Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Article

Association Between Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index and Cardiovascular Disease in Korean Older Adults: Kyu-Taek Lim, Ji-won Choe, Seung-sik Hwang; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(1):103-112. Published online January 14, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.569

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Objectives
This study examined the association between oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), as assessed by the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes among Korean older adults.
Methods
Data from 5413 participants in the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging were analyzed. GOHAI scores were categorized as either “poor” (<40) or “not poor” (≥40). Generalized estimating equation models were used to assess the relationship between GOHAI scores and CVD prevalence, with analyses stratified by sex.
Results
Poor GOHAI score was significantly associated with elevated odds of CVD (odds ratio [OR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 1.19; p<0.001). This association was stronger in female (OR, 1.36) compared to male (OR, 1.12). Poor oral health is indicative of systemic inflammation and age-related vulnerabilities, underscoring the utility of the GOHAI as an instrument for early identification of CVD risk.
Conclusions
Poor oral health, as measured by the GOHAI, is associated with an increased risk of CVD among older adults, especially female. These findings support the use of the GOHAI as a cost-effective screening tool for the early assessment of CVD risk. Further research is warranted to explore inflammatory biomarkers and sex-specific mechanisms that could inform targeted interventions.

Summary

Korean summary
노년층에서 구강건강 관련 삶의 질(OHRQoL)이 낮을수록 심혈관계 질환(CVD) 위험이 높아지며, 특히 여성에서 더 두드러졌습니다. 본 연구는 노년 구강 건강 평가 지수(GOHAI)를 사용했습니다.

Key Message
Poor GOHAI scores are associated with higher CVD risk, with stronger effects in females. This highlights the potential of GOHAI as an effective tool for early detection and prevention of CVD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Assessment of oral health-related quality of life and its association with periodontal status in geriatric patients
Seval Ceylan Şen, Özlem Saraç Atagün, Gülbahar Ustaoğlu, Zeynep Hazan Yildiz
BMC Oral Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index Based on Oral Health-Related Behaviors and Status of Older Adults in Gangneung-si
Jin-Sun Choi, Hye-Rim Jeon, Soo-Myoung Bae, Sun-Jung Shin, Bo-Mi Shin, Hye-Young Yoon, Hyo-Jin Lee
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2025; 25(4): 360. CrossRef

Scoping Review

Is Farming a Risk Occupation for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases? A Scoping Review on Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease Risk in Farmers: Hyeonjun Kim, Wongeon Jung, Sunjin Jung, Seunghyeon Cho, Inho Jung, Hansoo Song, Ki-Soo Park, Seong-Yong Yoon, Joo Hyun Sung, Seok-Ju Yoo, Won-Ju Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(6):521-529. Published online August 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.302

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
In Korea, cardio-cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) is recognized as an occupational disease when sufficient evidence of a work-related burden exists. In 2021, approximately 26.8% of the payments from occupational disease insurance under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act were allocated to CCVDs. However, due to the specific nature of insurance policies for farmers, CCVD is not acknowledged as an occupational disease in their case.
Methods
We reviewed studies on the differences in the incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of CCVDs between farmers and the general population or other occupations and described the exposure of farmers to risk factors for CCVDs.
Results
Several studies showed that farming is a high-risk occupation for CCVDs, with the following risk factors: long working hours, night work, lack of holidays, and strenuous physical labor; physical factors (noise, cold, heat, humidity, and vibration); exposure to hazardous gases (diesel exhaust, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, nitrogen oxides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), pesticides, and dust (particulate matter, silica, and organic dust); exposure to a hypoxic environment; and job-related stress. Social isolation and lack of accessible medical facilities also function as additional risk factors by preventing farmers from receiving early interventions.
Conclusions
Farmers are exposed to various risk factors for CCVDs and are an occupation at risk for CCVDs. More studies are needed in the future to elucidate this relationship. This study lays the groundwork for future research to develop guidelines for approving CCVDs as occupational diseases among farmers.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 농업이 뇌심혈관질환과 연관된 고위험 직업임을 입증하는 근거를 검토하였습니다. 농업인은 긴 근무 시간, 격렬한 신체 노동, 유해 가스 및 살충제 노출 등 다양한 위험 요인과 더불어 의료 접근성 부족과 같은 문제에 직면해 있습니다. 이는 뇌심혈관질환을 농업인의 업무 관련 질병으로 인정하기 위한 가이드라인 개발에 중요한 기초를 제공합니다.

Key Message
This study reviewed evidence supporting that farming is a high-risk occupation associated with cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Farmers face various risk factors, including long working hours, strenuous physical labor, exposure to hazardous gases and pesticides, and challenges such as limited access to medical care. This provides an essential foundation for developing guidelines to recognize cardio-cerebrovascular diseases as work-related illnesses among farmers.

Citations

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Leveraging Administrative Health Databases to Address Health Challenges in Farming Populations: Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis (1975-2024)
Pascal Petit, Nicolas Vuillerme
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2025; 11: e62939. CrossRef

Original Articles

Trends in Regional Disparities in Cardiovascular Surgery and Mortality in Korea: A National Cross-sectional Study: Dal-Lae Jin, Kyoung-Hoon Kim, Euy Suk Chung, Seok-Jun Yoon; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(3):260-268. Published online May 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.057

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Regional disparities in cardiovascular care in Korea have led to uneven patient outcomes. Despite the growing need for and access to procedures, few studies have linked regional service availability to mortality rates. This study analyzed regional variation in the utilization of major cardiovascular procedures and their associations with short-term mortality to provide better evidence regarding the relationship between healthcare resource distribution and patient survival.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using nationwide claims data for patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), stent insertion, or aortic aneurysm resection in 2022. Regional variation was assessed by the relevance index (RI). The associations between the regional RI and 30-day mortality were analyzed.
Results
The RI was lowest for aortic aneurysm resection (mean, 26.2; standard deviation, 26.1), indicating the most uneven regional distribution among the surgical procedures. Patients undergoing this procedure in regions with higher RIs showed significantly lower 30-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.55 to 0.96; p=0.026) versus those with lower RIs. This suggests that cardiovascular surgery regional availability, as measured by RI, has an impact on mortality rates for certain complex surgical procedures. The RI was not associated with significant mortality differences for more widely available procedures like CABG (aOR, 0.96), PCI (aOR, 1.00), or stent insertion (aOR, 0.91).
Conclusions
Significant regional variation and underutilization of cardiovascular surgery were found, with reduced access linked to worse mortality for complex procedures. Disparities should be addressed through collaboration among hospitals and policy efforts to improve outcomes.

Summary

Korean summary
심혈관 관련 수술을 대상으로 지역적 불균형을 분석한 결과, 관상동맥우회술, 경피적 관상동맥중재술, 스텐트 삽입술은 전국적으로 광범위하게 분포되었다. 반면에 대동맥류 절제술은 지역적 불균형이 발생하였고, 사망률 또한 유의한 차이가 있었다. 따라서 의료 격차 해소를 위해 병원 간 협력체계 구축, 지역 균형적 의료자원 확충 등 정책적 노력이 필요하다

Key Message
An analysis of regional disparities in cardiovascular surgeries revealed that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and stent insertion procedures were widely distributed nationwide. However, there was a regional imbalance in aortic aneurysm resection (AAR) surgeries, which also showed significant differences in mortality rates. Therefore, policy efforts are needed to bridge the healthcare gap, such as establishing collaborative systems among hospitals and ensuring a balanced distribution of medical resources across regions.

Citations

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Global trends and practices in coronary artery bypass surgery
Shahzad G. Raja
Academia Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Metagenome-assembled genomes reveal microbial signatures and metabolic pathways linked to coronary artery disease
Soomin Lee, Shahbaz Raza, Eun-Ju Lee, Yoosoo Chang, Seungho Ryu, Hyung-Lae Kim, Si-Hyuck Kang, Han-Na Kim, Ying Zhang
mSystems.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Regional disparities in the distribution of public and private healthcare facilities in South Korea
Jiyu Park, Byeongyun Jeon, Eun Lee, Abel C. H. Chen
PLOS One.2025; 20(9): e0330090. CrossRef

Comorbid Conditions in Persons Exposed to Ionizing Radiation and Veterans of the Soviet–Afghan War: A Cohort Study in Kazakhstan: Saule Sarkulova, Roza Tatayeva, Dinara Urazalina, Ekaterina Ossadchaya, Venera Rakhmetova; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(1):55-64. Published online November 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.333

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
This study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of comorbid conditions in patients exposed to ionizing radiation and those who were involved in the Soviet–Afghan war.
Methods
This study analyzed the frequency and spectrum of morbidity and comorbidity in patients over a long-term period (30-35 years) following exposure to ionizing radiation at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site or the Chornobyl nuclear power plant, and among participants of the Soviet–Afghan war. A cohort study, both prospective and retrospective, was conducted on 675 patients who underwent comprehensive examinations.
Results
Numerical data were analyzed using the Statistica 6 program. The results are presented as the mean±standard deviation, median, and interquartile range (25-75th percentiles). The statistical significance of between-group differences was assessed using the Student t-test and Pearson chi-square test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We found a high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension (55.0%) and cardiac ischemia (32.9%); these rates exceeded the average for this age group in the general population.
Conclusions
The cumulative impact of causal occupational, environmental, and ultra-high stress factors in the combat zone in participants of the Soviet–Afghan war, along with common conventional factors, contributed to the formation of a specific comorbidity structure. This necessitates a rational approach to identifying early predictors of cardiovascular events and central nervous system disorders, as well as pathognomonic clinical symptoms in this patient cohort. It also underscores the importance of selecting suitable methods and strategies for implementing treatment and prevention measures.

