Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

The Impact of Student-led Community Health Screenings on Clients’ Health Knowledge and Outcomes: A Qualitative Study in New Zealand: JiaRong Yap, Wendy Wenming Zhai, Cindy Seunghee Pak, Sharon Brownie; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(2):167-176. Published online November 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.366

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
This study investigated the impact of community health screenings (CHS) on the Asian community, focussing on the role of a student-led health and wellness centre in promoting and improving health outcomes. The CHS is a collaboration between Te Kotahi Oranga | Health and Wellness Centre and The Asian Network Incorporated, offering free health screenings to Asian migrants in the Waikato region, New Zealand.
Methods
Employing a qualitative approach, we interviewed clients who participated in the CHS to determine their perceptions regarding the effectiveness of the programme, its influence on their health knowledge and actions, and their overall satisfaction with the service. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist was used to report the study.
Results
Data analysis utilising reflexive thematic analysis yielded 5 themes: satisfaction and appreciation for the free health screening; strengthened commitment to better personal health; barriers and challenges in accessing public healthcare services; improved knowledge and awareness of health risks; and provision of more health screening tests and health seminars. The findings highlight the significance of culturally tailored health initiatives in addressing healthcare disparities, emphasising the need for innovative strategies to ensure continuity of care and support for underserved populations.
Conclusions
This research contributes to the understanding of how student-led health interventions can enhance public health efforts and improve health outcomes in Asian and migrant communities.; Summary

Key Message
This study explores the impact of a student-led community health screening (CHS) programme on Asian migrants in New Zealand, focusing on its effects on health knowledge and outcomes. Through qualitative interviews, five key themes emerged: participant satisfaction, commitment to personal health, barriers to healthcare access, increased awareness of health risks, and the need for expanded screening services. The findings underscore the value of culturally tailored health initiatives in reducing healthcare disparities and highlight the role of student-led interventions in enhancing preventative care and promoting health equity in underserved populations.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Dengue Prevention Among Health Volunteers in an Urban Area – Malang, Indonesia: Alidha Nur Rakhmani, Lilik Zuhriyah; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(2):176-184. Published online February 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.484

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Objectives
The dengue prevention program known as “One House One Mosquito Larva Inspector” involves health volunteers who play a crucial role in the surveillance of mosquito larvae and reporting their findings to local public health officials. This study aimed to identify factors related to the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of dengue prevention behavior among these health volunteers.
Methods
A study was conducted in 5 sub-districts in Malang, an urban area in Indonesia. We employed a cross-sectional design and utilized a semi-structured questionnaire to assess the KAP of 400 health volunteers. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews.
Results
Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals with a more positive attitude (odds ratio [OR], 1.69; p<0.05) and those with family sizes greater than five persons (OR, 1.90; p<0.05) were more likely to engage in effective dengue prevention practices. Additionally, possesing good knowledge was significantly assocated with more positive attitude (OR, 2.24; p<0.001). Furthermore, 40% reduction in positive attitude was observed in those over 45 years (OR, 0.60; p<0.05). The best practices most frequently reported by the majority of respondents included always reporting their surveillance activities (75.8%) and cleaning the water container in the bathroom at least once a week (65.2%). However, only 52.2% of respondents regularly checked for mosquito larvae in their neighborhood.
Conclusions
Sustainable promotion and training for the “One House One Mosquito Larva Inspector” initiative are necessary, particularly among young health volunteers, to improve dengue prevention behaviors both within their own homes and in the surrounding environment.

Summary

Key Message
The study among health volunteers emphasizes that better knowledge and younger age < 45 were associated with a positive attitude. While a positive attitude and family size > 5 persons were associated with better dengue prevention practices. Therefore, there is a need for sustained promotion and training among health volunteers to enhance the knowledge and attitude that may shape good dengue prevention practices.

