lin, Huanjun Su, Jianbin Wu, Muzhi Yuan, Yong Zhang International Ophthalmology.2022; 42(10): 3145. CrossRef
Vitamin D, the Vitamin D Receptor, Calcitriol Analogues and Their Link with Ocular Diseases Miłosz Caban, Urszula Lewandowska Nutrients.2022; 14(11): 2353. CrossRef
Serum Vitamin D Levels and Status in Thai Optic Neuritis Subjects: A Case-Control Study Busayanut Puangsricharoen, Kavin Vanikieti, Panitha Jindahra, Tanyatuth Padungkiatsagul Clinical Ophthalmology.2022; Volume 16: 3381. CrossRef
Research on mechanism of vitamin A combined with regenerated oxidation-reducing nanomedicine in treating rats with dry eye Lei Shi, Ting-Yu Li, Liang-Yu Li, Bao-Ke Hou Materials Express.2022; 12(7): 886. CrossRef
Association Between Dyslipidemia and Dry Eye Syndrome Among the Korean Middle-Aged Population Hye Rin Choi, Jung Hyun Lee, Hyung Keun Lee, Jong Suk Song, Hyeon Chang Kim Cornea.2020; 39(2): 161. CrossRef
Association between vitamin D and dry eye disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies Gholamreza Askari, Nahid Rafie, Maryam Miraghajani, Zahra Heidari, Arman Arab Contact Lens and Anterior Eye.2020; 43(5): 418. CrossRef
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with dry eye syndrome: a systematic review and meta‐analysis Jing Liu, Yi Dong, Yan Wang Acta Ophthalmologica.2020; 98(8): 749. CrossRef
Nutrition and dry eye: a systematic review Isabel Signes-Soler, Jaime Javaloy Estañ Expert Review of Ophthalmology.2019; 14(3): 133. CrossRef
Objectives Epidemiological studies have reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammatory disease. Smoking is a well-known risk factor for inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the interactive effect of vitamin D deficiency and smoking on inflammation. This study aims to investigate the interaction of vitamin D and smoking with inflammatory markers in the urban elderly.
Methods We used data from the Korean Elderly Environmental Panel Study, which began in August 2008 and ended in August 2010, and included 560 Koreans ≥60 years old living in Seoul. Data was collected via questionnaires that included items about smoking status at the first visit. Vitamin D levels, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) counts were repeatedly measured up to three times.
Results The association of vitamin D and hs-CRP was significant after adjusting for known confounders (β=-0.080, p=0.041). After separate analysis by smoking status, the association of vitamin D deficiency and hs-CRP in smokers was stronger than that in nonsmokers (smokers: β=-0.375, p=0.013; non-smokers: β=-0.060, p=0.150). Smoking status was an effect modifier that changed the association between vitamin D deficiency and hs-CRP (interaction estimate: β=-0.254, p=0.032). Vitamin D was not significantly associated with WBC count (β=0.003, p=0.805).
Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency was associated with hs-CRP in the urban elderly. Smoking status was an effect modifier of this association. Vitamin D deficiency was not significantly associated with WBC count.
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Identification of trans-genus biomarkers for early diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis and progression of gut pathology in a mouse model using metabolomics Peerut Chienwichai, Phornpimon Tipthara, Joel Tarning, Yanin Limpanont, Phiraphol Chusongsang, Yupa Chusongsang, Nuttapohn Kiangkoo, Poom Adisakwattana, Onrapak Reamtong, Gabriel Rinaldi PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(2): e0011966. CrossRef
Vitamin D Status of People 3 to 79 Years of Age from the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2012–2019 Hope A. Weiler, Kurtis Sarafin, Chantal Martineau, Janice L. Daoust, Krista Esslinger, Linda S. Greene-Finestone, Lidia Loukine, Veronique Dorais The Journal of Nutrition.2023; 153(4): 1150. CrossRef
Analysis of different risk factors of hospitalized COVID-19 patients from North-Eastern Bangladesh Mohammad Golam Rob Mahmud, Md. Toasin Hossain Aunkor, Fatima Rahman, Darimi Hasin, Jilwatun Noor, Md. Faruque Miah Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations.2023; 14(3): em00818. CrossRef
C-Reactive Protein: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, False Test Results and a Novel Diagnostic Algorithm for Clinicians Dimitra S. Mouliou Diseases.2023; 11(4): 132. CrossRef
Adiposity is a confounding factor which largely explains the association of serum vitamin D concentrations with C-reactive protein, leptin and adiponectin Rachida Rafiq, Hassana El Haddaoui, Renée de Mutsert, Frits R. Rosendaal, Pieter S. Hiemstra, Christa M. Cobbaert, Martin den Heijer, Renate T. de Jongh Cytokine.2020; 131: 155104. CrossRef
The contribution of secondhand tobacco smoke exposure to pediatric multiple sclerosis risk Amy M Lavery, Bradley N Collins, Amy T Waldman, Chantelle N Hart, Amit Bar-Or, Ruth Ann Marrie, Douglas Arnold, Julia O’Mahony, Brenda Banwell Multiple Sclerosis Journal.2019; 25(4): 515. CrossRef
A Review of the Potential Benefits of Increasing Vitamin D Status in Mongolian Adults through Food Fortification and Vitamin D Supplementation William B. Grant, Barbara J. Boucher Nutrients.2019; 11(10): 2452. CrossRef
Relationship between serum vitamin D levels and inflammatory markers in acute stroke patients Qiongzhang Wang, Zhuoying Zhu, Yuntao Liu, Xinjie Tu, Jincai He Brain and Behavior.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its associated factors among the urban elderly population in Hyderabad metropolitan city, South India Palla Suryanarayana, Nimmathota Arlappa, Vadakattu Sai Santhosh, Nagalla Balakrishna, Pondey Lakshmi Rajkumar, Undrajavarapu Prasad, Banavath Bhoja Raju, Kommula Shivakeseva, Kondru Divya Shoshanni, Madabushi Seshacharyulu, Jagjeevan Babu Geddam, Prabhaka Annals of Human Biology.2018; 45(2): 133. CrossRef
Relationship between vitamin D status and leukocytes in hospitalised cats Helen F Titmarsh, Jennifer A Cartwright, Scott Kilpatrick, Donna Gaylor, Elspeth M Milne, Jacqueline L Berry, Nicholas X Bommer, Danièlle Gunn-Moore, Nicola Reed, Ian Handel, Richard J Mellanby Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery.2017; 19(4): 364. CrossRef
Vitamin D Status and Gestational Diabetes: Effect of Smoking Status during Pregnancy Linda Dodds, Christy G. Woolcott, Hope Weiler, Anne Spencer, Jean‐Claude Forest, B. Anthony Armson, Yves Giguère Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology.2016; 30(3): 229. CrossRef
Modification of the association between smoking status and severity of coronary stenosis by vitamin D in patients suspected of coronary heart disease Kuibao Li, Xiyan Yang, Lefeng Wang, Mulei Chen, Wenshu Zhao, Li Xu, Xinchun Yang Medicine.2016; 95(36): e4817. CrossRef