Summary

Key Message
This study investigated the long-term health effects on 675 individuals exposed to ionizing radiation at Semipalatinsk and Chornobyl, and those involved in the Soviet–Afghan war. Results showed a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, notably hypertension (55%) and cardiac ischemia (32.9%), compared to the general population. The findings highlight the need for early detection of cardiovascular and central nervous system disorders in these groups, emphasizing tailored treatment and prevention strategies.

Citations

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Global trends in research on Semipalatinsk nuclear testing health effects: A bibliometric analysis and short review
Nailya Chaizhunussova, Lyudmila Pivina, Dariya Shabdarbayeva, Andrey Orekhov, Raushan Dosmagambetova, Galiya Alibayeva, Meruyert Massabayeva, Alexandra Lipikhina, Gulshara Abildinova, Askar Kassymov, Zhanargul Smailova, Rauan Kissina, Diana Ygiyeva, Ernar
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity.2025; 290: 107793. CrossRef
Long-Term Consequences of Combat Stress in Afghan War Veterans: Comorbidity of PTSD and Physical and Mental Health Conditions
Ekaterina Ossadchaya, Roza Tatayeva, Zhibek Sembayeva, Akmaral Nursafina, Mira Zhakenova, Gaukhar Slamkhanova
Psychiatry International.2025; 6(4): 141. CrossRef

Associations of Workplace Violence With Cardiovascular Disease Among United States Workers: Findings From a National Survey: Zheyu Hu, Jian Li; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(4):368-376. Published online July 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.032

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Recent research indicates a potential association between workplace violence and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the working-age population. However, the relevant evidence in the United States is sparse. Thus, this study was conducted to explore the possible relationship between workplace violence and CVD among United States workers.
Methods
We utilized cross-sectional data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey, which included a representative sample of 18 380 workers, to investigate the associations between workplace violence and the prevalence of CVD using logistic regression. Workplace violence was determined based on self-reported threats, bullying, or harassment at work over the past 12 months, supplemented with additional information regarding frequency. CVD included all forms of heart disease and stroke.
Results
A total of 1334 workers reported experiences of workplace violence, and 1336 workers were diagnosed with CVD. After adjustment for covariates, participants who reported any instance of workplace violence had significantly higher odds of having CVD (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35 to 2.30) than those who reported no such violence. Furthermore, the highest odds of CVD (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.63) were observed among those frequently exposed to workplace violence. Even occasional exposure to workplace violence was associated with 74% excess odds of CVD.
Conclusions
Our study indicates an association between workplace violence and CVD in United States workers, exhibiting a dose-response pattern.

Summary

Citations

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Work as a social determinant of health on cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases: A literature review
Anjanette Wells, Melissa Previtera, Michael Markey, Kelly J Brunst, Marepalli Rao, Emily A Adkins, Tongfan Wu, Julia Rodner, Amit Bhattacharya
WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation.2025; 82(2): 578. CrossRef
The Role of Transformational Leadership in Prevention of Workplace Bullying and Psychosomatic Disorders in Non-university Women Teachers
Pedro R. Gil-Monte, Begoña Espejo, Irene Checa, Pedro Gil-LaOrden
International Journal of Bullying Prevention.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
El efecto de los factores psicosociales laborales sobre el estrés y bienestar de trabajadores de restaurantes y bares de México
Claudia Saldaña Orozco, Oscar Iván Gutiérrez-Carvajal, Jean David Polo-Vargas, Guadalupe Montserrat Ibarra Rentería, Leidy Alejandra Franco
Cuadernos de Administración.2024; 40(80): e2213596. CrossRef

Effect Modification of Kidney Function on the Non-linear Association Between Serum Calcium Levels and Cardiovascular Mortality in Korean Adults: Jung-Ho Yang, Sun-Seog Kweon, Young-Hoon Lee, Seong-Woo Choi, So-Yeon Ryu, Hae-Sung Nam, Hye-Yeon Kim, Min-Ho Shin; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(3):282-290. Published online May 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.068

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the potential interaction between kidney function and the non-linear association between serum calcium levels and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.
Methods
This study included 8927 participants enrolled in the Dong-gu Study. Albumin-corrected calcium levels were used and categorized into 6 percentile categories: <2.5th, 2.5-25.0th, 25.0-50.0th, 50.0-75.0th, 75.0-97.5th, and >97.5th. Restricted cubic spline analysis was used to examine the non-linear association between calcium levels and CVD mortality. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD mortality according to serum calcium categories. All survival analyses were stratified by the estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Results
Over a follow-up period of 11.9±2.8 years, 1757 participants died, of whom 219 died from CVD. A U-shaped association between serum calcium and CVD mortality was found, and the association was more evident in the low kidney function group. Compared to the 25.0-50.0th percentile group for serum calcium levels, both low and high serum calcium tended to be associated with CVD mortality (<2.5th: HR, 6.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 33.56; >97.5th: HR, 2.56; 95% CI, 0.76 to 8.66) in the low kidney function group. In the normal kidney function group, a similar association was found between serum calcium levels and CVD mortality (<2.5th: HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.58 to 3.27; >97.5th: HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 0.70 to 3.93).
Conclusions
We found a non-linear association between serum calcium levels and CVD mortality, suggesting that calcium dyshomeostasis may contribute to CVD mortality, and kidney function may modify the association.

Summary

Korean summary
- 혈중 칼슘 농도와 심혈관 질환에 의한 사망은 U자형의 비선형 연관성을 보였다. - 혈중 칼슘 농도와 심혈관 질환에 의한 사망의 비선형 연관성은 신기능이 정상인 그룹보다 신기능이 낮은 그룹에서 더 유의하게 나타났다.

Citations

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Diabetes‐Specific Serum Calcium Thresholds for Mortality Risk: A NHANES Nutritional Epidemiology Study
Ling Li, Shuangyu Yang, Xiao Ran, Sudong Liu
Food Science & Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Decomposition of Socioeconomic Inequality in Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence in the Adult Population: A Cohort-based Cross-sectional Study in Northwest Iran: Farhad Pourfarzi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(3):297-306. Published online May 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.051

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality is increasing in developing countries. This study aimed to decompose the socioeconomic inequality of CVD in Iran.
Methods
This cross-sectional population-based study was conducted on 20 519 adults who enrolled in the Ardabil Non-Communicable Disease cohort study. Principal component analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used, respectively, to estimate socioeconomic status and to describe the relationships between CVD prevalence and the explanatory variables. The relative concentration index, concentration curve, and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition model were used to measure and decompose the socioeconomic inequality.
Results
The overall age-adjusted prevalence of CVD was 8.4% in northwest Iran. Multivariable logistic regression showed that older adults, overweight or obese adults, and people with hypertension and diabetes were more likely to have CVD. Moreover, people with low economic status were 38% more likely to have CVD than people with high economic status. The prevalence of CVD was mainly concentrated among the poor (concentration index, -0.077: 95% confidence interval, -0.103 to -0.060), and 78.66% of the gap between the poorest and richest groups was attributed to differences in the distribution of the explanatory variables included in the model.
Conclusions
The most important factors affecting inequality in CVD were old age, chronic illness (hypertension and diabetes), marital status, and socioeconomic status. This study documented stark inequality in the prevalence of CVD, wherein the poor were more affected than the rich. Therefore, it is necessary to implement policies to monitor, screen, and control CVD in poor people living in northwest Iran.