Citations

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A Spatial Analysis on Heterogenous Determinant of Dengue Fever Cases in Indonesia
Yessi Rahmawati, Iqram Ramadhan Jamil, Isnawati Hidayah
Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding dengue vaccine: a baseline study of community members and health providers in Indonesia
Abdul Wahab, Ida Safitri Laksanawati, Retna Siwi Padmawati, Asal Wahyuni Erlin Mulyadi, Wahyu Triadmajani, Jarir At Thobari
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2025; 68(3): 228. CrossRef
Time series analysis of dengue incidence in Bandung City, Indonesia using a ARIMA model
Agung Sutriyawan, Martini Martini, Dwi Sutiningsih, Farid Agushybana, Nur Endah Wahyuningsih, Victor Eneojo Adamu, Hairil Akbar, Matheus Aba
Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology.2024; 101(6): 803. CrossRef

Perspective

A Lifestyle Communication Tool: Association of E-cigarette Use and Pre-diabetes: Nilanga Aki Bandara, Tanisha Vallani, Xuan Randy Zhou, Senara Hansini Palihawadane, Rochelle Gamage, Miles Mannas, Jay Herath; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(4):384-387. Published online July 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.086

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Abstract PDF: The aim of this study was to present a framework for clinicians to use when discussing electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and its association with pre-diabetes. A communication tool was designed using evidence-based strategies from the academic literature. A four-step framework is presented, which includes: step (1) helping patients to understand the association between e-cigarette use and pre-diabetes; step (2) the synergistic health impacts of e-cigarette use and pre-diabetes; step (3) management of diabetes-related lifestyle factors; and step (4) stages of change assessment related to e-cigarette reduction. This communication tool provides support for clinicians to discuss the risk of pre-diabetes associated with e-cigarette use. Moving forward, implementation and evaluation of this model are needed.; Summary

Original Articles

Evaluation of the Public Health Emergency Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Daegu, Korea During the First Half of 2020: Hwajin Lee, Keon-Yeop Kim, Jong-Yeon Kim, Sin Kam, Kyeong Soo Lee, Jung Jeung Lee, Nam Soo Hong, Tae-Yoon Hwang; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(4):360-370. Published online June 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.068

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study evaluated the response in Daegu, Korea to the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic according to a public health emergency response model.
Methods
After an examination of the official data reported by the city of Daegu and the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as a literature review and advisory meetings, we chose a response model. Daegu’s responses were organized into 4 phases and evaluated by applying the response model.
Results
In phase 1, efforts were made to block further transmission of the virus through preemptive testing of a religious group. In phase 2, efforts were concentrated on responding to mass infections in high-risk facilities. Phase 3 involved a transition from a high-intensity social distancing campaign to a citizen participation–based quarantine system. The evaluation using the response model revealed insufficient systematic preparation for a medical surge. In addition, an incorporated health-related management system and protection measures for responders were absent. Nevertheless, the city encouraged the participation of private hospitals and developed a severity classification system. Citizens also played active roles in the pandemic response by practicing social distancing.
Conclusions
This study employed the response model to evaluate the early response in Daegu to the COVID-19 pandemic and revealed areas in need of improvement or maintenance. Based on the study results, creation of a systematic model is necessary to prepare for and respond to future public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 공중보건 위기대응 모형을 적용하여 코로나19 1차 유행에 대한 대구시의 대응을 평가하였습니다. 모형의 세부적 요소인 15개 역량에 따른 평가 결과, 대구의 대응에서 개선 또는 유지해야 할 영역들이 확인되었습니다. 이 결과를 바탕으로, 한국형 공중보건 위기대응 모형을 체계적으로 구축해야 할 것입니다.