Summary

Citations

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Relationship between social determinants of health and stroke, and the moderating and mediating effect of depression
YongYing Zhang, Bin Zhang, Honghua Zhuang, Yushan Yin
Journal of Affective Disorders.2026; 394: 120469. CrossRef
Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Cardiovascular Disease
George Bazoukis, Joseph Loscalzo, Jennifer L. Hall, Sandeep Chandra Bollepalli, Jagmeet P. Singh, Antonis A. Armoundas
Journal of the American Heart Association.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Global Perspective on Socioeconomic Determinants of Cardiovascular Health
Bart Wilder, Alejandro Pinedo, Salaheldin Abusin, David Ansell, Adrian Matias Bacong, James Calvin, Sung Whoy Cha, Rami Doukky, Faisal Hasan, Shengyuan Luo, Ahmet Afşin Oktay, Latha Palaniappan, Natasha Rana, Frederick Berro Rivera, Basmah Fayaz, Ahmed Al
Canadian Journal of Cardiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Brief Report

Impact of Admission Diagnosis on the Smoking Cessation Rate: A Brief Report From a Multi-centre Inpatient Smoking Cessation Programme in Singapore: Jason Jia Hao See, Kay Choong See; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(5):381-386. Published online July 17, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.134

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Abstract PDF: Objectives
Few studies have been published regarding the relevance of the admission diagnosis to the smoking cessation rate. We studied smoking cessation rates in relation to admission diagnoses in our inpatient smoking cessation programmes.
Methods
This retrospective study included all patients recruited into our inpatient smoking cessation programmes at 2 institutions in Singapore between June 2008 and December 2016. Patients were given individualized intensive counselling and were followed up via phone interviews for up to 6-month to assess their smoking status. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse potential associations between admission diagnoses and 6-month abstinence.
Results
A total of 7194 patients were included in this study. The mean age was 54.1 years, and 93.2% were male. In total, 1778 patients (24.7%) were abstinent at the 6-month follow-up call. Patients who quit smoking tended to be of Chinese ethnicity, have initiated smoking at a later age, be better educated, and have lower Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence scores. After adjusting for these factors, patients with a cardiovascular admission diagnosis had a significantly higher probability of quitting tobacco use than patients with a respiratory or other diagnosis.
Conclusions
In patients acutely admitted to the hospital, a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease was associated with the highest quit rate. Smoking cessation interventions need to be incorporated into all cardiovascular disease treatment pathways to leverage the patient’s motivation and to improve the quit rate. In addition, patients in groups with lower quit rates may benefit from more intensive programmes to increase the rate of successful cessation.; Summary

Original Articles

Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prediction of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in Farmers: A Korean Nationwide Population-based Study: Solam Lee, Hunju Lee, Hye Sim Kim, Sang Baek Koh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(5):313-322. Published online July 14, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.156

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study was conducted to determine the incidence and risk factors of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke in farmers compared to the general population and to establish 5-year prediction models.
Methods
The farmer cohort and the control cohort were generated using the customized database of the National Health Insurance Service of Korea database and the National Sample Cohort, respectively. The participants were followed from the day of the index general health examination until the events of MI, stroke, or death (up to 5 years).
Results
In total, 734 744 participants from the farmer cohort and 238 311 from the control cohort aged between 40 and 70 were included. The age-adjusted incidence of MI was 0.766 and 0.585 per 1000 person-years in the farmer and control cohorts, respectively. That of stroke was 0.559 and 0.321 per 1000 person-years in both cohorts, respectively. In farmers, the risk factors for MI included male sex, age, personal history of hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, creatinine, metabolic syndrome components (blood pressure, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Those for stroke included male sex, age, personal history of hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, high γ-glutamyl transferase, and metabolic syndrome components (blood pressure, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). The prediction model showed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.735 and 0.760 for MI and stroke, respectively, in the farmer cohort.
Conclusions
Farmers had a higher age-adjusted incidence of MI and stroke. They also showed distinct patterns in cardiovascular risk factors compared to the general population.

Summary

Citations

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Ischemic heart disease and stroke in male couriers: a cohort study using the national health insurance data and national employment insurance data
Jiyoung Yoon, Jeehee Min, Eun Mi Kim, Jaiyong Kim, Inah Kim
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Is Farming a Risk Occupation for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases? A Scoping Review on Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease Risk in Farmers
Hyeonjun Kim, Wongeon Jung, Sunjin Jung, Seunghyeon Cho, Inho Jung, Hansoo Song, Ki-Soo Park, Seong-Yong Yoon, Joo Hyun Sung, Seok-Ju Yoo, Won-Ju Park
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(6): 521. CrossRef
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Educational Intervention Based on the Health Belief Model to Modify Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Police Officers in Iran: A Quasi-experimental Study: Mohsen Saffari, Hormoz Sanaeinasab, Hassan Jafarzadeh, Mojtaba Sepandi, Keisha-Gaye N. O'Garo, Harold G. Koenig, Amir H. Pakpour; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(4):275-284. Published online June 18, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.095

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Police officers may be at a greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) than the general population due to their highstress occupation. This study evaluated how an educational program based on the health belief model (HBM) may protect police officers from developing CVD.
Methods
In this single-group experimental study, 58 police officers in Iran participated in a 5-week intervention based on HBM principles. Outcomes included changes in scores on an HBM scale, time spent on moderate to vigorous physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), body mass index (BMI), blood lipid profile, blood glucose, and blood pressure. The intervention consisted of 5 HBM-based educational sessions. Follow-up was conducted at 3 months post-intervention. The paired t-test was used to examine differences between baseline and follow-up scores.
Results
All aspects of the HBM scale improved between baseline and follow-up (p<0.05), except the cues to action subscale. Self-efficacy and preventive behaviors improved the most. BMI decreased from 26.7±2.9 kg/m² at baseline to 25.8±2.4 kg/m² at follow-up. All components of the lipid profile, including triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein, showed significant improvements post-intervention. Blood glucose and blood pressure also decreased, but not significantly. Nearly 25% of participants who were not physically active at baseline increased their physical activity above or beyond the healthy threshold.
Conclusions
A relatively brief educational intervention based on HBM principles led to a significant improvement in CVD risk factors among police officers. Further research is needed to corroborate the effectiveness of this intervention.

Summary

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Brief Report

Age-period-cohort Analysis of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Japan, 1995-2018: Tasuku Okui; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(3):198-204. Published online April 14, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.037

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study aimed to analyze the mortality of heart disease (HD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) through an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis.
Methods
We used data on mortality due to cardiovascular disease from 1995 to 2018 in Japan, as determined by Vital Statistics. Age groups from 0 years to 99 years were defined by 5-year increments, and cohorts were defined for each age group of each year with a 1-year shift. We used Bayesian APC analysis to decompose the changes in the diseases’ mortality rates into age, period, and cohort effects.
Results
The period effects for all diseases decreased during the analyzed periods for both men and women. The cohort effects for men increased substantially in cohorts born from around 1940 to the 1970s for all types of cardiovascular diseases. The cohort effects of HD decreased in the cohorts born in the 1970s or later for both men and women. Regarding IHD and CeVD, either a non-increase or decrease of cohort effects was confirmed for cohorts born in the 1970s or later for men, but the effects for women showed a continuously increasing trend in the cohorts born in the 1960s or later.
Conclusions
The cohort effects for IHD and CeVD showed increasing trends in younger generations of women. This suggests that preventive approaches against cardiovascular diseases are needed, particularly for women.

Summary

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Original Article

Effects of Comorbid Sleep Disorders on Cardiovascular Complications of Hypertension Among Patients With Newly-diagnosed Hypertension: An Analysis of the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort: Jeongmook Kang, Yoon-Hyung Park, Kwang Ik Yang, Jose Rene Bagani Cruz, Young Hwangbo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(1):37-44. Published online November 6, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.248

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
This study investigated the effects of comorbid sleep disorders (SD) on the incidence of cardiovascular complications among newly-diagnosed hypertension (HTN) patients.
Methods
As study population, 124 057 newly-diagnosed essential HTN patients aged 30 or older, without cardiovascular complications at diagnosis with HTN, were selected from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. The incidence of cardiovascular complications was calculated, Cox proportional-hazards regression model was used to analyze the risk of complications, and the population attributable fraction (PAF) for cardiovascular complications of having comorbid SD at HTN diagnosis was calculated.
Results
Over 10 years, 32 275 patients (26.0%) developed cardiovascular complications. In HTN patients with comorbid SD at diagnosis of HTN, the incidence of cardiovascular complications (78.3/1000 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 75.8 to 80.9) was higher than in those without comorbid SD (58.6/1000 person-years; 95% CI, 57.9 to 59.3) and the risk of cardiovascular complications was 1.21 times higher (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.25), adjusting for age, gender, income, area of residence, and comorbid diabetes mellitus. The PAF of having comorbid SD at diagnosis of HTN for the incidence of cardiovascular complications was 2.07% (95% CI, 1.69 to 2.44).
Conclusions
Newly-diagnosed essential HTN patients aged 30 or older who had comorbid SD at the time of their HTN diagnosis had a higher incidence of cardiovascular complications than those without comorbid SD. Age, gender, income, area of residence, and comorbid diabetes mellitus had a significant effect on the incidence of cardiovascular complications. Approximately 2% of cardiovascular complications were found to occur due to the presence of SD.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구 결과 심뇌혈관 합병증이 없었던 30세 이상 신규 일차성 고혈압 환자에서 고혈압 진단시 수면장애을 동반한 경우 심뇌혈관합병증 발생율은 78.3/1000인년(95% CI 75.8-80.9)으로 나타났으며, 수면장애을 동반하지 않은 경우 심뇌혈관합병증 발생율은 58.6/1000인년(95%CI 57.9-59.3)인 것으로 관찰되었다. 고혈압 진단시의 연령, 성별, 수입, 거주지역, 동반된 당뇨병력을 보정한 다중회귀분석에서 수면장애병력이 있는 고혈압 환자군의 심뇌혈관합병증 발생 위험도는 수면장애병력이 없는 환자에 비하여 1.21배(95% CI 1.17-1.25) 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 연구대상자에게 발생한 심뇌혈관합병증의 약 2%는 고혈압 진단시 동반된 수면장애가 기여한 것으로 분석되었다.

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Zheng Luo, Jing Zhang, Maoting Guo, Dongmei Wu
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Review

Measurement of Socioeconomic Position in Research on Cardiovascular Health Disparities in Korea: A Systematic Review: Chi-Young Lee, Yong-Hwan Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(5):281-291. Published online August 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.094

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The validity of instruments measuring socioeconomic position (SEP) has been a major area of concern in research on cardiovascular health disparities. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify the current status of the methods used to measure SEP in research on cardiovascular health disparities in Korea and to provide directions for future research.
Methods
Relevant articles were obtained through electronic database searches with manual searches of reference lists and no restriction on the date of publication. SEP indicators were categorized into compositional, contextual, composite, and life-course measures.
Results
Forty-eight studies published from 2003 to 2018 satisfied the review criteria. Studies utilizing compositional measures mainly relied on a limited number of SEP parameters. In addition, these measures hardly addressed the time-varying and subjective features of SEP. Finding valid contextual measures at the organizational, community, and societal levels that are appropriate to Korea’s context remains a challenge, and these are rarely modeled simultaneously. Studies have rarely focused on composite and life-course measures.
Conclusions
Future studies should develop and utilize valid compositional and contextual measures and appraise social patterns that vary across time, place, and culture using such measures. Studies should also consider multilevel influences, adding a focus on the interactions between different levels of intertwined SEP factors to advance the design of research. More attention should be given to composite and life-course measures.

Summary

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Original Articles

Cardiovascular Disease–related Health Beliefs and Lifestyle Issues Among Karen Refugees Resettled in the United States From the Thai-Myanmar (Burma) Border: Akiko Kamimura, Kai Sin, Mu Pye, Hsien-Wen Meng; J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(6):386-392. Published online November 2, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.098

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Refugees resettled in the US may be at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, little is known about CVD-related issues among Karen refugees who have migrated to the US from the Thai-Myanmar border. The purpose of this study was to examine CVD-related health beliefs and lifestyle issues among Karen refugees resettled in the US.
Methods
Karen refugees resettled in the US from the Thai-Myanmar border (n=195) participated in a survey study on health beliefs related to CVD, salt intake, physical activity (PA), and smoking in the fall of 2016.
Results
A high-salt diet, physical inactivity, and smoking were major lifestyle problems. Participants who adhered to a low-salt diet considered themselves to be susceptible to CVD. Most participants did not engage in regular PA. Regular PA was associated with less perceived susceptibility to CVD and greater perceived benefits of a healthy lifestyle for decreasing the likelihood of CVD.
Conclusions
Each refugee population may require individualized strategies to promote PA and a healthy diet. Future studies should develop health education programs that are specifically designed for Karen refugees and evaluate such programs. In addition to health education programs on healthy lifestyle choices, tobacco cessation programs seem to be necessary for Karen refugees. At the same time, it is important to foster strategies to increase the utilization of preventive care among this population by promoting free or reduced-fee resources in the community to further promote their health.

Summary

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High Level Physical Activity and Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 2007-2013: Kyounghoon Park, Byung-Joo Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(5):320-327. Published online September 5, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.073

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The purpose of our study was to evaluate the association between the intensity of physical activity (PA) and prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) using Korean representative data. Methods: We analyzed 39 804 participant data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2013. Exposure variable was three levels of PA (low, medium, and high) in a week, and outcome variable was prevalence of CVD based on patient self-recognition and doctor’s diagnosis. Complex logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between level of PA and CVD adjusted by body mass index, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, stress recognition, household income, smoking, and current drinking. The indices of association w ere estimated as crude prevalence odds ratio (POR), adjusted POR, and their 95% confidence interval (CI). All statistical analyzes were performed using complex sample analysis procedure of the SPSS version 23.0. Results: When all variables were adjusted, only high level PA in women showed a significant association with stroke (adjusted POR by patient’s self-recognition, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.99, adjusted POR by doctor’s diagnosis, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.87) and CVD (adjusted POR by doctor’s diagnosis, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.96). Conclusions: High level PA in women has a significant reverse association with prevalence of stroke and CVD in Korea. Further study for elucidating the mechanism will be needed.

Summary

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C-reactive Protein Concentration Is Associated With a Higher Risk of Mortality in a Rural Korean Population: Jung Hyun Lee, Hyungseon Yeom, Hyeon Chang Kim, Il Suh, Mi Kyung Kim, Min-Ho Shin, Dong Hoon Shin, Sang-Baek Koh, Song Vogue Ahn, Tae-Yong Lee, So Yeon Ryu, Jae-Sok Song, Hong-Soon Choe, Young-Hoon Lee, Bo Youl Choi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(5):275-287. Published online August 23, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.025

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory biomarker, has been widely used as a preclinical marker predictive of morbidity and mortality. Although many studies have reported a positive association between CRP and mortality, uncertainty still remains about this association in various populations, especially in rural Korea.
Methods
A total of 23 233 middle-aged participants (8862 men and 14 371 women) who were free from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and acute inflammation (defined by a CRP level ≥10 mg/L) were drawn from 11 rural communities in Korea between 2005 and 2011. Blood CRP concentration was analyzed as a categorical variable (low: 0.0-0.9 mg/L; intermediate: 1.0-3.0 mg/L; high: 3.1-9.9 mg/L) as well as a continuous variable. Each participant’s vital status through December 2013 was confirmed by death statistics from the National Statistical Office. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the independent association between CRP and mortality after adjusting for other risk factors.
Results
The total quantity of observed person-years was 57 975 for men and 95 146 for women, and the number of deaths was 649 among men and 367 among women. Compared to the low-CRP group, the adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality of the intermediate group was 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98 to 1.40) for men and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.61) for women, and the corresponding values for the high-CRP group were 1.98 (95% CI, 1.61 to 2.42) for men and 1.41 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.95) for women. Similar trends were found for CRP evaluated as a continuous variable and for cardiovascular mortality.
Conclusions
Higher CRP concentrations were associated with higher mortality in a rural Korean population, and this association was more prominent in men than in women.

Summary

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The Impact of Educational Status on 10-Year (2004-2014) Cardiovascular Disease Prognosis and All-cause Mortality Among Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients in the Greek Acute Coronary Syndrome (GREECS) Longitudinal Study: Venetia Notara, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Yannis Kogias, Petros Stravopodis, Antonis Antonoulas, Spyros Zombolos, Yannis Mantas, Christos Pitsavos; J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(4):220-229. Published online June 24, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.005

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The association between educational status and 10-year risk for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and all-cause mortality was evaluated.
Methods
From October 2003 to September 2004, 2172 consecutive ACS patients from six Greek hospitals were enrolled. In 2013 to 2014, a 10-year follow-up (2004-2014) assessment was performed for 1918 participants (participation rate, 88%). Each patient’s educational status was classified as low (<9 years of school), intermediate (9 to 14 years), or high (>14 years).
Results
Overall all-cause mortality was almost twofold higher in the low-education group than in the intermediate-education and high-education groups (40% vs. 22% and 19%, respectively, p<0.001). Additionally, 10-year recurrent ACS events (fatal and non-fatal) were more common in the low-education group than in the intermediate-education and high-education groups (42% vs. 30% and 35%, p<0.001), and no interactions between sex and education on the investigated outcomes were observed. Moreover, patients in the high-education group were more physically active, had a better financial status, and were less likely to have hypertension, diabetes, or ACS than the participants with the least education (p<0.001); however, when those characteristics and lifestyle habits were accounted for, no moderating effects regarding the relationship of educational status with all-cause mortality and ACS events were observed.
Conclusions
A U-shaped association may be proposed for the relationship between ACS prognosis and educational status, with participants in the low-education and high-education groups being negatively affected by other factors (e.g., job stress, depression, or loneliness). Public health policies should be aimed at specific social groups to reduce the overall burden of cardiovascular disease morbidity.