Citations

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Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on blood glucose levels in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Min Hyung Cho, Young Suk Shim, Hae Sang Lee
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 30(1): 25. CrossRef
Factors influencing psychological concerns about COVID-19 in South Korea: direct and indirect damage during the early stages of pandemic
Min-sung Kim, Sung-il Cho
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimation of the Effectiveness of a Tighter, Reinforced Quarantine for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak: Analysis of the Third Wave in South Korea
Marn Joon Park, Ji Ho Choi, Jae Hoon Cho
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Crossover Food Businesses in Louisiana, United States: A Descriptive Study of Their Characteristics and Food Safety Training Needs From Public Health Inspectors’ Perspective: Wenqing Xu, Evelyn Watts, Carolyn Bombet, Melissa Cater; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(3):289-296. Published online May 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.013

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Integrating retail and manufacturing enables limitless potential for food businesses, but also creates challenges for navigating within complex food safety regulations. From public health inspectors’ (PHIs) perspective, this study aimed (1) to describe the characteristics of crossover businesses in Louisiana, and (2) to evaluate regulation awareness and food safety education needs for business owners and PHIs who inspect crossover businesses.
Methods
A self-administered questionnaire was administered to Louisiana Department of Health PHIs using Qualtrics®. A descriptive analysis was performed, focusing on the frequency of each item.
Results
In total, 1774 retailers were conducting or planned to conduct specialized processes, while 552 food manufacturers were performing or planned to perform retail functions. Reduced oxygen packaging, the use of additives such as vinegar as a method of preservation, and smoking food as a method of preservation were observed by 62%, 36%, and 35% of the PHIs, respectively. The PHIs perceived crossover businesses as “not aware” or “somewhat aware” of the food safety regulations. The current food safety training level for these businesses was reported to range from “no training” to “some training but not sufficient.” When asked for a self-assessment, the majority of PHIs reported themselves as being “familiar” with the variance requirement for specialized processing. Their confidence in inspecting crossover businesses, however, leaned towards “not confident” or “somewhat confident.”
Conclusions
To better guard public health, food safety training is needed for crossover food business owners, as well as PHIs, on regulations and conducting or inspecting specialized processes.

Summary

Citations

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Food is Medicine Initiative for Mitigating Food Insecurity in the United States
Vidya Sharma, Ramaswamy Sharma
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(2): 96. CrossRef

A Regionalization Model to Increase Equity of Access to Maternal and Neonatal Care Services in Iran: Zahra Mohammadi Daniali, Mohammad Mehdi Sepehri, Farzad Movahedi Sobhani, Mohammad Heidarzadeh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(1):49-59. Published online December 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.401

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Access to maternal and neonatal care services (MNCS) is an important goal of health policy in developing countries. In this study, we proposed a 3-level hierarchical location-allocation model to maximize the coverage of MNCS providers in Iran.
Methods
First, the necessary criteria for designing an MNCS network were explored. Birth data, including gestational age and birth weight, were collected from the data bank of the Iranian Maternal and Neonatal Network national registry based on 3 service levels (I, II, and III). Vehicular travel times between the points of demand and MNCS providers were considered. Alternative MNCS were mapped in some cities to reduce access difficulties.
Results
It was found that 130, 121, and 86 MNCS providers were needed to respond to level I, II, and III demands, respectively, in 373 cities. Service level III was not available in 39 cities within the determined travel time, which led to an increased average travel time of 173 minutes to the nearest MNCS provider.
Conclusions
This study revealed inequalities in the distribution of MNCS providers. Management of the distribution of MNCS providers can be used to enhance spatial access to health services and reduce the risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity. This method may provide a sustainable healthcare solution at the policy and decision-making level for regional, or even universal, healthcare networks.