Summary

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The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and the Framingham Risk Score in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Intervention Over the Last 17 Years by Gender: Time-trend Analysis From the Mayo Clinic PCI Registry: Moo-Sik Lee, Andreas J. Flammer, Hyun-Soo Kim, Jee-Young Hong, Jing Li, Ryan J. Lennon, Amir Lerman; J Prev Med Public Health. 2014;47(4):216-229. Published online July 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.4.216

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study aims to investigate trends of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor profiles over 17 years in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients at the Mayo Clinic. Methods: We performed a time-trend analysis within the Mayo Clinic PCI Registry from 1994 to 2010. Results were the incidence and prevalence of CVD risk factors as estimate by the Framingham risk score. Results: Between 1994 and 2010, 25 519 patients underwent a PCI. During the time assessed, the mean age at PCI became older, but the gender distribution did not change. A significant trend towards higher body mass index and more prevalent hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes was found over time. The prevalence of current smokers remained unchanged. The prevalence of ever-smokers decreased among males, but increased among females. However, overall CVD risk according to the Framingham risk score (FRS) and 10-year CVD risk significantly decreased. The use of most of medications elevated from 1994 to 2010, except for β-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors decreased after 2007 and 2006 in both baseline and discharge, respectively. Conclusions: Most of the major risk factors improved and the FRS and 10-year CVD risk declined in this population of PCI patients. However, obesity, history of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, and medication use increased substantially. Improvements to blood pressure and lipid profile management because of medication use may have influenced the positive trends.

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Cardiovascular Health Metrics and All-cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Middle-aged Men in Korea: The Seoul Male Cohort Study: Ji Young Kim, Young-Jin Ko, Chul Woo Rhee, Byung-Joo Park, Dong-Hyun Kim, Jong-Myon Bae, Myung-Hee Shin, Moo-Song Lee, Zhong Min Li, Yoon-Ok Ahn; J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(6):319-328. Published online November 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.6.319

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

This study estimated the association of cardiovascular health behaviors with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in middle-aged men in Korea.

Methods

In total, 12 538 men aged 40 to 59 years were enrolled in 1993 and followed up through 2011. Cardiovascular health metrics defined the following lifestyle behaviors proposed by the American Heart Association: smoking, physical activity, body mass index, diet habit score, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose. The cardiovascular health metrics score was calculated as a single categorical variable, by assigning 1 point to each ideal healthy behavior. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio of cardiovascular health behavior. Population attributable risks (PARs) were calculated from the significant cardiovascular health metrics.

Results

There were 1054 total and 171 CVD deaths over 230 690 person-years of follow-up. The prevalence of meeting all 7 cardiovascular health metrics was 0.67%. Current smoking, elevated blood pressure, and high fasting blood glucose were significantly associated with all-cause and CVD mortality. The adjusted PARs for the 3 significant metrics combined were 35.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.7 to 47.4) and 52.8% (95% CI, 22.0 to 74.0) for all-cause and CVD mortality, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios of the groups with a 6-7 vs. 0-2 cardiovascular health metrics score were 0.42 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.59) for all-cause mortality and 0.10 (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.29) for CVD mortality.

Conclusions

Among cardiovascular health behaviors, not smoking, normal blood pressure, and recommended fasting blood glucose levels were associated with reduced risks of all-cause and CVD mortality. Meeting a greater number of cardiovascular health metrics was associated with a lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality.

Summary

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Special Article

An Update on Accumulating Exercise and Postprandial Lipaemia: Translating Theory Into Practice: Masashi Miyashita, Stephen F Burns, David J Stensel; J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(Suppl 1):S3-S11. Published online January 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.S.S3

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Abstract PDF

Over the last two decades, significant research attention has been given to the acute effect of a single bout of exercise on postprandial lipaemia. A large body of evidence supports the notion that an acute bout of aerobic exercise can reduce postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations. However, this effect is short-lived emphasising the important role of regular physical activity for lowering TAG concentrations through an active lifestyle. In 1995, the concept of accumulating physical activity was introduced in expert recommendations with the advice that activity can be performed in several short bouts throughout the day with a minimum duration of 10 minutes per activity bout. Although the concept of accumulation has been widely publicised, there is still limited scientific evidence to support it but several studies have investigated the effects of accumulated activity on health-related outcomes to support the recommendations in physical activity guidelines. One area, which is the focus of this review, is the effect of accumulating exercise on postprandial lipaemia. We propose that accumulating exercise will provide additional physical activity options for lowering postprandial TAG concentrations relevant to individuals with limited time or exercise capacity to engage in more structured forms of exercise, or longer bouts of physical activity. The benefits of accumulated physical activity might translate to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in the long-term.

Summary

Citations

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Xiaoyuan Zhang, Chen Zheng, Robin S. T. Ho, Masashi Miyashita, Stephen Heung Sang Wong
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Anatoli Petridou, Vassilis Mougios
International Journal of Sports Medicine.2022; 43(12): 1013. CrossRef
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Kanako Edamoto, Hyun-Hun Jung, Tetsuhiro Kidokoro, Takuma Yanaoka, Kyoko Kashiwabara, Masaki Takahashi, Masashi Miyashita
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Original Articles

Interaction of Body Mass Index and Diabetes as Modifiers of Cardiovascular Mortality in a Cohort Study: Seung Hyun Ma, Bo-Young Park, Jae Jeong Yang, En-Joo Jung, Yohwan Yeo, Yungi Whang, Soung-Hoon Chang, Hai-Rim Shin, Daehee Kang, Keun-Young Yoo, Sue Kyung Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(6):394-401. Published online November 29, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.394

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

Diabetes and obesity each increases mortality, but recent papers have shown that lean Asian persons were at greater risk for mortality than were obese persons. The objective of this study is to determine whether an interaction exists between body mass index (BMI) and diabetes, which can modify the risk of death by cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods

Subjects who were over 20 years of age, and who had information regarding BMI, past history of diabetes, and fasting blood glucose levels (n=16 048), were selected from the Korea Multi-center Cancer Cohort study participants. By 2008, a total of 1290 participants had died; 251 and 155 had died of CVD and stroke, respectively. The hazard for deaths was calculated with hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) by Cox proportional hazard model.

Results

Compared with the normal population, patients with diabetes were at higher risk for CVD and stroke deaths (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.33 to 2.56; HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.20 to 2.76; respectively). Relative to subjects with no diabetes and normal BMI (21 to 22.9 kg/m²), lean subjects with diabetes (BMI <21 kg/m²) had a greater risk for CVD and stroke deaths (HR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.57 to 5.09; HR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.58 to 6.76; respectively), while obese subjects with diabetes (BMI ≥25 kg/m²) had no increased death risk (p-interaction <0.05). This pattern was consistent in sub-populations with no incidence of hypertension.

Conclusions

This study suggests that diabetes in lean people is more critical to CVD deaths than it is in obese people.

Summary

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Associations of Serum Ferritin and Transferrin % Saturation With All-cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Follow-up Study: Ki-Su Kim, Hye-Gyeong Son, Nam-Soo Hong, Duk-Hee Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(3):196-203. Published online May 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.3.196

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

Even though experimental studies have suggested that iron can be involved in generating oxidative stress, epidemiologic studies on the association of markers of body iron stores with cardiovascular disease or cancer remain controversial. This study was performed to examine the association of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation (%TS) with all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality.

Methods

The study subjects were men aged 50 years or older and postmenopausal women of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-1994. Participants were followed-up for mortality through December 31, 2006.

Results

Serum ferritin was not associated with all-cause, cancer, or cardiovascular mortality for either men or postmenopausal women. However, all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality were inversely associated with %TS in men. Compared with men in the lowest quintile, adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality were 0.85, 0.86, 0.76, and 0.74 (p for trend < 0.01), 0.82, 0.73, 0.75, and 0.63 (p for trend < 0.01), and 0.86, 0.81, 0.72, and 0.76 (p for trend < 0.01), respectively. For postmenopausal women, inverse associations were also observed for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, but cancer mortality showed the significantly lower mortality only in the 2nd quintile of %TS compared with that of the 1st quintile.

Conclusions

Unlike speculation on the role of iron from experimental studies, %TS was inversely associated with all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in men and postmenopausal women. On the other hand, serum ferritin was not associated with all-cause, cancer, or cardiovascular mortality.

Summary

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Indoor Physical Activity Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Elderly Women: Soyoung Park, Joongyub Lee, Dong Yoon Kang, Chul Woo Rhee, Byung-Joo Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(1):21-28. Published online January 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.1.21

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a medium to high degree of total physical activity and indoor physical activity were associated with reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among elderly Korean women.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was done to evaluate the association between physical activity and mortality. The cohort was made up of elderly (≥65 years of age) subjects. Baseline information was collected with a self-administered questionnaire and linked to death certificates retrieved from a database. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) levels.

Results

Women who did not suffer from stroke, cancer, or ischemic heart disease were followed for a median of 8 years (n=5079). A total of 1798 all-cause deaths were recorded, of which 607 (33.8%) were due to cardiovascular disease. The group with the highest level of total physical activity and indoor physical activity was significantly associated to a reduced all-cause mortality (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.71 and HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.67, respectively) compared to the group with the lowest level of total physical activity and indoor physical activity. Additionally, the group with the highest level of total physical activity and indoor physical activity was significantly associated to a lower cardiovascular disease mortality (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.71 and HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.67, respectively) compared to the group with the lowest level of total physical activity and indoor physical activity.

Conclusions

Our study showed that regular indoor physical activity among elderly Korean women has healthy benefits.

Summary

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English Abstracts

The Association Between Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Lipid Profiles in Healthy Woman Workers.: Kieun Moon, Sook Hee Sung, Youn Koun Chang, Il Keun Park, Yun Mi Paek, Soo Geun Kim, Tae In Choi, Young Woo Jin; J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(3):213-221.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.3.213

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Plasma lipid profiles and Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) are established risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The knowledge of lipid profile may estimate the potential victims of cardiovascular disease before its initiation and progression and offers the opportunity for primary prevention. The most common ApoE polymorphism has been found to influence plasma lipid concentrations and its correlation with CVD has been extensively investigated in the last decade. METHODS: The ApoE polymorphism and its influence on plasma lipid were investigated in healthy woman workers. The information on confounding factors was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire and ApoE polymorphism was investigated using PCR. RESULTS: The relative frequencies of alleles E2, E3 and E4 for the study population (n=305) were 0.127, 0.750 and 0.121, respectively. ApoE polymorphism was associated with variations in plasma HDL-cholesterol lipid profile. In order to estimate the independent effects of alleles E2 and E4, as compared with E3, on lipid profile, multiple regression was performed after adjustment for confounding variables such as age, BMI, blood pressure, education status, insulin, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, menopause. ApoE2 had a negative association with HDL cholesterol and ApoE4 had a positive association with LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified that the ApoE and CVD risk factors contribute to the lipid profiles, similar to other studies. The analysis including dietary intake and other gene in further studies may help to identify clear effects on lipid profiles as risk factor for CVD.

Summary

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The Relationship between Physical Activity and Clustering of Metabolic Abnormalities in Children.: Hyun Jin Son, Mi Kyung Kim, Hyun Ja Kim, Ho Kim, Bo Youl Choi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(6):427-433.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.6.427

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to assess the association between physical activity and the clustering of metabolic abnormalities among Korean children. The effect of substituting moderate to vigorous physical activity for the time spent in inactivity was examined as well. METHODS: The study subjects were comprised of 692 (354 boys, 338 girls) 4th grade elementary school students. We used a modified form of the physical activity questionnaire that was developed in the Five-City Project. The subjects with clustering of metabolic abnormalities were defined as having two or more of the following five characteristics: waist circumference > or =90 %, systolic or diastolic blood pressure > or =90 %, fasting glucose > or =110 mg/dl, triglycerides > or =110 mg/dl and HDL cholesterol < or =40 mg/dl. We calculated the odds ratios to assess the effect of substituting moderate to vigorous physical activity for time spent in inactivity. RESULTS: The risk of clustered metabolic abnormalities was inversely correlated with the increased time spent on moderate to vigorous physical activity, but the correlation was not significant. The odds ratio for clustering of metabolic abnormalities that represented the effect of substituting moderate to vigorous physical activity for 30minutes of sedentary activity was 0.87 (95% CI=0.76-1.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that substituting moderate to vigorous physical activity for sedentary activity could decrease the risk of clustered metabolic abnormalities.

Summary

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Xue Cheng, Qiya Guo, Lahong Ju, Weiyi Gong, Xiaoqi Wei, Xiaoli Xu, Liyun Zhao, Hongyun Fang
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Study on the Health Status of the Residents near Military Airbases in Pyeongtaek City.: Hyunjoo Kim, Sangchul Roh, Ho Jang Kwon, Ki Chung Paik, Moo Yong Rhee, Jae Yun Jeong, Myung Ho Lim, Mi Jin Koo, Chang Hoon Kim, Hae Young Kim, Jeong Hun Lim, Dong Hyun Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(5):307-314.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.5.307

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OBJECTIVES
We conducted an epidemiologic survey to evaluate the effect of the aircraft noise exposure on the health of the residents near the military airbases in Pyeongtaek City. METHODS: The evaluation of environmental noise level, questionnaire survey, and health examination were performed for 917 residents. The study population consisted of four groups: subjects who lived in the village close to the fighter airbase (high exposure), subjects who lived along the course of fighters (intermediate exposure), and subjects near a helicopter airbase, and the control group. RESULTS: The prevalence of the aircraft noise related accident and irritable bowel syndrome in the exposure groups were higher than that of the control group. The risks of noise induced hearing loss, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were higher in the exposed groups than in the control group. The prevalence of anxiety disorder and primary insomnia were higher in the exposed groups than in the control group. Prevalence odd ratios of the risk for primary insomnia after adjusting age, sex, agricultural noise, and occupation were 4.03 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.56-10.47] for the subject near the helicopter airbase, 1.23 (95% CI 0.40-3.76) for those intermediately exposed to fighter noise, and 4.99 (95% CI 2.14-11.64) for those highly exposed to fighter noise. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that the aircraft noise may have adverse effects on hearing function, cardiovascular health and mental health. Therefore, it seems to be needed to take proper measures including the control of the aircraft noise and the management of the exposed people's health.

Summary

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Impact of Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors on the Carotid Intima-media Thickness in Young Adults: The Kangwha Study.: Hoo Sun Chang, Hyeon Chang Kim, Song Vogue Ahn, Nam Wook Hur, Il Suh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(5):411-417.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.5.411

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OBJECTIVES
Although risk factors for coronary artery disease are also associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), there is little information available on the asymptomatic, young adult population. We examined the association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and the common carotid IMT in 280 young Korean adults. METHODS: The data used for this study was obtained from 280 subjects (130 men and 150 women) aged 25 years who participated in the Kangwha Study follow-up examination in 2005. We measured cardiovascular risk factors, including anthropometrics, blood pressure, blood chemistry, carotid ultrasonography, and reviewed questionnaires on health behaviors. Risk factors were defined as values above the sex-specific 75th percentile of systolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, fasting blood glucose and smoking status. RESULTS: The mean carotid IMT+/-standard deviation observed was 0.683+/-0.079 mm in men and 0.678+/-0.067 mm in women (p=0.567) and the evidence of plaque was not observed in any individuals. Mean carotid IMT increased with an increasing number of risk factors(p for trend <0.001) and carotid IMT values were 0.665 mm, 0.674 mm, 0.686 mm, 0.702 mm, and 0.748 mm for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 to 5 risk factors, respectively. The odds ratio for having the top quartile carotid IMT in men with 3 or more risk factors versus 0-2 risk factors was 5.09 (95% CI, 2.05-12.64). CONCLUSIONS: Current findings indicate the need for prevention and control of cardiovascular risk factors in young adults and more focus on those with multiple cardiovascular risk factors.

Summary

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English Abstract

The Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Korean Cardiocerebrovascular Risk Assessment: for Male Researchers in a Workplace.: Jongwan Yoon, Kyungjin Yi, Janggyun Oh, Sangyun Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(5):397-403.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.5.397

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has recently increased. Payments from the Korea Labor Welfare Corporation for compensation for mortality in workers caused by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have also increased in Korea in recent years. The association of metabolic syndrome and cardiocere brovascular disease has been investigated by several researchers in recent studies. This study was conducted in an attempt to characterize the relationship between metabolic syndrome and Korean cardiocerebrovascular disease risk assessment, and to provide basic data to group health practices for the prevention of cardiocere brovascular disease. METHODS: Health examinations were previously conducted for 1526 male researchers at a private laboratory. The prevalence by age and the odds ratio of metabolic syndrome scores into the "cardiocerebrovascular risk group" (sum of low, intermediate, and high risk groups) of the Korean cardiocerebrovascular disease risk assessment were assessed, in an effort to elucidate the associations between metabolic syndrome and cardiocere brovascular disease risk assessment. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and inclusion in the cardiocerebrovascular risk group was 11.7% and 22.1% respectively. The severity of metabolic syndrome and cardiocerebrovascular risk assessment showed that individuals in their 40's and 50's were at higher risk than those in their 30's (p<0.001). The age-adjusted odds ratio of metabolic syndrome to cardiocere brovascular risk group inclusion was 5.6. CONCLUSIONS: An active prevention program for cardiocerebrovascular disease needs to begin in the 40's, as the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the risk group of cardiocerebrovascular risk assessment peak in the 40's age group. The odds ratio between metabolic syndrome and the cardiocerebrovascular risk group was high, which indicates that metabolic syndrome scores should be utilized as guidelines during the consultation and behavioral modification program for the workplace prevention of cardiocerebrovascular diseases in group health practices.