Summary

Citations

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Global, Regional and National Burden of Maternal Obstructed Labour and Uterine Rupture, 1990–2021: Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Zhifeng Guo, Wangquan Ji, Mengqing Yan, Yang Shi, Teng Chen, Fanghui Bai, Yu Wu, Zhe Guo, Linlin Song
Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology.2025; 39(2): 135. CrossRef
Epidemiology and Clinical Features of COVID-19 among 4,015 Neonates in Iran: Results of the National Study from the Iranian Maternal and Neonatal Network
David A. Schwartz, Parisa Mohagheghi, Fereshteh Moshfegh, Nazanin Zafaranloo, Narjes Khalili, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Abbas Habibelahi, Roya Ghafoury, Fatemeh Afrashteh
American Journal of Perinatology.2024; 41(S 01): e1698. CrossRef
Global burden and inequality of maternal and neonatal disorders: based on data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study
R Peng, Y Tong, M Yang, J Wang, L Yang, J Zhu, Yu Liu, H Wang, Z Shi, Ya Liu
QJM: An International Journal of Medicine.2024; 117(1): 24. CrossRef
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Marcos Vinícius Andrade de Campos, Romário dos Santos Lopes de Assis, Marcone Jamilson Freitas Souza, Eduardo Camargo de Siqueira, Maria Amélia Lopes Silva, Sérgio Ricardo de Souza
Operations Research for Health Care.2024; 41: 100430. CrossRef
An integrated location–allocation model for reducing disparities and increasing accessibility to public health screening centers
João Flávio de Freitas Almeida, Lásara Fabrícia Rodrigues, Luiz Ricardo Pinto, Francisco Carlos Cardoso de Campos
Healthcare Analytics.2024; 6: 100349. CrossRef
Association Between Maternal Co-morbidities and Cesarean Delivery Outcomes: A Retrospective Study
Sara Farzadi, Fatemeh Hosseinzadeh, Soheil Soltanipour, Samaneh Ghazanfar Tehran, Maryam Kounani, Mahin Tayefeh Ashrafiyeh, Gelareh Biazar
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An optimization model for equitable accessibility to magnetic resonance imaging technology in developing countries
João Flávio de Freitas Almeida, Samuel Vieira Conceição, Virgínia Silva Magalhães
Decision Analytics Journal.2022; 4: 100105. CrossRef

Socio-demographic Determinants of Low Physical Activity in Peruvian Adults: Results of a Population-based Survey Performed in 2017-2018: Akram Hernández-Vásquez, Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(6):461-470. Published online November 7, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.418

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of low physical activity (PA) in Peruvian adults and to identify associated factors.
Methods
An analytical study was performed using data from the 2017-2018 Nutritional Food Surveillance by Life Stages survey. The outcome variable was low PA (yes or no), assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form. Prevalence ratios were estimated as a measure of association.
Results
Among the 1045 persons included in the analysis, the age-standardized prevalence of low PA was 61.9%. The adjusted model showed that being female and migrating from a rural to an urban area in the last 5 years were associated with a higher probability of having low PA than males and individuals who had not migrated, while residing in rural highlands and jungle areas was associated with a reduced probability of having low PA compared to people residing in other geographic domains.
Conclusions
Being a female and migration from a rural to an urban area in the last 5 years were associated with a higher likelihood of having low PA. Therefore, promotion and prevention strategies related to PA are required, especially in the female and migrant populations.

Summary

Citations

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Jung-Eun Lee, Anthony Kityo, Sang-Ah Lee
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Association between Altitude and the Framingham Risk Score: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Peruvian Adult Population
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(7): 3838. CrossRef
Prevalence of Prehypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Profiles among Adults in Peru: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(13): 7867. CrossRef

Systematic Review

A Systematic Review of Spatial and Spatio-temporal Analyses in Public Health Research in Korea: Han Geul Byun, Naae Lee, Seung-sik Hwang; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(5):301-308. Published online August 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.160

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Despite its advantages, it is not yet common practice in Korea for researchers to investigate disease associations using spatio-temporal analyses. In this study, we aimed to review health-related epidemiological research using spatio-temporal analyses and to observe methodological trends.
Methods
Health-related studies that applied spatial or spatio-temporal methods were identified using 2 international databases (PubMed and Embase) and 4 Korean academic databases (KoreaMed, NDSL, DBpia, and RISS). Two reviewers extracted data to review the included studies. A search for relevant keywords yielded 5919 studies.
Results
Of the studies that were initially found, 150 were ultimately included based on the eligibility criteria. In terms of the research topic, 5 categories with 11 subcategories were identified: chronic diseases (n=31, 20.7%), infectious diseases (n=27, 18.0%), health-related topics (including service utilization, equity, and behavior) (n=47, 31.3%), mental health (n=15, 10.0%), and cancer (n=7, 4.7%). Compared to the period between 2000 and 2010, more studies published between 2011 and 2020 were found to use 2 or more spatial analysis techniques (35.6% of included studies), and the number of studies on mapping increased 6-fold.
Conclusions
Further spatio-temporal analysis-related studies with point data are needed to provide insights and evidence to support policy decision-making for the prevention and control of infectious and chronic diseases using advances in spatial techniques.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 국내 시공간 분석을 활용한 역학연구를 체계적 문헌고찰을 통해 검토하였다. 의료이용, 형평성, 건강행동 관련 주제가 가장 많았고, 두 가지 이상의 공간분석 기법을 적용한 사례가 늘었으며, 단순 지도화를 적용한 연구가 가장 많았다. 향후 시공간 분석 결과를 이용해 질병 예방과 관리 정책에 적극적으로 활용할 필요가 있다.

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Special Article

Trends of the Global Hepatitis C Disease Burden: Strategies to Achieve Elimination: Nathalie Brunner, Philip Bruggmann; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(4):251-258. Published online June 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.151

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Abstract PDF

Hepatitis C infection is responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates globally as well as for significant indirect costs. The disease burden caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is comparable to the one caused by human immunodeficiency virus or tuberculosis. Today, simple detection methods, highly effective and easy to administer therapies and efficient preventative measures are available to combat hepatitis C. Nevertheless, in most countries around the world, the World Health Organization target of eliminating this infectious disease and its consequences by 2030 are not being met. Significant gaps in care for hepatitis C sufferers still exist, the shortcomings ranging from education and treatment to aftercare. Hepatitis C infection was and still is not on the radar of most politicians and health authorities. National programmes and strategies to combat the disease exist or are being developed in many countries. However, for these to be implemented efficiently and successfully, clear political commitment, strong civil society actors, well-functioning public health structures and the relevant support from global donors are needed.

Summary

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COVID-19: Original Article

Associations Between Compliance With Non-pharmaceutical Interventions and Social-distancing Policies in Korea During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Yu Seong Hwang, Heui Sug Jo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(4):230-237. Published online June 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.139

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study explored changes in individuals’ behavior in response to social distancing (SD) levels and the “no gatherings of more than 5 people” (NGM5) rule in Korea during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods
Using survey data from the COVID-19 Behavior Tracker, exploratory factor analysis extracted 3 preventive factors: maintenance of personal hygiene, avoiding going out, and avoiding meeting people. Each factor was used as a dependent variable. The chi-square test was used to compare differences in distributions between categorical variables, while binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with high compliance with measures to prevent transmission.
Results
In men, all 3 factors were significantly associated with lower compliance. Younger age groups were associated with lower compliance with maintenance of personal hygiene and avoiding meeting people. Employment status was significantly associated with avoiding going out and avoiding meeting people. Residence in the capital area was significantly associated with higher compliance with personal hygiene and avoiding venturing out. Increasing SD levels were associated with personal hygiene, avoiding going out, and avoiding meeting people. The NGM5 policy was not significantly associated with compliance.
Conclusions
SD levels, gender, age, employment status, and region had explanatory power for compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Strengthening social campaigns to inspire voluntary compliance with NPIs, especially focused on men, younger people, full-time workers, and residents of the capital area is recommended. Simultaneously, efforts need to be made to segment SD measures into substrategies with detailed guidance at each level.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구에서는 대한민국 정부가 COVID-19 방역 정책으로 시행한 ‘사회적 거리두기 단계 조절’과 ‘5인 이상 집합 금지 조치’에 대한 개인의 순응도를 파악하였다. 이를 위해 영국 임페리얼 대학이 2020년 4월부터 2021년 4월까지 24회에 걸쳐 한국인 총 13,300명에게 개인 행동을 조사한 공개 데이터를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 더 높은 수준의 사회적 거리두기 단계 – 특히 다중이용시설들이 폐쇄되는 2.5 단계 -에서 비약물적 중재 조치의 순응도와 더 강한 상관관계를 보였다. 그러나 5인 이상 집합금지는 순응도와 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않아 사람들이 모임 인원을 제한할 뿐 지속적으로 모임을 하는 것으로 해석된다. 연령, 성별, 직업 구분, 거주지와 같은 인구-사회학적 특성들이 순응도에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으므로, 낮은 순응도를 보이는 인구집단의 순응도를 고취시킬 수 있도록 세부적인 전략 (예: 재택근무, 온라인회의, 온라인 수업 권장 등)이 필요하다.