Summary

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Original Articles

The Association between the Psychosocial Well-being Status and Adverse Lipid Profiles in a Rural Korean Community.: Chang Hoon Kim, Myoung Hee Kim, Sung Il Cho, Jung Hyun Nam, Bo Youl Choi; Korean J Prev Med. 2003;36(1):24-32.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To identify the psychosocial well-being status in a rural community, and examine the association between the psychosocial well-being status and adverse lipid profile. METHOD: In 2001, we surveyed 575 subjects in Yangpyoung, Kyounggido, including medical examination, fasting-blood sample and questionnaires for the psychosocial well-being status, socioeconomic position and behavioral risk factors. The logistic regression analysis was used to examine explanatory factors of the psychosocial well-being status, and association between the psychosocial well-being status and adverse lipid profiles. RESULT: The association between the psychosocial well-being status and adverse lipid profiles was not strong. The total cholesterol and triglyceridelevels were associated with psychosocial well-being. The adjusted odds ratio for moderate psychosocial well-being relating to total cholesterol was 1.90 (95%CI, 0.82-4.04), but that for triglyceride was 0.65 (95%CI, 0.36-1.21). The HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol level were not associated with the psychosocial well-being status. CONCLUSION: The total cholesterol and psychosocial well-being status were weakly associated, but the between the psychosocial well-being status and adverse lipid profiles were not consistent.; Summary

Quantifying the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Attributable to Total Suspended Particulate and Sulfur Dioxide Using Years Lived with Disability.: Seok Jun Yoon, Beom Man Ha, Jong Won Kang, Ho Jang Kwon; Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(2):92-98.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVE
To estimate the burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to the total suspended particulates (TSP) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in Korea using the YLD (years lived with disability) measurement. METHODS: Congestive heart failure(CHF) and myocardial infarction (MI) were chosen as the main cardiovascular diseases whose causes are attributable to the TSP and SO2 levels. In order to calculate the YLD (years lived with a disability), the following parameters in the formula were estimated. : the incidence rate, the case fatality rate, The expected duration of a disability and the average age of onset were estimated. The expected duration of a disability and the average age of onset were calculated using the DISMOD method, as developed by the GBD researchers. The burden of cardiovascular disease due to TSP and SO2 was estimated using the number of years that the patient lived with a disability. RESULTS: The YLD of the CHF due to the TSP and SO2 was attributed to the TSP (94.4 person-year) and SO2 levels (35.0 person-year). The YLD of the MI due to the TSP and SO2 was attributed to the TSP (148.4 person-year) and SO2 levels(27.6 person-year). CONCLUSION: The YLD method employed in this study was appropriate for quantifying the burden of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it would provide a rational basis for planning a national health policy regarding the disease burden of the risk factors in Korea.; Summary

Correlation between Obesity Indices and Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Usefullness of Abdominal Obesity Indices.: Hunyoung Ha, Bo Youl Choi, Hung Bae Park; Korean J Prev Med. 1997;30(2):327-341.

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Abstract PDF: It is a well known fact that obesity is an important cause of cardiovascular disease, emphasized by many studies. Recently, cardiovascular diseaase has been found to correlate not only to the extent of obesity, but also the fat distribution of the individual; especially, focusing on obesity of the abdomen. Unfortunately, the proposed indices for abdominal obesity are numerous, and the results vary according to the index chosen. Three-hundred and twelve bus drivers in November, 1995, were chosen as subjects of this study. The author chose to measure serum lipid levels, fasting blood sugar levels and blood pressure, that are thought to be important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Obesity indices were calculated using anthropometric measurements. We were able to evaluate the significance of obesity indices by examining correlations between these indices and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The abdominal obesity indices and risk factors of cardiovascular disease, the levels of total cholesterol in the serum, fasting blood sugar levels, and diastolic blood pressure, increased significantly according to age. 2. There was a significant difference in the abdominal obesity indices according to drinking and smoking habits controlled for age. Among the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, triglyceride and diastolic pressures had significant differences according to the presence or absence of a drinking history controlled for age. 3. Although all obesity indices showed significant correlations, the weakest correlation was between BMI and abdominal diameter index and the strongest correlation was between sagittal diameter and sagittal diameter matched for height. 4. There was a negative correlation between HDL-cholesterol and obesity indices. The weakest correlation was between fasting blood sugar levels and both SD and SDH showed correlations with the risk factors. 5. There was a significant correlation between SD and total cholesterol in the serum and fasting blood sugars controlled for age, drinking, and BMI. 6. After categorizing the subjects into 2 separate age groups at the 40 year mark, in the less than 40 year old age group, controlled for drinking and BMI, the results of comparitive studies have shown correlations between total cholesterol serum levels and waist-hip ratio, conicity-index, and SD. There were correlations between fasting blood sugar levels and SD, ADI, and SDH. There were no correlations between obesity indices and both total cholesterol serum levels and fasting blood sugar levels in the greater than 40 year old age group. There were significant correlations between abdominal obesity indices and total serum cholesterol or fasting blood sugar levels in the less than 40 year old age group, but no correlations in the age group over 40. These correlated factors between abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease are assumed to exist in Korea as well. Furthermore, in this study a high correlation was found between SD, SDH and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Even when controlled for age, drinking, smoking, and BMI, the correlations between risk factors of cardiovascular disease and these indices exist. Therefore, the obesity indices, SD and SDH may prove to be important prognostic indicators or risk factors of cardiovascular disease; Summary

English Abstracts

The Effect of Exercise Type on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Index Factors in Male Workers.: Nam Jin Kim, Suk In Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(6):462-468.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the effects of three exercise types on anthropometric and serum lipids and physiological index factors, which are known to be the three risk factors of cardiovascular disease in male workers. METHODS: The experimental study period was 12 weeks. In this study, 30-40's males (N=31) were assigned to 3 experimental groups: regular aerobic(treadmill walking) exercise group, regular anaerobic(muscular endurance) exercise group, irregular aerobic & anaerobic exercise group and a control group using a stratified random assignment method. RESULTS: In relation to anthropometric factors, the regular aerobic & anaerobic exercise groups showed significant decreases in Weight, Broca's index, WC, BMI, WHtR, WHpR and HRrest. With regard to the serum lipid factors, the TC was decreased, but the HDL-c increased among the regular aerobic & anaerobic exercise groups. However, no significant difference was found between the other groups in respect to the LDL-c and TG. Considering the physiological factors, the TC/HDL-c, TC-HDL/HDL-c, LDLc/HDL-c and NON-HDL-c ratios were decreased, but the HDL-c/TC ratio increased among the regular aerobic & anaerobic exercise groups. The TG/HDL-c and HDL-c/LDLc ratios showed no significant differences between the groups. These results indicated that the positive change for each factor is much larger in the regular exercise groups, especially in the anaerobic exercise group. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that not only regular aerobic exercise, but also regular anaerobic(muscular endurance) exercise could be utilized in lessening the deleterious effects of the risk index factors for cardiovascular disease.; Summary

Relationship between Corrected QT Interval and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Young Healthy Adults: The Kangwha Study.: Song Vogue Ahn, Hyeon Chang Kim, Nam Wook Hur, Kyoung Soo Ha, Hoo Sun Jang, Jin Bae Kim, Il Suh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(6):455-461.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Prolongation of the heart rate-corrected QT (QTc) interval has been reported to be associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, few studies have examined the relationship between the QTc interval and cardiovascular risk factors in young healthy people. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between the QTc interval and cardiovascular risk factors in young healthy adults. METHODS: This study was performed as part of the Kangwha study, which started in 1986, and is an on-going follow-up study on blood pressure and related cardiovascular risk factors. In follow-up examinations during 2005, cardiovascular risk factors, including anthropometrics, blood pressure, blood chemistry and carotid ultrasonography, were measured, and questionnaires on health behaviors completed by 127 men and 149 women aged 25 years. The QTc interval was measured on the resting 12-lead electrocardiogram using an automatic analysis program. RESULTS: The mean QTc interval was significantly longer in women (419+/-17ms) than in men (405+/-17ms) (p<0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between the QTc interval and waist-hip ratio (p=0.030) in men. Women showed a positive correlation between the QTc interval and systolic blood pressure (p=0.017). On a multiple regression analysis, the QTc interval was positively associated with the waist-hip ratio in men (p=0.012) and with the systolic blood pressure (p=0.020) in women. CONCLUSIONS: In young healthy Korean adults, the QTc interval was independently associated with the waist-hip ratio in men and with the systolic blood pressure in women.; Summary