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COVID-19: Perspective

Interpretation of the Basic and Effective Reproduction Number: Jun-Sik Lim, Sung-Il Cho, Sukhyun Ryu, Son-Il Pak; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(6):405-408. Published online October 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.288

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Abstract PDF

In epidemiology, the basic reproduction number (R0) is a term that describes the expected number of infections generated by 1 case in a susceptible population. At the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, R0 was frequently referenced by the public health community and the wider public. However, this metric is often misused or misinterpreted. Moreover, the complexity of the process of estimating R0 has caused difficulties for a substantial number of researchers. In this article, in order to increase the accessibility of this concept, we address several misconceptions related to the threshold characteristics of R0 and the effective reproduction number (Rt). Moreover, the appropriate interpretation of the metrics is discussed. R0 should be considered as a population-averaged value that pools the contact structure according to a stochastic transmission process. Furthermore, it is necessary to understand the unavoidable time lag for Rt due to the incubation period of the disease.

Summary

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Perspective

Yemen’s Cholera Epidemic Is a One Health Issue: Qin Xiang Ng, Michelle Lee Zhi Qing De Deyn, Wayren Loke, Wee Song Yeo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(4):289-292. Published online June 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.154

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Abstract PDF

Yemen has been faced with the worst cholera epidemic of modern times, with more than 1 million suspected cases and 3000 deaths at the time of writing. This problem is largely due to the longstanding civil war between pro-government forces and the Houthi armed movement, which has severely damaged already vulnerable sanitation and healthcare facilities and systems in the country. It is further compounded by a dire lack of basic amenities, chronic malnutrition, and unfavourable weather conditions. Another contributory component may be aerial transfer by cholera-infected chironomid insects. To contain the spread of cholera in Yemen, a nation-wide armistice should be negotiated, and national and local committees must be convened to coordinate efforts on the ground. Community isolation facilities with proper sanitation, reliable disposal systems, and a clean water supply should be set up to isolate and treat sick patients. The continuity of vaccination programmes should be ensured. Public health campaigns to educate local communities about good hygiene practices and nutrition are also necessary. The One Health paradigm emphasizes a multi-sectoral and transdisciplinary understanding and approach to prevent and mitigate the threat of communicable diseases. This paradigm is highly applicable to the ongoing cholera crisis in Yemen, as it demands a holistic and whole-of-society approach at the local, regional, and national levels. The key stakeholders and warring parties in Yemen must work towards a lasting ceasefire during these trying times, especially given the extra burden from the mounting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak worldwide.

Summary

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COVID-19: Perspective

A Hidden Key to COVID-19 Management in Korea: Public Health Doctors: Sejin Choi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(3):175-177. Published online April 14, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.105

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Abstract PDF

Public health doctors of Korea contributed significantly to massive coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) testing. They were immediately dispatched to epicenters of the COVID-19 pandemic, and have run tests at screening centers, airport quarantines and hospitals. However, their expertise from in-field experience has been often neglected. It is time to reorganize public health doctor system to better prepare for future epidemics. Transforming and strengthening their roles as public health experts through systematic training is crucial.

Summary

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COVID-19: Systematic Review

Estimate of the Basic Reproduction Number for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Yousef Alimohamadi, Maryam Taghdir, Mojtaba Sepandi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(3):151-157. Published online March 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.076

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the main public health challenges currently facing the world. Because of its high transmissibility, COVID-19 has already caused extensive morbidity and mortality in many countries throughout the world. An accurate estimation of the basic reproduction number (R₀) of COVID-19 would be beneficial for prevention programs. In light of discrepancies in original research on this issue, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled R₀ for COVID-19 in the current outbreak.
Methods
International databases (including Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus) were searched to identify studies conducted regarding the R₀ of COVID-19. Articles were searched using the following keywords: “COVID-19” and “basic reproduction number” or “R₀.” The heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I² index, the Cochran Q test, and T². A random-effects model was used to estimate R₀ in this study.
Results
The mean reported R₀ in the identified articles was 3.38±1.40, with a range of 1.90 to 6.49. According to the results of the random-effects model, the pooled R₀ for COVID-19 was estimated as 3.32 (95% confidence interval, 2.81 to 3.82). According to the results of the meta-regression analysis, the type of model used to estimate R₀ did not have a significant effect on heterogeneity among studies (p=0.81).
Conclusions
Considering the estimated R₀ for COVID-19, reducing the number of contacts within the population is a necessary step to control the epidemic. The estimated overall R₀ was higher than the World Health Organization estimate.

Summary

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Original Article

‘Pneumonia Weather’: Short-term Effects of Meteorological Factors on Emergency Room Visits Due to Pneumonia in Seoul, Korea: Sangho Sohn, Wonju Cho, Jin A Kim, Alaa Altaluoni, Kwan Hong, Byung Chul Chun; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):82-91. Published online February 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.232

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
Many studies have explored the relationship between short-term weather and its health effects (including pneumonia) based on mortality, although both morbidity and mortality pose a substantial burden. In this study, the authors aimed to describe the influence of meteorological factors on the number of emergency room (ER) visits due to pneumonia in Seoul, Korea.
Methods
Daily records of ER visits for pneumonia over a 6-year period (2009-2014) were collected from the National Emergency Department Information System. Corresponding meteorological data were obtained from the National Climate Data Service System. A generalized additive model was used to analyze the effects. The percent change in the relative risk of certain meteorological variables, including pneumonia temperature (defined as the change in average temperature from one day to the next), were estimated for specific age groups.
Results
A total of 217 776 ER visits for pneumonia were identified. The additional risk associated with a 1°C increase in pneumonia temperature above the threshold of 6°C was 1.89 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37 to 2.61). Average temperature and diurnal temperature range, representing within-day temperature variance, showed protective effects of 0.07 (95% CI, 0.92 to 0.93) and 0.04 (95% CI, 0.94 to 0.98), respectively. However, in the elderly (65+ years), the effect of pneumonia temperature was inconclusive, and the directionality of the effects of average temperature and diurnal temperature range differed.
Conclusions
The term ‘pneumonia temperature’ is valid. Pneumonia temperature was associated with an increased risk of ER visits for pneumonia, while warm average temperatures and large diurnal temperature ranges showed protective effects.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구에서는 기온 등 다양한 기상요인의 건강영향을 나타내는 표현 중 하나로 알려진 'pneumonia weather'가 역학적으로 가진 의미를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국가응급진료정보망의 폐렴 진료기록과 기상자료개방포털 일기자료를 일반화가법모형을 이용해 분석하였다. 그 결과 pneumonia weather는 연속된 양일간 평균기온의 차이를 의미하며, 일정 수준 이상의 일간 기온차는 단기간 이후 폐렴으로 인한 응급실 내원 위험을 증가시킨다는 사실을 확인하였다.

Citations

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