Estimation of a Nationwide Statistics of Hernia Operation Applying Data Mining Technique to the National Health Insurance Database.: Sunghong Kang, Seok Kyung Seo, Yeong Ja Yang, Aekyung Lee, Jong Myon Bae; J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(5):433-437.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to develop a methodology for estimating a nationwide statistic for hernia operations with using the claim database of the Korea Health Insurance Cooperation (KHIC). METHODS: According to the insurance claim procedures, the claim database was divided into the electronic data interchange database (EDI_DB) and the sheet database (Paper_DB). Although the EDI_DB has operation and management codes showing the facts and kinds of operations, the Paper_DB doesnjt. Using the hernia matched management code in the EDI_DB, the cases of hernia surgery were extracted. For drawing the potential cases from the Paper_DB, which doesnjt have the code, the predictive model was developed using the data mining technique called SEMMA. The claim sheets of the cases that showed a predictive probability of an operation over the threshold, as was decided by the ROC curve, were identified in order to get the positive predictive value as an index of usefulness for the predictive model. RESULTS: Of the claim databases in 2004, 14,386 cases had hernia related management codes with using the EDI system. For fitting the models with applying the data mining technique, logistic regression was chosen rather than the neural network method or the decision tree method. From the Paper_DB, 1,019 cases were extracted as potential cases. Direct review of the sheets of the extracted cases showed that the positive predictive value was 95.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that applying the data mining technique to the claim database in the KHIC for estimating the nationwide surgical statistics would be useful from the aspect of execution and cost-effectiveness.; Summary

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Dipstick Urine Protein, as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Mortality in Korean Men: Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study.: Kyoungsoo Ha, Hyeon Chang Kim, Dae Ryong Kang, Chung Mo Nam, Song Vogue Ahn, Il Suh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(5):427-432.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was to investigate if the dipstick proteinuria can predict cardiovascular mortality in a population of Korean men. METHODS: We measured urine protein and other cardiovascular risk factors in 100059 Korean men, aged between 35-59 years in 1990 and 1992. Levels of proteinuria measured by dipstick method were trace or less, 1+, 2+, and 3+ or greater. The primary outcomes were deaths from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and others in a 12 year follow-up from 1993 to 2004. RESULTS: The multivariate-adjusted relative risks (95% CI) for cardiovascular death according to the level of proteinuria (1+, 2+, 3+ and more) in 1990 examination were 2.18 (1.36-3.48), 2.55 (1.37-4.78), and 4.57 (2.16-9.66) respectively. The corresponding relative risks according to the level of proteinuria in 1992 examination were 2.49 (1.71-3.64), 2.64 (1.53-4.58), and 2.78 (1.15-6.73). The relative risks for cardiovascular death of men with proteinuria (1+ or greater) once and twice among the examinations were 2.18 (1.63-2.92) and 3.75 (2.27-6.18), compared with men without proteinuria in 1990 and 1992 examinations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that dipstick proteinuria is associated with cardiovascular mortality in Korean men. Dipstick proteinuria could be a predictor for cardiovascular mortality.; Summary

English Abstracts

The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Position and the Predicted Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease with Using Health Risk Appraisal.: Dong Hee Koh, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Sun Shil Han, Sun Ha Jee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(4):359-364.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The object of this study is to assess the relationship between socioeconomic factors and the predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease by using health risk appraisal of ischemic heart disease. METHODS: The study population was taken from The 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey, and it consisted of 1,566 men and 1,984 women aged 30-59. We calculated 10-year risk using the risk function of ischemic heart disease as developed by Jee. The educational level and equivalized household income were dichotomized by a 12 years education period and the median income level. Occupation was dichotomized into manual/non-manual work. We stratified the population by age(10 years) and sex, and then we rated the risk differences according to socioeconomic factors by performing t-tests for each strata. RESULTS: There were gradients of the predicted 10-year risk of ischemic heart disease with the educational level and the equivalized household income, and thet was an increasing tendency of risk differences with age. Manual workers didn't show significant risk difference from nonmanual workers. CONCLUSIONS: There was definite relationship between low socioeconomic position and the predicted risk of ischemic heart disease in the future.; Summary

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in School-aged Children.: Young Ran Tak, E Hwa Yun, Ji Yeon An, Bong Suk Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2005;38(3):366-372.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVE
This study was conducted to assess the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors (serum lipid profiles, BMI, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar) and evaluate the risk profile of CVD by the clustering of the cardiovascular risk factors in school-aged children in the Kyoung-Gi area. METHODS: The study sample consists of 208 11 year-old children (51.4% boys, 48.6% girls) who participated in a cross-sectional screening of cardiovascular risk factors. We surveyed their socio-demographic characteristics, measured the anthropometric variables and analyzed the biochemical markers. RESULTS: Of the cardiovascular risk factors, the percentage risk of the BMI, dyslipidememia and hypertension were highest. The prevalence rates of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in girls was higher than in boys. Also, the associations of the BMI, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were highly significant. In addition, the proportion of subjects with 1, 2, 3 and 4 or more risk factors were 29.3, 12.5, 2.9 and 1.9%, respectively; therefore, a total of 97 subjects (46.6%) had at least one more risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: From these findings, we concluded that the rates of hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular risk groups and obesity prevalence of these groups were relatively high. These data provide further evidence that the early intervention for cardiovascular health prevention and promotion in school-aged children is necessary at the population level.; Summary

The Association between Serum GGT Level within Normal Range and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases.: Ji Seun Lim, Yu Jin Kim, Byung Yeol Chun, Jin Hoon Yang, Duk Hee Lee, Sin Kam; J Prev Med Public Health. 2005;38(1):101-106.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
We conducted this study to examine the association between serum GGT levels within the normal range and the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases METHODS: We examined the cross-sectional association between serum GGT and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), and uric acid among 975 subjects that participated in the health examination of a university hospital located in Daegu city. All the patients' GGT levels were within the normal range. RESULTS: After adjustment were made for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, drinking frequency, exercise frequency and coffee intake, the serum GGT level was positively associated with fasting blood glucose (p< 0.01), total cholesterol (p< 0.01), and triglyceride (p< 0.01) in men, and it was positively associated with fasting blood glucose (p< 0.01), total cholesterol (p< 0.05), triglyceride (p< 0.01), and uric acid (p< 0.01) in women. The associations were not significantly different depending on the status of alcohol drinking or obesity, except for the associations of serum GGT with diastolic blood pressure (P for interaction=0.04) and uric acid (P for interaction=0.04) between the lean and obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Serum GGT levels within the normal range were positively associated with fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and uric acid in most subgroups irrespective of the drinking or obesity status. These results suggest that GGT has important clinical implications as being more than just a marker of alcohol consumption and hepatobiliary disease.; Summary

Original Article

Association between Alcohol Drinking and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality and All-cause Mortality: Kangwha Cohort Study.: Sang Wook Yi, Sang Hyun Yoo, Jae Woong Sull, Heechoul Ohrr; J Prev Med Public Health. 2004;37(2):120-126.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIONS: This study sought to examine relationships between alcohol drinking and cardiovascular disease mortality and all-cause mortality. METHODS: From March 1985 through December 1999, 2, 696 males and 3, 595 females aged 55 or over as of 1985 were followed up for their mortality until 31 December 1999. We calculated the mortality risk ratios by level of alcohol consumption. Among the drinker, the level of alcohol consumption was calculated by the frequency of alcohol comsumption and the type of alcohol. Cox proportional hazard model was used to adjust for confounding factors. RESULTS: Among males, compared to abstainer, heavy drinker had significantly higher mortality in all cause (Risk ratio=1.35), cardiovascular disease (Risk ratio=1.52) and cerebrovascular disease (Risk ratio =1.66). Although not significant, moderate drinker had lower ischemic heart disease mortality (Risk ratio =0.38). Among females, there was no statistically significant association between alcohol comsumption and mortality. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that alcohol drinking has harmful effect on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality and cerebrovascular disease mortality among males, especially in heavy drinker among males. Minimal evidence on protective effect for cardiovascular disease mortality in low or moderate drinker is observed.; Summary

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